Praxis 5039 (20-43 Sets)
Geoffrey Chaucer
Medieval Poet, wrote Frame tales of the cross section of society
Metacognition
Metacognition literally means "big thinking." You are thinking about thinking. During this process you are examining your brain's thinking.
Virginia Woolf
Orlando, Between the Acts (Historical); (1882-1941), used stream-of-consciousness technique, series of internal monologues with ideas and emotions from varying time periods; "A Room of One's Own"
Incongruity
Out of place; does not fit its location; inappropriate for its particular situation
Zeugma
a figure of speech in which a word applies to two different senses (Ex: "John and his license expired last week."/"You are free to execute your laws and your citizens as you see fit."
Tetrameter
a line of 4 metrical feet
Pentameter
a line of 5 metrical feet
Object
a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb.
Elegy
a poem with a mournful lament for the dead
Noodle-head Tale
a type of humorous folk tale; has characters whom the listener can out smart
dramatic comedy
farce, romantic, satirical
Genre
A category of literature defined by its style, form and content. Common ones are: short stories, novels, plays, poetry, biography, etc.
Analogy
A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way. In order to clarify the nature, purpose or function of the subject.
Hyperbole
A deliberate, extravagant, outrageous exaggeration. Ex: "My parents who only have two people in their household, consume enough bottled water in one week to quench the thirst of the entire state of Rhode Island. Not surprisingly, they do not recycle the bottles!"
Rhetorical Question
A question that is posed but does not actually require an answer
Closed Form Poetry
Poetry that follows a given form or shape
Free Verse
Poetry that is free from limitations of regular meter or rhythm and does not rhyme with fixed form.
Free Verse
Poetry without patterns of rhyme of regular meter
What surrealist was known for strange juxtaposition and use of scale?
Rene Magritte
PCP/Confessional School (1950s)
Robert Lowell, Sylvia Platt, Anne Sexton, John Berryman
Folklore
Set of beliefs and stories of a particular people which are passed down through generations.
Elizabeth Age 1558-1603
Shakespeare's 12th Night, Much Ado About Nothing, Richard the Third; Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, The Jew of Malta; Spencer's The Faerie Queen
Summary
Similar to paraphrase, but usually cover much more material
Functional Text
Texts that provide support and helpful information. (Instructional manual, recipes, invitations.) Their purpose is to: inform persuade lists of instructions
Stephen Crane
The Red Badge of Courage
Terza Rima
a 3-line stanza using chain rhyme in the pattern aba-bcb-cdc-ded; first used by Italian poet Dante Alighieri
Thomas Gainsborough
a British portrait and landscape painter. Works: The Blue Boy
Round Character
a character who is fully developed
Robert Frost
The Road Not Taken
Iambic Unit
a foot of 2 syllables which consists of an unstressed or short syllable followed by a stressed or long syllable (Ex: goodBYE)
Denouemont
The resolution of conclusion of a story.
Cinquain Poem
TreeStrong, TallSwaying, swinging, sighing Memories of summerOak
Three feet
Trimeter
The Limbourg brothers
Très Riches Heures is a Gothic Book of Hours painted in part by whom?
Climax
Turning point, crisis point in a story.
William Faulkner
Twentieth-century novelist, used the stream-of-consciousness technique in his novel The Sound of Fury, whose intense drama is seen through the eyes of an idiot. Works include: A Fable; The Reivers; As I Lay Dying; Light in August; Absalom, Absalom!, Rose For Emily
Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare
Two star crossed lovers
Bandwagon, Plain folks, and testimonials
Types of persuasive advertisements?
Line
Unit of poetry
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
Was an active member of the Barbizon School, a group of naturalist landscape painters in France in the 1840's and 1850's. He is a pivotal figure in landscape painting and his vast output simultaneously references the Neo-Classical tradition and anticipates the plein-air innovations of Impressionism.
limerick
a humorous verse form of 5 anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of (aabba)
Objective case
a noun's or pronoun's case when it is the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive.
Nominative case
a noun's or pronoun's case when it is the subject or complement of a verb. SUBJECT: These nouns are either the SUBJECT of a sentence or they are used as a predicate noun, which follows a "be" verb and remains the main subject of the sentence.
Narrative Poem
a poem that tells a story
narrative poem
a poem that tells a story
Short Story
a prose narrative that is shorter than a novel and that generally describes just one event or a tightly constructed series of events; it must contain a beginning, middle, and end
Rhetorical Question
a question that is posed but does not actually require an answer
SQ3R
a reading comprehension method named for its five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review.
Triple Rhyme
a rhyme in which the repeated accented vowel sound is in the third last syllable of the words involved (gainfully-disdainfully)
Interjection
a short word or phrase that suddenly and briefly expresses an emotion or reaction—e.g., oh, wow, ahem.
Stock Character
a stereotypical character, easily recognized by the audience
Allegory
a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically moral or political
Jigsaw
a strategy that emphasizes cooperative learning by providing students an opportunity to actively help each other build comprehension
Anticipation Guide
a strategy that is used before reading to activate students' prior knowledge and build curiosity about a new topic. Before reading a selection, students respond to several statements that challenge or support their preconceived ideas about key concepts in the text
Narrative
a telling of some true or fictitious event or connected sequence of events, recounted by a narrator.
models
the teacher uses to highlight certain qualities or characteristics
Novel
a type of modern fiction that recounts realistic stories that could or could not have happened; believable characters with believable setting
participial phrase
a type of verbal phrase that acts an an adjective
gerund phrase
a type of verbal phrase, a phrase that begins with a word that would normally act as a verb but is instead filling another role within the sentence (begins with gerunds [verbs ending in -ing and acting as nouns])
infinitive phrase
a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb; begins with the word [to], followed by a simple form of a verb
Adjective
a word, phrase, or clause that describes a noun or pronoun.
Memoir
an historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special resources
sentence fragment
an incomplete thought and not grammatically correct
First Person Point of View
"I" point of view
Macbeth by Shakespeare
"It will have blood, they say. Blood will have blood. Stones have been known to move, and trees to speak. Augurs and understood relations have By magot pies and choughs and rooks brought forth The secret'st man of blood.—What is the night?
Evelyn Waugh
began as a writer of satirical war comedies of the fashionable English society of the 1920s; Brideshead Revisited, A Handful of Dust, Bella Fleace have a Party (Novel of Manners)
John Donne
'La Corona,' Holy Sonnets, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
William Shakespeare
(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.
Madam Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
(1856) based on the true story of Daphine Delamar, an adulterous wife married to a country doctor, who died of grief after decieving and ruining her husband. The novel is a realist attack on the ROmantic sensibility.
Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw
(Greek mythology) a king who created a statue of a woman and fell in love with it
Fyodor Dostoyevky
(Psychological)
-able, -ible
capable of being
Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak
challenge to communism, tells story of a prerevolutinoary intellectual who rejects the violence and brutality of revolution of 1917 and stalinist years, even as he is destroyed he triumphs because of his humanity and christian spirit
unity
demands that the details included in a sentence, paragraph, or text share a main idea: all ideas within a paragraph must support the main idea that is expressed in the paragraph's topic sentence
Discourse
denotes language in actual use within its social and ideological contexts (i.e. communication)
Tom Jones by Henry Fielding
..., A novel tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady.
Romare Bearden
1. Images concerned with his own personal experiences, history, literature, and art 2. Lived during the Harlem Renaissance, affect by intellectual, artistic, and political happenings 3. Collages use a lot of materials: fabrics, paper, foil, photographs, etc
Malory
1405-1471-Medieval prose romance; Le Morte d'Arthur
Renaissance Period
1500-1603
Shakespeare
1564-1616 England Renaissance period, poet, playwright, 38 plays, 154 sonnets, tragedies, tragic comedies, historical plays
Renaissance, Commonwealth Period
1649-1660 Hobbe, Hutchinson
Enlightenment period
1700-1785 Swift, Pope, Johnson, Boswell
Revolutionary Period
1760-1787 Tyler, Thomas Jefferson
Surrealism
1920s T.S. Eliot; Started in Europe to replace conventional realism with full expression of the unconscious mind
Postmodern Period
1950-present. Writers challenged traditional values and structures and showed heightened concern for social issues.
Cause-Effect Relationship
A cause and effect essay may explain: Why a volcano erupts and what happens afterwards. The cause effect essay explains why/how some event happened and what resulted from the events. Examples: - When water is heated, the molecules move quickly, therefore the water boils. - A tornado blew the roof off the house, and as a result, the family had to find another place to live. - Because the alarm was not set, we were late for work.
Antigone by Sophocles
A daughter of the accidentally incestuous marriage between King Oedipus of Thebes and his mother Jocasta. She attempts to secure a respectable burial for her brother Polyneices
Biography
A detailed, creative, textual representation of a person's life
Synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole.
Personification
A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes
Magic Realism
A genre developed in Latin America that blends everyday life with the magical or mystical.
Memoir
A historical account written from personal knowledge such as Elie Wiesel's "Night"
Monologue
A long speech in a play or story. It is delivered by a single person.
simple sentence
has a subject and verb
Symbol
A person, place, or thing, or event used to represent something else, such as the white flag for surrender.
Essay
A short work about a particular topic or idea
Allegory
A story, poem or a picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one
Symbol
A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.
Logical Fallacy
An error or breakdown in logical reasoning
Hyperbole
An unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation; example: I haven't seen you in forever!
British Lit 1066-1500 Middle English Period
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales; Mallory's Le Morte d'Rthur; Everyman; Cuckoo Song
Ovid, Horace, Virgil
Classical Roman Period 200 BCE-455 CE (Within Classical Period 1200 BCE - 455 CE)
Aphorism
Concisely state common beliefs, and may rhyme. Benjamin Franklin's "Early to bed and early to rise / Make a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation of life. A universal truth. "Shape up or ship out."
Tone
Created by the author's attitude toward the reader and toward the subject of the text, can be playful, familiar, sincere, detached, sarcastic, indifferent, alarmed, etc.
Diamonte Poem
Dog Loyal, friendly Panting, wheezing, barking Man's best friend, furry companion Purring, grooming, preying Quiet, charming Cat
Who is created with the first bronze statue since roman times
Donatello - his "David" free standing statue
Aesop
Famous Greek slave, did write fables, not all his fables were written by him, any fable that didn't have an author at that time was said to have been written by him
Simile
Figurative language that directly points to similarities between two things, uses words like "like" or "as".
Quatrain
Four- line stanza
Style Manuals
Function as guidebooks for the documentation of sources within a written publication
Gerund Phrase Verbs
Functions as the subject Example: Eating ice cream on a windy day can be a messy experience
Brucke, Die (The Bridge)
German Expressionist painters from Dresden working c. 1905
brucke, die (the bridge)
German Expressionist painters from Dresden working c. 1905
Kathe Kollwitz
German Expressionist whose work offered an eloquent and often searing account of the human condition, and the tragedy of war, in the first half of the 20th century.
Joseph Conrad
Heart of Darkness
Civil Disobedience (1849)
Henry David Thoreau
Context Cue
Hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word.
Noam Chomsky's view of language acquistion
Humans are biologically endowed with an innate language facility, that is, a universal grammar
Limericks
Humorous 5-line poems with a specific rhythm pattern and rhyme scheme
Writing Process
Includes the following steps: planning, drafting, revising, editing, and proof-reading
Ralph Ellison
Invisible Man
End Rhyme
is defined as when a poem has lines ending with words that sound the same. (at the end of the lines)
Mood
is how we are made to feel as readers, or the emotion evoked by the author.
Compounding
joining two or more words (Ex: "whitewash" and "skateboard")
Correct MLA Format
Jones believes that Vivaldi deserves credit for more than just his prolific output (157).
MLA format
Jones believes that Vivaldi deserves credit for more than just his prolific output (157). According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).
Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
Kaleidoscopic novel written that forcefully accentuated the problem of alienation by using a black narrator who is struggling to find and liberate himself in the midst of an oppressive white society.
Figurative Language
language not meant to be interpreted literally (i.e. a way of adding information to the writing and of encouraging the reader to think about the text)
Analytic Language
language that uses very few bound morphemes (i.e. -es, -ing, -ed). Example: the English language
Conventions
Mechanics, eg: spelling, punctuation, capitalization
am, amor
love, liking, friendliness
declarative sentence
makes a statement and tells about a person, place, thing, or idea
Situational Irony
Occurs when something happens that contradicts what the audience expected to happen.
Archaic diction
Old-Fashioned words that are no longer used in common speech, such as thee, thy, and thou.
Limited Omniscient Point of View
narrator who does not share all information about characters' thoughts and/or actions
Monometer
one foot
literary colonialism
reflects the people and the place; it may describe the discovery of new lands
historical fiction
relies on realistic settings and characters from an earlier time to tell new stories
appositive phrase
rename the word or group of words that precedes them
Progressive Plot
requires the reader to read the entire book or story to find the answer to the questions
Resolution
reveals the outcome; ties up loose ends
realistic fiction
stories that are meant to be relatable for readers; strive to create a degree of verisimilitude in their writing, especially in the dialogue between characters
Trochee
stressed, unstressed
Dactylic
stressed, unstressed, unstressed
Synesthesia
the juxtaposition of one sensory image with another that appeals to an unrelated sense (Ex: from Keats' "Ode to a Nightingale"--"Tasting of Flora and the green country..." where visual and gustatory senses are triggered)
Poussin, Nicolas
the leading painter of the classical French Baroque style. His work is characterized by clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color. Most of his works are history paintings of religious or mythological subjects that very often have a large landscape element. 1594-1665
Euphemism
the substitution of less-offensive words for words considered explicitly offensive (Ex: "passed away" for "died")
Setting
the time or place the story takes place; along with the plot, this element makes up the "structure" of the plot
Inference
to come to a reasonable conclusion based on evidence found in the text
Survival of the Fittest Theme
when characters are faced with many life-threatening situations (Ex: Treasure Island)
Josiah Wedgwood
A prominent English potter instrumental in raising pottery and china to a fine art. credited with the industrialisation of the manufacture of pottery. 1730-1795
The Romantic/Transcendental Period -American
1800-1865 Bryant, Fennimore Cooper, Truth, Irving, Emerson, Thoreau; emphasis on power of imagination, celebration of individualism, love of nature
The Three Musketeers by Alezander Dumas
1844 novel (originally serialized) that combines historical fiction with the romantic. It follows a poor young nobleman named d'Artagnan in his quest to become a Musketeer. In the process he befriends the Three Musketeers Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, and the four together try to foil a plot by the Cardinal Richelieu.
A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (Victorian)
1859 novel set in the late 18th century. It has a typically Dickensian plot with lots of characters and twists and turns, but it revolves around the love triangle of Charles Darnay, Lucie Manette, and Sydney Carton and takes place in London and Paris on the eve of and during the French Revolution. Lucie and Darnay marry, and in the end Carton tricks the imprisoned Darnay, switches places with him, and is executed instead of Darnay, giving Carton's life meaning and saving the lives of Lucie, Darnay, and their daughter.
Anglo-Saxon Period
449-1066, People of this era shared epic poems about courageous heroes, their concern was morality and goodness.
science fiction
A category of fiction in which writers tell imaginative stories that are grounded in scientific and technological theories or realities
Understatement
A form of irony in which a point is deliberately stated as less in importance than it actually is. For example: A fatal wound as a "scratch" (Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet.)
Parallelism or Parallel Structure
A literary technique. Phrases or sentences of a similar construction meaning placed side by side balancing each other. Ex: "Great green and yellow grasshoppers are everywhere in the tall grass, popping up like corn to sting the flesh, and tortoises crawl about on the red earth, going nowhere in the plenty of time."
Motif
A literary term for themes or ideas that are often repeated within the literary work Example: Arthur Miller's The Crucible is about accusation and confessions
Magical Realism
A literary version of surrealism, the 20th century artistic form which combines fantastic or dreamlike elements with realism. Primary authors include Milan Kundera, Salman Rushdie.
Allegory
A literary work in which characters, objects or actions represent abstractions. Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser is a religious or moral allegory where characters represent virtues and vices.
soliloquy
A long speech made in a play while no other characters are speaking
Soliloquy
A long speech made in a play while no other characters are speaking. Usually the character will be alone on stage.
Ode
A lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject
Ode
A lyric poem on a serious subject, written in dignified language.
Periodical
A magazine or newspaper published at regular intervals. They are an excellent source of informational text. Ex. New York Times, National Geographic, The Washington Post
Oxymoron
A phrase that consists of two contradictory terms. Ex. "Deafening silence"
Romantic Period (1785-1832)
Authors: Keats, Byron, Mary Wollstonecrat, Mary Shelley, John Blake Works: Don Juan, Pride and Prejudice, The vindication of the Rights of Women
20th Century (1900-)
Authors: T.S. Elliot, Beckett, Hardee, Shaw Works: The Satanic Veres, Waiting for Godett, The Love Story of Alfred J Puffrock
Dichotomous Thinking
Begins with thinking in dichotomies or pairs of opposing terms, like good/evil, true/false. Allows people to only see the extremes
Beloved by Toni Morrison
Beloved's identity is mysterious. The novel provides evidence that she could be an ordinary woman traumatized by years of captivity, the ghost of Sethe's mother, or, most convincingly, the embodied spirit of Sethe's murdered daughter. On an allegorical level, Beloved represents the inescapable, horrible past of slavery returned to haunt the present. Her presence, which grows increasingly malevolent and parasitic as the novel progresses, ultimately serves as a catalyst for Sethe's, Paul D's, and Denver's respective processes of emotional growth.
Character Development
The process the author uses to create characters that are complex and believable, can be done directly (explicitly) or indirectly by revealing their actions and interactions with others.
Symbolism
a literary movement (beginning in France) in which writers aimed to evoke, indirectly, and symbolically, an order of being beyond the material world of the 5 senses; the aim was to express in words the highly complex feelings that grew out of everyday contact with the world (i.e. flags representing a nation, empty cupboards suggesting hopelessness, poverty, and depression); writers include Charles Baudelaise, Arthur Rimbauld, William Butler Yeats, James Joyce, and T.S. Eliot
Existentialism
a literary movement of the 19th and 20th centuries that emphasized individual existence, freedom, and choice; members contend that there is no objective, rational basis for moral choice; writers include Sorn Kierkegaard, Blaise Pascal, Friederick Nietzsche, Martin Heideggar, and Jean-Paul Sartre
Surrealism
a literary movement of the 20th century in which works feature the elements of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions, and non-sequiturs; it was aimed to free people from false rationality and restrictive customs and structures
Romanticism
a literary movement that "emphasized imagination, fancy, and freedom, emotion, wildness, beauty of the natural world, the rights of individual, the mobility of the common man, and the attractiveness of pastoral life"; writers include William Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Victor Hugo
Realism
a literary movement which was a 19th century reaction to Romanticism; the novel gained popularity during this time; the movement embraced a true-to-life approach to subject matter--focussing on everyday life; writers include Honore de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, George Eliot, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, and Mark Twain
Dialogic
a literary theory term that advances the idea that works of literature carry on a dialogue with other works of literature and other authors
Epic
a long, narrative poem featuring adventures of gods, and/or heroes which is typically derived from oral tradition
ode
a lyric poem on a serious subject, written in a dignified language; evolved from early poems with music and dance to Romantic poems expressing strong feelings and contemplative thoughts
Extended Metaphor
a metaphor introduced and then further developed throughout all or part of a literary work, especially a poem (Ex: Robert Frost's use of two roads in "The Road Not Taken.")
Spondee
a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, both of which are stressed
iamb
a metrical foot in English verse of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable
Objective Point of View
a narrator who tells the happenings without opinion; does not share thoughts or feelings of characters
Appositive
a noun or noun phrase that identifies or modifies the noun or pronoun that comes immediately before it—e.g., Joey, my boyfriend, wanted pizza.
Indirect object
a noun or pronoun denoting a person or thing acted upon indirectly by the action of a verb—e.g., I gave him the book. (him)
Rhyme Scheme
a pattern of rhymes used in a piece of verse. Labeled by using different letters of the alphabet to identify rhymes
sestina
a poem with 6 stanzas of 6 lines and a final triplet, all stanzas having the same 6 words at the line ends in 6 different sequences that follow a fixed pattern
Paul Gaugin
a post-Impressionist artist (1848-1903), Gaugin, who was susceptible to depression, thought that European art lacked deep symbolism, and he was therefore drawn to the art forms in different lands such as South America, Japan, and Africa. Some of his paintings include "Where Do We Come From?" and "The Yellow Christ."
Motif
a recurring element that has symbolic significance in the story
Allusion
a reference to a historical, literary, or otherwise generally familiar character or event that helps make an idea understandable (Ex: "This place is like the Garden of Eden." / "Don't act like a Romeo in front of her."
Masculine Rhyme (A)
a rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable--spent, went
Meter
a rhythm that tells a story
Ballad
a song-like narrative poem, usually written in rhymed stanzas of 4 to 6 lines that feature repetition and strong meter; typically anonymous and often a love story
Rhyme Royal
a stanza consisting of 7 lines in iambic pentameter; a-b-a-b-b-c-c
Couplets
a stanze of two lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It can function as the answer to a question asked earlier in the poem,or the solution to a problem or riddle. Couplets can also enhance the establishment of a poem's mood, or clarify the development of a poem's theme.
Oxymoron
a statement that contradicts itself (Ex: "jumbo shrimp")
Dialect
a subdivisions of language that are related to regional differences and/or to social class; they may differ in sound (phonology), in vocabulary, and in grammar from the original language
Monosyllabic
a word consisting of one syllable; also describes a person using brief short words to signify a reluctance to conversation
Preposition
a word that links a noun or pronoun to another type of word. (on, over, across, at, far, in, from, by, with, to, off)
Falling action
Events that move characters away from conflict and into a new life.
Drama
Expressive writing that tells a story to an audience through the actions and dialogue of characters, which are brought to life by the actors who portray them
Socratic Seminar
In which the leader prompts discussion solely by asking questions and allowing the class to respond to and build upon one another's ideas
Assonance
Inclusion of words with the same vowel sounds in a line of poetry. (The only other sound's the sweep/Of easy wind and downy flake)
Figurative Language
Inclusive term for words used in ways that depart from literal meaning. (Figures of thought called tropes)
How to make an inference
Inference. Observations occur when we can see something happening. In contrast, inferences are what we figure out based on an experience. Helping students understand when information is implied, or not directly stated, will improve their skill in drawing conclusions and making inferences.
Dante
Inferno; The Divine Comedy
Realist drama (mid-1800s)
Influenced by Ibsen, A Doll's House; Mark Twain
Red Herring example
"Argument" for making grad school requirements stricter: "I think there is great merit in making the requirements stricter for the graduate students. I recommend that you support it, too. After all, we are in a budget crisis and we do not want our salaries affected."
Pyrrhic
(..) A foot made with 2 weak syllables
Jane Austen
-Principally known for novels of manners and middle class English society; Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility
Participle Verbs
-ed, -ing Examples: giggled, giggling
Medieval period British lit
1066-1485 Chaucer, Mallory; focus on religion, romance, diversity, chivalry; morality plays, folk ballads
Medieval Period
1066-1485, focus on religion, romance, diversity, and chivalry. Morality plays and folk ballads were popular.
Faust
12,000 line verse play based on a sixteenth-centrury German legend about a traveling physician who, bored with his station in life, sold his soul to the devil, a character named Mephistopholes, in return for infinite knowledge
The Canterbury Tales
1390 by Geoffrey Chaucer
sonnet
14 lines of iambic pentameter; Petrarchan sonnet (14th century); Shakespearean/English; Spenserian; Mitonic
Renaissance, Jacobean Age
1603-1625 Shakespeare, Donne, Bacon
Milton
1608-1674 Epic poetry; Paradise Lost
John Milton
1608-1674, Paradise Lost, wrote sonnets
Colonial Period
1620-1750, focus on exploration, Native American relations, and life in the New World
Colonial Period
1620-1750- American: William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet, Benjamin Franklin
Marvell
1621-1678- Poetry; To His Coy Mistress, The Garden
Renaissance, Caroline Age
1625-1649 Milton, Herrick, Carew
Romantic/Transcendental Period
1800-1865, emphasis on the power of imagination, the celebration of individualism, and a love of nature in an effort to break away from the British literary tradition
Transcendentalism
1830-1860 Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, Longfellow, Holmes; Mid 19th-century; philosophy=protesting Puritan ethic; valued individualism, freedom, experimentalism, spirituality
Victorian Period
1832-1900, time of social, religious and economic turmoil. Mass printing = novels and magazines
Victorian Period
1840-1900 Browning, Hardy, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling
A Tale of two Cities
1859 novel by Charles Dickens set in the late 18th century. It has a typically Dickensian plot with lots of characters and twists and turns, but it revolves around the love triangle of Charles Darnay, Lucie Manette, and Sydney Carton and takes place in London and Paris on the eve of and during the French Revolution. Lucie and Darnay marry, and in the end Carton tricks the imprisoned Darnay, switches places with him, and is executed instead of Darnay, giving Carton's life meaning and saving the lives of Lucie, Darnay, and their daughter.
Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy
1891 novel aroused controversy for its sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for rural women victimized by the country's rigid social morality. It follows the eponymous young woman T of the title, whose family discovers they are descendants of a noble family. They send T to be raised by a wealthy family of the same last name, who are not actually related at all. That family's son Alec rapes T, and she eventually flees and gives birth to a baby, named Sorrow, that soon dies. She begins a romance with a young man named Angel and they marry, but when they confess their respective indiscretions to each other, T forgives Angel but he does not forgive her for what Alec did to her. Angel leaves for Brazil. T struggles, her father dies, and they are evicted from their home, but she refuses help from Alec, who is trying to woo her back. Eventually she becomes Alec's lover but kills him when Angel comes back and is eventually caught and executed.
The Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston
1976 memoir known for its blending of voices and styles and for taking autobiography into the postmodern literary age. Kingston blends autobiography with ancient Chinese folk tales as she tells the stories of a long-dead aunt, "No-Name Woman"; a mythical female warrior, Fa Mu Lan; Kingston's mother, Brave Orchid; Kingston's aunt, Moon Orchid; and herself. These stories integrate her own experiences with "talk-stories" - blends of Chinese history, myths and beliefs - that her mother tells her.
Emily Dickenson
19th Century Poet
compound sentence
2 independent clauses [;] or [,] and coordinating conjunction [and, but, or] Example: Michael cooked the eggs for breakfast, and Jane prepared the oatmeal.
compound-complex sentence
2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses. Example: I am going to town, and Bill is going when he gets his car repaired
Spondee
2 stressed syllables
Haiku
3 unrhymed lines (5, 7, 5) usually focusing on nature
Quatrain
4 line stanza
Haiku
5/7/5
Sonnet
A 14 line poem, usually written in iambic pentameter, with a varied thyme scheme.
Villanelle
A 19 line poem consisting of five tercets (three line stanzas) with the rhyme scheme ABA...
Realism
A 19th century movement that aimed to portray ordinary, contemporary life, 1800-1900, eschews melodrama for forensic attention to social mores.
A Brave New World by Aldous Huxley
A Science fiction story that explains a world in which embryos are conditioned to behave a certain way. The story describes sick practices in which children behave in sexual behavior...
Salvador Dali
A Spanish surrealist artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters.
Charles Dickens
A Tale of Two Cities; Victorian Period (1859)
Short Story
A brief fictional prose narrative. Ex. "Rip van Winkle", Irving
antithesis
A contrast or opposition between two things
metonymy
A figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another with which it is closely associated
Metonymy
A figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another with which it is closely associated. Ex. Hollywood for a district of Los Angles.
Oxymoron
A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. "Jumbo shrimp."
Chronological Sequence
A following of one thing after the other in time. Weeks before they decided on their destination, the seniors had already begun a massive fundraising project to help finance their class trip. When they were offered the choice between Rome and London, an overwhelming majority chose Rome. Then preparations began in earnest. In the months that followed, the students' enthusiasm escalated until the day the plane finally took off, carrying them toward an experience they would remember forever. The paragraph describes a series of events that take place over the course of several months. Words and phrases such as "Weeks before,""When,""Then," and "In the months that followed" relate events sequentially.
Persuasion
A form of argument to sway reader rather than make fun of something
parody
A form of satire that imitates another work to ridicule its topic and/or style
Criterion Referenced Test
A formal assessment which tests the child against the material.
Canon
A group of literary works, considered by some to be central to the literary tradition. EX: Western Canon may include: Shakespeare, Homer, Hemingway, Faulkner, Frost, Dickinson, etc.
Ode
A kind of poem devoted to the praise of a person, animal, or thing. this poem is usually written in an elevated style and often expresses deep feeling. Pindar, who began writing choral poems that were meant to be sung at public events.
Advertisement
A media notice or announcement to promote a product, service, job opening, or event. Persuasive.
Epicgram
A memorable short Poem (1 or 2 lines) rhymes with a clever twist at the end.
Ballad
A narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style.
Supporting Details
A paragraph containing facts, statements, examples. Supporting details: Clarify, illuminate, explain, describe, expand, illustrate. Example: "A wreck might be valuable for itself. A ship like the Mary Rose is of historical interest, and her salvaging was more in the nature of an archaeological dig that happened to be performed on dry land." Mary Rose is supplying an supporting example for "A wreck might be valuable.."
Antagonist
A person or thing working against the hero, the protagonist, of a literary work.
Existentialism
A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. Jean-Paul Sartre, Kierkegaard "father of existentialism"
Speech
A piece of short writing intended to be delivered orally
Pun
A play on words
Pun
A play on words that uses the similarity in sound between two words with distinctly different meanings. For example, the title of Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest is a pun on the word earnest, which means "serious" or "sober," and the name "Ernest."
Dramatic Monologue
A poem in which a character speaks to listeners whose response is not known.
Elegy
A poem of serious reflection, particularly that of the dead
Name
A poem that begins with the letters of the name
Pastoral
A poem that depicts life in an idyllic, idealized way
Diamonte
A poem that resembles a shape and is written about two opposite subjects
Narrative
A poem that tells a story
Narrative Poem
A poem that tells a story.
Sestina
A poem with six stanzas of six lines and a final triplet --> all stanzas having the same six words at the ends in six different sequences that follow a fixed pattern
claes oldenburg
A pop artist who produced soft sculptures of gigantic everyday objects made of canvas and vinyl such as food, toilets and mixers.
Apostrophe
A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth
Modelling
A process in which a teacher breaks down and demonstrates a particular new skill for the class
Rhetorical Question
A question asked not to elicit an actual response but to make an impact or call attention to something. "Will the world ever see the end of war?" is an example of a rhetorical question.
Allusion
A reference to a familiar person, place, thing, or event. Ex: Don Juan, Brave New World, Utopia.
Allusion
A reference to a well-known work of literature, person or event. "The sun also rises" is an allusion to a bible verse. "The sun also ariseth" Ecclesiastes 1: 4-7 "He was a mild, good-natured, sweet-tempered, easy-going, foolish, dear fellow--a sort of Hercules in strength and also in weakness." - Charles Dickens "Great Expectations" Compares He to Hercules a popular demi-god.
Cause and Effect
A relationship in which change in one variable, causes change in another.
Assonance
A repetition of the same sound in words close to one another Ex: "White Stripes"
Inversion
A reversal or rearranging of the usual word order in sentences
Anaphora
A rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or a phrase at the beginning of several clauses.
Anecdote
A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person
Novella
A short narrative (5-100 pgs.) Ex. Animal Farm, Orwell and The Metamorphosis, Kafaka
Sonnet
A small or little song or lyric. In poetry, a sonnet has 14 fourteen lines and is written in iambic pentameter. Each line has 10 syllables.
Conceit
A specific type of metaphor or figure of speech, often elaborate, that compares two things that are very different. Extended metaphor is a synonym.
A Creole
A stable natural language developed (with grammatical rules) from the mixing of parent languages.
Couplet
A stanza made up of two rhyming lines.
Testimonial
A statement about the quality or value of a person, idea, or thing
Aphorism
A statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. They often come with a pinch of humor, which makes them more appealing to the masses. Proverbs, maxims, adages and clichés are different forms of this type of statement. Example: "The man who removes a mountain begins by carrying small stones." William Faulkner
paradox
A statement that is true despite appearing contradictory
appeal to authority
A type of argument in logic in which an expert or knowledgeable other is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument
appeal to emotion
A type of argument in which the author appeals to the reader's emotion (fear, security, pity, flattery) to prove the argument
Farce
A type of comedy in which silly, often stereotyped characters are involved in far-fetched situations.
Sarcasm
A type of irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it.
Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut
A veteran of World War II remembers being in Dresden during the firebombing and describes his postwar existence.
Third Person Point of View
A voice outside the action of the story, an observer who shares what he or she knows, sees, or hears with the reader, may be fully omniscient (able to see into the minds of other characters), partially omniscient (able to see into the mind of one or a few of the characters, or limited (unable to see into the minds of any of the characters, can only share what is seen and heard).
Dialect
A way of speaking that is characteristics of a certain region or social group.
Aphorism
A wise saying, usually short and witty
Euphemism
A word or phrase that substitutes for an offensive or suggestive one. Ex. "lost their lives" means died or "I misspoke" means lied.
Regionalism
A word or phrase used by a population in a particular region.
Onomatopoeia
A word that imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. Examples: POW, BANG, SWOOSH
Inversion
AKA anastrophe; literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis or meter.
Understatement
Achieves effects like contrast or irony by downplaying or describing something more subtly than warranted.
Affixes (to determine word meaning)
Added to the root of a word to change its meaning. Examples: -in (incapable), -ex (ex-president), -ing (laughing)
dialogic
Advances the idea that works of literature carry on a dialogue with other works of literature and other authors
Agamemnon
Aeschylus
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
After this, therefore because of this. Equates to reasoning that because X happened before Y, X must have caused Y.
St. Jerome
Albrecht Dürer
Connotation
All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests
John Berryman
American, 1914-1972, poetry: The Dream Songs
Erich Lessing
An Austrian photographer associated with Magnum Photos, who photographed politics in postwar communist Europe.
James Joyce
An Irish novelist who wrote "Araby," "The Dead," "Finnegan's Wake," and "Ulysses" - a stream of consciousness book that mirrored Homer's book; (Psychological)
Sequential Order
An arrangement of events in the order in which they occur, either in consecutive or logical order.
Extrapolation
An educated guess or hypothesis
Concentric Circles
An effective way to encourage one-on-one communication between students
Victorian Period
An era in English literature which stretched from 1837-1901. Authors included Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Robert Browning.
Idiom
An expression specific to a certain language that means something different from the literal meaning. Ex. "Sick as a dog"
Aphorism
An observation that contains a general truth, such as "if it ain't broke, don't fix it"
Problem-Solution
An organizational structure that begins with the details of something and concludes by offering a possible solution to the issue.
Personal Journal
An outlet for a writer to record his or her experiences or thoughts
Beowolf
Anonymous 700 A.D.
Rhyme Scheme
Arrangement of rhyming words in a stanza or poem
Appeal to Emotion
Attempts to affect the listener's personal feelings.
Mary Renault
Author of "The King Must Die", a novel about the mythical hero Theseus, and "The Bull from the Sea" (Historical);
dystopian fiction
Authors explore social, cultural, and political structures in the context of a futuristic world
Holistic Evaluations
Based on the premise that the overall impact of an essay depends on the different elements of writing, such as organization, development, sentence structure, word choice, and mechanics. Students are given a single story based upon this.
Cause and Effect Organization
Begins by discussing the causes or reasons for a given Phenomenon and ends with the revelation of the effect
Analytic Rubrics
Break the product down and provide points based on each component
Scaffolding
Breaking the learning up into chunks and then providing a tool or structure with each chunk
Henry Moore
British Abstract Sculptor He was the most influential and famous scuplturer of his generation; Famous for his large abstract forms...
Round Character
Called a three-dimensional character. Is subject to change and growth. The growth is often the primary focus of the story.
K-W-L Chart
Can be used to document what students know, what they want to know, and what they learned. An effective means of collecting data on students' prior knowledge in order to effectively plan instruction that meets curricular objectives. Helps address individual needs of students
Viking Sagas
Carolingian Renaissance 800- 850 CE (The Medieval Period 455 CE-1485 CE)
Science Fiction
Category of fiction in which writers tell imaginative stories that are grounded in scientific and technological theories or realities
Reader-Response Theory
Centered on the idea that as readers read, they experience a transaction with the text
Don Quixote, Part I (1605)
Cervantes
Pickwick Papers (1836)
Charles Dickens
Jane Eyre (1847)
Charlotte Bronte
Editing
Checking grammar and punctuation
oxymoron
Combines seeming contradictions; juxtaposing
Professional Journal
Comprised or articles on a given subject, in which professionals provide colleagues with research-based conclusions about their fields of study
Epilogue
Conclusion
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Crime and Punishment
Who made large portraits of friends?
David Hockney
Willa Cather
Death Comes for The Archbishop
Denouncement
Denouncement: Untying of plot treads.
Oliver Twist
Dickens; novel depicted nineteenth century way of life in England; scorn for governmental ignorance of poor
Two feet
Dimeter
Subordinate Clause
Does not form a complete sentence. Begins with a subordinate conjunction (after, although, as) or a relative pronoun (who, which, whom) and contains both a subject and a verb. Example: After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad
Pathos
Emotional Appeals
Matthew Gregory Lewis
English novelist and dramatist, wrote "The Monk" (picaresque);
George Eliot
English, 1819-1880, novels: The Mill on the Floss; Silas Marner; Middlemarch (Psychological)
Meter
Established rhythm in a poem, each unit is referred to as a "foot"
Ethos
Ethical Appeals
Bay Psalm Book
First book printed in America.
Shakespearean comedy
Follows Aristotle's definition but adds farce, slapstick, mistaken identity, and word play; his comedies use humor to explore heavier concepts like marital duty, social mores
The Metamorphosis (1915)
Franz Kafka
Walt Whitman
Free Verse during the Victorian Period And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901)
Ad Populum Example
Gay marriages are just immoral. 70% of Americans think so.
Appeal or Persuasion pieces of writing
Generalization, Testimonial, Expert Opinion
Madame Bovary (1857)
Gustave Flaubert
Horace Walpole
He wrote the first Gothic novel, "Castle of Otranto" which was Inspired by his reconstruction of his home and a nightmare he'd had.
Rue Transnonain
Honore Daumier, 1834
Slippery Slope
In which a main argument is based on the assumption that if one particular thing happens, a series of other specific things will follow
French curves
Inspired a famous series of works by Frank Stella in the early 1980's. Designs that are created using flat drafting tools with curved edges and voluted cut-outs.
First Person
Invites the reader to engage directly with the speaker who is relating in first hand experience. I and We.
Meter
Is a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a poem
Argumentative Writing
Is intended to convince the reader to agree with a certain perspective or opinion
Metaphysical poetry
Is know for its startling imagery, intricate figures of speech, irregular meter.
Tone
Is the attitude the writer takes toward the subject of a work, the characters in it, or the audience; It usually can described in a single word: ironic, lighthearted, cynical, joyfull, or critical
The Slave Ship
J.M.W. Turner 1840 English Romantic maritime painting.
On the Road (1957)
Jack Kerouac
Shakespeare's later work, Aemilia Lanyer, Ben Jonson, and John Donne
Jacobean Period 1603-1625 (THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 1485-1660 CE)
Oath of Horatii
Jacques-Louis David (1784) considered a paradigm of Neoclassicism.
Sense and Sensibility (1711)
Jane Austin
Logos
Logical Appeals
Is it Logos?
Logos (appeal to logic) Is the writer's evidence relevant to the purpose of the argument? Is the evidence current (if applicable)? Does the writer use a variety of sources to support the argument? What kind of evidence is used (i.e., expert testimony, statistics, proven facts)? Do the writer's points build logically upon each other? Where in the text is the main argument stated? How does that placement affect the success of the argument? Does the writer's thesis make that purpose clear?
Monologue
Long speech on stage directed toward a character or characters
Imagery Poem
Looks like a mud puddle in the sky And smells like mouldy leather It sounds like a giant's stomach rumbling And feels like being turned inside out.
Don Juan I and II (1819)
Lord Byron
In Memoriam (1849)
Lord Tennyson
Giorgio Chirico
Love Song, 1914
Soliloquy
Monologue directed to the audience, with no one listening
Elegy
Mourning poem. They have three parts: a lament, praise of the deceased, and solace for loss.
indefinite noun
Names people, places, and things that can be either male or female
Eight feet
Octameter Ex. The Raven
Manet, Edouard
One of the first 19th-century artists to approach modern and postmodern-life subjects, he was a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism. (1832 -1883)
Canto
One of the sections in which a long poem is divided
Enjambment
One sentence or clause in a poem does not end at the end of its line or verse but runs over into the next line or verse. Clause endings coinciding with line endings give readers a feeling of completion, but enjambment influences readers to hurry to the next line to finish and understand the sentence.
Metrical Foot
One stressed syllable and a number of unstressed syllables 0-4
Blog
Online outlet for the expression of personal ideas, experiences, and opinions
Two main sonnets
Petrarchan and Shakespearean
I.M. Pei
Pritzker Prize-winning Chinese-born American architect, known as the last master of high modernist architecture.
Holistic Rubrics
Provide a grade based on the overall effectiveness of the product
Nature (1836)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Common Knowledge
Refers to a set of facts and information that is reiterated frequently and is assumed to be true among a group or within a culture, this information does not need to be cited
John Dryden, John Lock, Sir William Temple, Samuel Pepys, and Aphra Behn in England.
Restoration Period 1660-1700 (The Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period c. 1660-1790)
End Rhyme
Rhyming that occurs at the ends of lines of verse.
The Confessions
Saint Augustine
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Selected Essays
Expository Text
Serving to explain. Often discuss causes and effects. Textbooks News articles Instruction manuals Recipes City or country guides Language books Self-help books
One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Set in Macondo, this novel tells of Ursula, the Buendia family matriarch who dies the size of a fetus at the age of 120.
Septet
Seven-line stanza
Ballad
Short narrative song about an event that is considered by dramatic immediacy, focused on one crucial situation or action that leads to a catastrophe. Frequently about love, courage, political disputes of military battles. Often repetitive, with plain language, and public voice.
Internal Rhyme
Some of the rhyme inside a line
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Sonnets from the Portuguese
Antigone
Sophocles
Oedipus Rex
Sophocles
Jargon (diction)
Specialized language used in a particular field of content area--> Ex. Educational jargon.
Postmodern period (1950-present)
Spiegleman, Heller, DiLillo
SQ3R
Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
The Waste Land (1922)
T.S. Eliot
Anton Chekhov
The Cherry Orchard
Ford Madox Ford
The Good Soldier
Rhythm
The drumbeat or heartbeat of a poem
Synethesia
The juxtaposition of one sensory image with that of another that appeals to an unrelated sense Example: The region where the sun is silent
Canto
The main divisions of a long poem
Discipline-Based Inquiry
The practice of learning about a writing form by dissecting it and investigating its parts. It involves analyzing, questioning, and forming conclusions from examples of the writing mode. Example: In preparation for a writing unit on short stories, a teacher presents students with several examples of short stories and works with them to identify defining characteristics of the genre.
Conferencing
The process of discussing a piece of writing, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and setting goals based on the evaluation of the writing piece.
Situational Irony
The purpose of a particular action differs greatly from the result.
Snob Appeal
The qualities or attributes of a product that might appeal to a consumer with snobby taste. Exclusivity and product itself resulting from owning it.
Tone
The quality of something. It reveals the attitudes and presuppositions of the author.
Dramatic Irony
The reader sees a character's errors, but the character does not.
Rythme
The regular or random pattern of sounds in poetry
Third person
The story is told by someone outside the story
Phonetics
The study and classification of speech sounds
Morphology
The study of the forms of words
Onomatopoeia
The use of words to suggest sounds, such as "buzz" "Click" or "vroom"
Metacognition
Thinking about thinking
donatello
This sculptor created sculptures that were a naturalistic variation on classical sculpture. He also brought back free-standing statues, which required greater anatomical detail and accuracy. His pieces are easily characterized by long, flowing robes.
Tess of the D'ubbervilles (1891)
Thomas Hardy
Sonnet
Traditionally has 14 lines of iambic pentameter, tightly organized around a theme.
Emerson and Thoreau
Transcendental Period from about 1830-1850.
Middle English
Transitional period between Anglo-Saxon and modern English. 1066-1500. Chaucer is a good example of this period's work.
Flat Character
Two dimensional character, stays the same throughout the work.
Couplet
Two lines of rhyming poetry followed by two more lines with a different rhyme and so on
Couplet
Two-line stanza
Chicago
Used for history
Who was the Harlem Renaissance artist who photographed Harlem?
Van Der Zee
Early christian mystery plays were written in
Verse
Villanelle
a 19-line poem with 2 rhymes throughout, consisting of 5 tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the end of the concluding quatrain
Collective noun
a count noun referring to a group—e.g., staff, band, group.
Lord of the Flies by William Golding
a group of English boys (Jack, Piggy, Ralph, Roger, Sam, Eric, and Simon), marooned on an island, rapidly turn lawless and bloodthirsty
Louise Nevelson
assembled found objects and wood scraps in boxes, stacked together to make one large composition. usually painted in black and white
prepositional phrase
begins with a preposition and ends with an object of the preposition
formative assessments
daily work, homework, quizzes; assignments given leading up to the final assignment, which the teacher uses to evaluate student progress and adjust instruction
mal
evil, bad, ill, badly
ab-, a-, abs-
from, off, away, not
greg
gather, flock
Personification
giving non-human things human qualities (Ex: Her life passed her by.)
bene
good, well
Stressed syllable
/
As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner
1930 novel that is much more sparse and clear than many of his works. It is composed of 59 segments narrated by 15 different characters and follows the Bundren family over a series of days as they travel from their home to the town of Jefferson to bury the family's matriarch, Addie, whose body they carry with them.
epithet
A descriptive phrase or word frequently used to characterize a person or thing
Motif
A literary term for themes or ideas that are often repeated in a literary work.
Verse
A metric line of poetry. Named based on the number of feet composing.
Ballad
A short narrative poem, often written by an anonymous author, comprising short verses intended to be sung or recited.
Rembrandt
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, 1632
Epigrams
Are memorable, one, or two line rhymes.
IRI Informal Reading Inventory
Assesses reading level to find strategies.
Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, Sophocles
Classical Greek Period 800-200 BCE (Within Classical Period 1200 BCE - 455 CE)
Emily Dickinson
Common measure poet during the Victorian Period And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901)
Cliches
Common sayings that lack originality but are familiar and relatable to an audience.
What artists were influenced by Japanese prints?
Degas and Cassett
Unity
Demands that the details included in a sentence, paragraph, or text share a main idea
Socratic Seminar
Formal discussion, based on a text, in which a leader asks open-ended questions
Pygmalion
Great Britain; written by George Bernard Shaw
Connotation
Implied meaning of a word; example: "Home" implies "safety"
Queer Theory
Investigates texts by asking questions about both gender and sexuality
Alexander Calder
Kinetic Sculpture. Invented the mobile
Duccio
Known for The Maestà, or Maestà of Duccio; an altarpiece composed of many individual paintings commissioned by the city of Siena in 1308.
Foreshadowing
Literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story.
Symbolism
Literary device in which the author uses a concrete object, action, or character to represent an abstract idea.
Satire
Literature that makes fun of social conventions or conditions usually to evoke change.
Realism
Literature that tries to represent life as it really is.
Memoir
Narrative non-fiction. A historical account of biography written from personal knowledge or special sources.
Frederick Douglass
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass; autobiography (1845)
Sequence Structure
Organizes paragraphs in chronological order, using words such as first, next, last, then, finally, following, before, after
Appropriate Student Behavior
Particulars including: are students required to participate, when and how much, is there a maximum that the students can contribute, will they be required to use academic language, etc.
alliteration
Repetition of initial consonant sounds in words
Poets write about nature, imagination, and individuality in England (c. 1790-1830)
Romantic Period
Coleridge, Blake, Keats, and Shelley in Britain and Johann von Goethe in Germany. Jane Austen also writes at this time
Romantic Period (c. 1790-1830)
Plot
Sequence of events in a story
Simple Sentence
Subject + Verb Example: John waited; Mary slept
Slippery Slope
The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction usually ending in a dire consequence will take place, but there is really not enough evidence for that assumption.
Strawman
The arguer sets up a weak version of the opponent's position and tries to score points by knocking it down. Defeating a watered down version of your opponent's argument isn't very impressive either.
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1916)
Vincent Blansco Ibenez
Auxiliary verb
an irregular verb that provides information about another verb. The main ones are to have and to be.
dichotomous thinking
begins with thinking in dichotomies or pairs of opposing terms, like good/evil, true/false; allows people to only see the extremes of a situation rather than its complexities and subtleties
Synesthesia
describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")
Rhyme
the repetition of alike sounds in poetry
Daumier, Honore
was a French printmaker, caricaturist, painter, and sculptor, whose many works offer commentary on social and political life in France in the 19th century.
MLA Citing
"Blueprint Lays Out Clear Path for Climate Action." Environmental Defense Fund. Environmental Defense Fund, 8 May 2007. Web. 24 May 2009.
Post Hoc (False Cause)
"Post hoc, ergo propter hoc." *(After this, therefore because of this.)* Assuming that B comes after A, A caused B.
Omniscient Point of View
"all knowing"; narrator knows and shares about all characters' thoughts and actions
ethos (Aristotle)
"ethics"; writing that appeals to credibility, based on academic, professional, or personal merit; character and connotes ideology
pathos (Aristotle)
"pathetic"; writing that is meant to entertain audiences; suffering or experience and refers to appeals to the emotions
anecdote
A brief story an author may relate, illustrating their points, in a more real and relatable way
Anecdote
A brief story that illustrates or makes a point.
Foil
A character who acts in contrast to another character
Irony
A contrast or discrepancy between what is stated and what is really meant or, betweenwhat is expected to happen and what happens.
Hyperbole
A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor
Limerick
A five line poem in which lines 1, 2 and 5 rhyme and lines 3 and 4 rhyme.
Cinquain
A five line poem. Line 1 is title, line 2 is two words, line 3 is three words, line 4 is four words, line 5 is title
Foreshadowing
A literary device that uses hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the plot.
literary impressionism
A literary style that employs details and mental associations to develop subjective and sensory impressions rather than merely recreating objective reality
foreshadowing
A literary technique in which the author gives hints or clues about what is to come at some later point in the story
Analysis of Process
A method of paragraph or essay development by which a writer explains step by step how something is done or how to do something. Process analysis writing can take one of two forms: (1) it can provide information about how something works (informative) (2) it can explain how to do something (directive).
Spondee
A metrical foot consisting of two syllables both of which are stressed
Torchee
A metrical foot made up of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable
Dactyl
A metrical foot of three syllables in which the first syllable is stressed and the next two are unstressed.
Literary Nonfiction/Creative Nonfiction
A mix of expressive and informative writing that tells a true, verifiable, or documented story in a compelling, artistic way.
malapropism
A type of pun or play on words that results when 2 words become mixed up in the speaker's mind
Malapropism
A type of pun or play on words that results when two words become mixed up in the speaker's mind.
Narrative Discourse
A type of written or verbal communication that involves telling a story
Archetype
A typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature; also known as universal symbol, may be a character, a theme, a symbol or even a setting
Dialect (diction)
A variation of a language used by people from a particular geographical area.
aphorism
A wise saying, usually short and witty
Epigram
A witty saying in verse or prose.
Autobiography
An account of an individual's life, told by the individual him- or herself
Slippery Slope Example
Animal experimentation reduces our respect for life. If we don't respect life we will be more tolerant of violence which leads to war.
Ballad
Are often rhymed and metered and covered subjects such as love, death, murder, or religious topics.
Argumentative vs. Expository texts
Argumentative may or may not be true, but defends a position. Expository seeks to explain something rather than take a position.
Death of a Salesman (1949)
Arthur Miller
Eugène Delacroix
Artist credited for leading the French Romantic Movement and for his expressive brush strokes and emphasis on color rather than clarity of outline and form. Use of intense areas of light.
William Faulkner
As I Lay Dying; The Sound and the Fury
British Lit 450-1066 English Anglo-Saxon
Beowulf; The Wife's Lament; The Wonder
What is color field painting? Name some artists.
Color Field painting is a style of abstract painting in which dominates form and texture. Helen Frankenthaler Mark Rothko Clyford Still Sam Gilliam
Robinson Cruesoe
Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe (1719)
Daniel Defoe
The Divine Comedy (The Inferno)
Dante
modifier
Describes or limits the meaning of a word or group of words
American Renaissance Period (19th century)
Dickinson; Fireside poets: Longfellow, Holmes; Naturalism: Dreiser, London, Steinbeck; Realism: Freeman, Crane, Bierce; Transcendentalism: Emerson, Thoreau
Denotation
Dictionary definition of a word
denotation
Dictionary definition of a word
Voice
Distinctive features of a person's speech and speech patterns.
Closet Drama
Drama meant to be read rather than performed on stage
Plays
Dramatic works, can be written in poetic or lyrical verse or regular prose.
How did Frida Kahlo's life experiences come into her artwork?
Drawing on personal experiences, including her marriage, her miscarriages, and her numerous operations, Kahlo's works often are characterized by their stark portrayals of pain. She combined elements of the classic religious Mexican tradition with surrealist renderings
Restoration and 18th Century 1660-1785
Dryden's The Conquest of Granada, Alexander's Feast; Pope's The Rape of the Lock; Bunyun's A Pilgrim's Progress; John Locke's Two Treatises of Government
Name Depression Artists
Eli Jacob, Jack Markow and James Turnbull Diego Rivera, Stuart Davis Thomas Benton
The early works of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Kydd, and Sidney
Elizabethan Period 1558-1603 (THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 1485-1660 CE)
Didacticism
Embodies a teaching tone, the writer addresses the readers as if they must learn something.
Wuthering Heights (1847)
Emily Bronte
Formalism or New Criticism
Emphasizes closely reading the text and analyzing how literary elements create meaning in it; it is unconcerned with the text's effects on the reader
Chronological Order
Employed when a writer organizes events in a text in the order in which they occurred
Spatial Sequence
Employed when a writer organizes information according to its position in space
Chaucer (1343-1400)
Father of English Literature; credited with heroic couplet; medieval poet, Canterbury Tales
Science Fiction
Fiction that deals with the current or future development of tech advances. Ex. Slaughterhouse Five (Vonnegut) or 1984 (Orwell), Fahrenheit 451 (Bradbury) or Brave New World, (Huxley)
Metaphor
Figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics. Example: He is the black sheep of the family.
The Stranger by Albert Camus
First novel by Albert Camus, published in 1942, and an illustration of his absurdist world view. The novel follows the aimless life of the narrator, Meursault, a young man living in Algiers. It opens with his mother dying and him going to the funeral, where he does not cry. He then returns to Algiers where he becomes entangled in the life of his neighbor, Raymond, who abuses his mistress, who has been cheating on him. Meursault also gets involved in an emotionless and indifferent romance with a former co-worker, Marie, who wants to marry him. One day on the beach Meursault takes Raymond's gun and shoots the brother of Raymond's mistress, who has been harassing them, and once he is taken into custody all around him are astonished at his lack of remorse for his crime and his general emotionless indifference to everything around him. His trial focuses mainly on this part of his character, and he is sentenced to be executed by beheading. By the end he abandons all hope for the future and accepts the "gentle indifference of the world", which makes him feel happy.
Deconstructionist Literary Criticism
Focuses on dissecting and uncovering the writer's assumptions about what is true and false, good and bad. Deconstructionists begin by examining language, which they consider a distortion of reality.
Marxist Theory
Focuses on the economic systems that structure society and the ways human behavior is motivated by a desire for economic power.
Silas Marner
George Eliot
Animal Farm (1946)
George Orwell
Active Readers
Get involved with the text by making connections with what they already know and what they are reading or experiencing, they seek meaning in what they read in order to solve a problem, gain new knowledge, or to answer a question about something that matters to them.
Radcliffe, Monk Lewis, and Victorians like Bram Stoker in Britain; In America, writers include Poe and Hawthorne.
Gothic Writings, (c. 1790-1890)
Stanza
Group of lines followed by a space
Sonnet
In poetry, this poem has 14 fourteen lines and is written in iambic pentameter. Each line has 10 syllables and usually romantic poems
The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka
In this work the main character dies of an infection after being pelted by apples by his father and his sister wishes to go to music school to play violin.
Slang (diction)
Informal language used by a particular group of people among themselves.
Grande Odalisque
Ingres 1814 -Neoclassical Ingres' contemporaries considered the work to signify Ingres' break from Neoclassicism, indicating a shift toward exotic Romanticism.
Book Pass
Instructional method for introducing students to a variety of works in a short period of time in order to encourage interest
Horror Fiction
Intended to impact the reader via the experiences of fear, paranoia, or disgust. Often involves paranormal of psychological content.
figurative language
Language imparts more than the literal meaning; simile or metaphor
Technical Language
Language relating to a specific field of study
Conclusion
Leaves the reader with a sense of closure by reiterating the author's thesis and sometimes even providing a summary of his or her main points
Eugène Delacroix
Liberty Leading the People, 1830
Media Sources
Like newspaper and magazine articles, television or radio broadcasts, interviews, photographs, can be considered primary sources
Dialect of slang
Linguistic qualities that an author might incorporate into his or her writing in order to develop characters or setting, can be indicative of social, economic, and educational status.
Semicolon
Link related independent clauses. 1. Unless being used in lists, they should only be used to connect related clauses. 2. Do not use before coordinating conjunctions. It can replace a coordinating conjunction. (FANBOYS) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th-zyfvwDdI
Denotation
Literal definition of a word
irony
Literary and rhetorical device of expressing one meaning by stating it using words that have the opposite meaning (sarcasm); dramatic-verbal-situation
Anxiety of influence
Literary critic Harold Bloom --> authors anxiety to produce ends with repetition of other authors work --> helps readers to interpret other literary works.
Tragedy
Literature, often drama, ending in catastrophic event for the protagonist after he or she faces several problems or conflicts
Rainer Maria Rilke
Lived 1875-1926. Bohemian-Austrian, German-speaking poet; Orpheus Sonnets
Logos
Logos is an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason. "The data is perfectly clear: this investment has consistently turned a profit year-over-year, even in spite of market declines in other areas." "Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: we have not only the fingerprints, the lack of an alibi, a clear motive, and an expressed desire to commit the robbery... We also have video of the suspect breaking in. The case could not be more open and shut."
"Sons of Ben"
Lovelace, Carew, Herrick; Ben Jonson
On the Nature of Things
Lucretius
Sonnet
Lyrical poem composed of 14 lines, usually written in iambic pentameter, follow set rhyming schemes.
Gustave Flaubert
Madam Bovary
Inferences
Made using information from the text in conjunction with the reader's knowledge to fill in explanations for what is not explicit in the text.
The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot.
Maggie Tulliver has to choose betweeen her each of her suitors and her duty to her family. Adores brother Tom Tulliver. Mr. Tulliver (victim of character and circumstances), Philip Wakem (Maggie's sensible lover-encourages her to give up her unnatural self-denial)
Romantic Period 1785-1832
Major Authors: Keats, Mary Shelley, John Blake Don Juan, Pride and Prejudice, Songs of the Innocents, Songs of Experience, The Vindication of the Rights of Women, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, Ode to a Grecian Urn
Inductive Reasoning
Makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Used to form theories or a hypothesis. Make observations, Discern a pattern, Make a generalization, Infer a theory. Examples: Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. Jennifer is always on time. Jennifer assumes, then, that she will always be on time if she leaves at 7:00 a.m. The cost of goods was $1.00. The cost of labor to manufacture the time was $.50. The sales price of the item was $5.00; so, the item always provides a good profit.
Predicting
Making a forecast of what will happen in the future based on past experience or evidence, or suggesting a possible outcome
Building Metacognition
Making students aware of reading strategies. How to use those strategies to learn with text helping students activate self-knowledge and self-monitoring.
Middle English period (1066-1550)
Mallory, Le Morte d'Arthur; Chaucer; Alighieri, the Pearl Poet
Olympia
Manet, Edouard 1863 refer to Titian's "Venus of Urbino"
Anne Prevost
Manon Lescaut (Psychological)
Planning
Mapping or brainstorming
Anapestic meter
Meter that is composed of feet that are short-short-long OR Unstressed-Unstressed-Stressed. Used in: limerick, Ex. Contradict
The Gleaners
Millet 1857 Barbizon school
Carolina Age 1625-1659
Milton's Paradise Lost; Herbert's The Temple; Herrick's Hesperides; Dr. Jon Donne
Commonwealth Period 1649-1660
Milton's The Tenure of Kings and Mastered Magistrates; Hutchinson's Memoirs of Life of Colonel John Hutchinson
In Britain, writers include W. B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden, Virginia Woolf, and Wilfred Owen. In America, the period includes Robert Frost and Flannery O'Connor.
Modernism 1914-1945
One foot
Monometer
Deductive reasoning
Moves from general to specific.
Revising
Moving, cutting, replacing, and adding
Historical Fiction
Narrative fiction that is set in some earlier time and often contains historically authentic people, places, and events. Ex. The Three Musketeers, Alexander Dumas
World Lit 100 CE-1650 Medieval and Early Modern
New Testament; the Koran; Dante's Inferno; The Song of Roland; Tale of the Genji; Machiavelli's The Prince; MLK's speech, Don Cotee
Reciprocal Teaching
Occurs when a dialogue takes place between students and the teacher, and participants take turns assuming the role of the teacher
Overwriting
Occurs when a writer tries to imbue his or her work with inappropriately and awkwardly ornate language, or complex, technical terms.
Ballad Poem
Oh the ocean waves may roll, And the stormy winds may blow, While we poor sailors go skipping aloft And the land lubbers lay down below, below, below And the land lubbers lay down below.
Haiku Poem
Over the wintry forest, winds howl in rage with no leaves to blow.
Red Herring
Partway through an argument the arguer goes off on an tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what's really at stake.
Is it Pathos?
Pathos (appeal to emotion or to an audience's values or beliefs) Who is the target audience for the argument? How is the writer trying to make the audience feel (i.e., sad, happy, angry, guilty)? Is the writer making any assumptions about the background, knowledge, values, etc. of the audience?
Open Form Poetry
Poetry that does not have restrictions
Poussin's Arcadian Shepherds
Possin was a French painter in the classical style.Themes of tragedy and death are prevalent in Poussin's work.[13] Et in Arcadia ego, a subject he painted twice (second version is seen at right), exemplifies his cerebral approach. In this composition, idealized shepherds examine a tomb inscribed with the title phrase, which is usually interpreted as a memento mori: "Even in Arcadia I exist", as if spoken by personified Death.
Bias
Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person or group compared to another.
Historical Fiction
Relies on realistic settings and characters from an earlier time to tell new stories.
Alliteration
Repetition of consonant sounds
Men and Women (1855)
Robert Browning
The Thinker
Rodin 1902
Waiting for Godot (1949)
Samuel Beckett
Pamela (1740)
Samuel Richardson
The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Set in the 17th-entury Boston, Hester Prynne is being publically shamed and ostracized as an adultress. her husband, Roger Chillingworth, posing as a doctor, is intent on revenge against Hester and her "accomplice", who is revealed to bethe ailing Reverand Arthur Dimmesdale
Ariel (1966)
Sylvia Plath
Assonance
Takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonants. Example: mEn sEll wEdding bElls
Summative Assessments
Tasks intended to assess the student's mastery of a long-term objective
Modeling
Teacher reading aloud. Demonstrating appropriate responses to a new types of challenging questions and reciprocal teaching.
Narrative Writing
Tells a story, includes a plot and characters, and its purpose may be to entertain the reader
Native Son by Richard Wright
Tells the Story of Bigger who is being convicted for murder
The American by Henry James
Tells the story of a man who is living confined and unhappy. Henry James is poking fun at American culture
Saul Bellow
The Adventures of Augie March
Daniel Defoe
The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
Anne Frank
The Diary of A Young Girl
legends
Unverifiable stories that seem to have a degree of realism about them
Turabian
Used for history and theology
MLA
Used for literary and linguistic studies
APA
Used for psychology and social sciences
correlative conjunctions
Used only in pairs and include not only/but also, neither/nor, and either/or
Satire
Uses sarcasm, irony, and/or humor as social criticism to lampoon human folly. Satire often involves creating situations or ideas deliberately exaggerating reality to be ridiculous to illuminate flawed behaviors.
Free Verse
Verses that contain an irregular metrical pattern and line length
Elizabeth Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, and the Brontë sisters.
Victorian Period And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901)
The Aeneid
Virgil
Graphic Organizers
Visual display that demonstrates relationships between facts, concepts, or ideas
Imagery
Vivid description that appeals to a reader's sense of sight, sound, smell, taste, or touch.
jargon
Vocabulary of a particular profession or may refer to any speech or writing that one doesn't understand
technical language
Vocabulary related to a specific discipline, activity, or process
Leaves of Grass (1855)
Walt Whitman
Leo Tolstoy
War and Peace (Historical); Anna Karenina (Psychological); Russian realist-- "How much land does a man need"
Appeal to Authority
We add strength to our arguments by referring to respected sources or authorities and explaining their positions on the issues we are discussing.
literal language
Words mean exactly what they say
Existentialism
Writers in this late 19th century and 20th century school pondered the futility of human existence in a seemingly random world absent of theological guides. Keirkegaard and Nietzsche were major existentialist philosophers; Kafka, Sartre, Camus and Dosdoyevsky are major authors as well.
Drafting
Writing and constructing
Dramatic Irony
a contrast between what the character believes or says and what the reader believes to be true (Ex: Macbeth appears to be loyal to Duncan, but he is planning Duncan's murder. Duncan doesn't know Macbeth's plans, but the audience know what is going happen.)
Anticlimax
a disappointing end to a series of exciting events
blaue reiter, der (the blue rider)
a group of avant-garde German Expressionists
Ode
a long lyric poem on a serious subject usually written in precise structure
Possessive case
a noun's or pronoun's case when its relationship to another element in the sentence is one of ownership, association, or belonging.
Theme
a salient abstract idea that emerges from a literary work's treatment of its subject-matter; or a topic recurring in a number of literary works. While the subject of a work is described concretely in terms of its action (e.g.'the adventures of a newcomer in the big city'), its theme or themes will be described in more abstract terms (e.g. love, war, revenge, betrayal, fate, etc.). The theme of a work may be announced explicitly, but more often it emerges indirectly through the recurrence of *MOTIFS. Adjective: thematic.
Simple Sentence
a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.
Rhyme Scheme
a set pattern of rhyme; types include true rhyme, slant rhyme, end rhyme, and internal rhyme
Backdrop Setting
a setting that in not essential to the plot; a figurative setting that could have been anywhere and the story would still work
Integral Setting
a setting that is essential to the plot
Adverb
a word, phrase, or clause that modifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath
a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies
Jean Michel Basquiat
an artist born in NY, of a Haitian + Puerto Rican descended, who started as a graffiti artist in the late 1970s and evolved into an acclaimed Neo-expressionist and Primitivist painter by the 1980s.
se-
apart, move away from
circum-
around
literary realism
attempting to replicate everyday life situations as realistically as possible
Imagery
descriptive language that creates word pictures (Ex: "A thick-yellow haze hung over the city blocking out buildings, blinding the sun."
Closed Couplet
each of the two lines is end-stopped, implying that there is a grammatical pause at the end of a line of verse.
Textual Criticism
either uses recension (the selection of the most trustworthy evidence on which to base a text) or emendation (the effort to eliminate all errors in even the best manuscript
formalism or new criticism
emphasizes closely reading the text and analyzing how literary elements create meaning in it; it is unconcerned with the text's effect on the reader
chronological order
employed when a writer organizes events in a text in the order in which they occured
spatial sequence
employed when a writer organizes information according to its position in space
Style
enhances the flow of words to make writing more appealing and clarify the meaning; types are denotation, connotation, alliteration, consonance, assonance, onomatopoeia, and rhythm
Hyperbole
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
Apostrophe
figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation "O"; writer or a speaker detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character
Metonymy
figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated; example: The pen is mightier than the sword (pen refers to the written word and sword refers to violence or brute force)
marxist theory
focuses on the economic systems that structure society and the ways human behavior is motivated by a desire for economic power
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
follows widower and father Atticus Finch, a small-town southern lawyer, and his daughter Scout as they navigate racially-charged events in a small southern town.
Giorgio Chirico
founded the Scuola Metafiscal (school of Metaphysical) movement, profoundly influencing surrealists.
drama development
from religious ritual developed into "traveling mystery plays" from their individual improv and performance evolved
Perfect Present Tense Verbs
has/have + past participle Example: You HAVE SEEN that movie many times
interjections
have no grammatical attachment to the sentence itself other than to add expressions of emotion
The Red Badge of Courage Samuel Beckkett
is a war novel (1871-1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.
Stages of the writing process (recursive)
prewriting (planning), drafting, revising, editing, publishing, evaluating
Pathetic Fallacy
the attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals (Ex: the somber clouds darkened our moods)
Denouement
the final moment of a plot where everything is revealed and explained
Nam June Paik
the first video artist, often associated with video installations
Hubris
the flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero
Rhythm
the flow or cadence of words
Doublespeak
the misuse of language, often in a deliberate and even calculating way in order to mislead (Ex: "persuasion" for "torture" or "preowned" instead of "second-hand" or "used")
Indicative mood
the mood of a verb when its clause states a fact or opinion or asks a question
Subjunctive mood
the mood of a verb when its clause, which is necessarily dependent, addresses conditions that are contrary to fact—e.g., If I were good at grammar, I'd be a better writer.
Climax
the most intense, exciting, or important point of something
Cadence
the natural rhythmic rise and fall of language as it is normally spoken
Direct object
the noun or pronoun referring to a person or thing acted upon directly by the action of a verb—e.g., I'm writing a book.
literary criticism
the process of analysis
Refrain
the repetition of a line or phrase of a poem at regular intervals, particularly at the end of each stanza
Epistrophe
the repetition of a words or phrases at the end of successive clauses or sentences; typically appeals to the emotions of the audience
Biographical Criticism
uses knowledge of the author's life experiences to gain a better understanding of the work
literary theory
using a set of principles or a system of ideas to interpret literature from a unique angle
Conversion
using a word of one category in another category without change (Ex: using the noun "comb" also as then verb "comb")
Third Person Omniscent
Can enter the consciousness of any and all characters.
Absurdism
Can mean an act of irrationality or the idea that humans exist in an irrational, meaningless universe. Major authors include Camus and Samuel Beckett
Geoffrey Chaucer
Canterbury Tales, Parliament of Foules, -Chiefly responsible for bringing literature to the middle-class (vernacular language)
Edmond Spenser
(THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 1485-1660 CE)
Modernism
A 20th century movement which emphasized intrusive narration. Forms included meta-fiction or fiction which comments on the art of fiction, stream-of-consciousness (a style in which the first-person narrator includes random thoughts along with major plot events)
Stanza
A Paragraph in poetry; a group of lines in poetry..
Antagonist
A character or force in opposition or conflict with the main character. The Bad/evil element.
Heroic Couplet
A pair of rhyming lines of poetic verse written in iambic pentameter
Linguistics
A scientific study of language and its structure, including morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics
Complex Sentence
A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
Prometheus Bound
Aeschylus
Oscar Wilde
Aestheticism during the Victorian Period And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901)
Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon"is inspired by what?
African masks
Cause and Effect
Commonly used in expository/persuasive text in which paragraphs are organized by either a cause or an effect 1st then explained
The Knight, The Death and the devil
Albrecht Dürer
Author's Craft
An author's broad and narrow choices in a text
Octave
An eight-line poem or the first eight lines of a Petrarchan Sonnet
cliche
An expression that has been used so often that it loses its expressive power
Connotation
An idea/feeling that invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning
To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolfe
Charles Tansey convinces Lily Briscoe that women can neither write nor paint, James and the Ramsay family travel with Macalister to the title location
Proof-Reading
Checking the final draft for typos
Activating Prior Knowledge
Create an anticipatory set: an activity at the start of a lesson that is used to set the stage for learning, motivating students, and activating prior knowledge Example: Beginning with documents of trials during the civil rights movement before reading To Kill A Mockingbird
Metaphysical poets
Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Cowley, Cleveland, Crashaw, Traherne, Vaughan
The House of Mirth (1905)
Edith Wharton
Hubris
Excessive pride or self-confidence; the downfall of a Greek hero because of his/her dealings with the gods
Ray Bradbury
Fahrenhit 451; Dandelion Wild
Quintet
Five-line stanza
Oedipus Complex
From the Freudian theory that posits peoples experience a complex set of emotions based on sexual attraction, especially at a young age, to their parent of the opposite sex.
Who wrote in Iambic meeter?
Frost and Shakespeare
Walden (1854)
Henry David Thoreau
The Odyssey
Homeric Period 1200-800 BCE (Within Classical Period 1200 BCE - 455 CE)
Burlesque
In literature, comic imitation of a serious literary or artistic form that relies on an extravagant incongruity between a subject and its treatment; the serious is treated lightly and the frivolous seriously; genuine emotion is sentimentalized, and trivial emotions are elevated to a dignified plane; closely related to parody, in which the language and style of a particular author, poem, or other work is mimicked, although generally broader and coarser.
Anastrophe
Inversion of the usual, normal or logical order of the parts of a sentence. The noun follows the adjective. Ex:"He spoke of times, past and future.
Previewing a Text
Involves taking the time to identify the author, the genre, and the general subject matter of a work.
Of Mice and Men (1937)
John Steinbeck
The Red Pony (1937)
John Steinbeck
Post Hoc Example
Jones raised taxes and then the rate of violence went up. Jones is responsible for the rise in crime. Tip: If A causes B you should have more to say about how A caused B.
Heart of Darkness (1903)
Joseph Conrad
regional writing
Local color; the literary use of distinctive characteristics and/or idiosyncrasies of a particular locality and/or its inhabitants
A doll's house by Hendrick ibsen
Nora's struggle with Krogstad, who threatens to tell her husband about her past crime, incites Nora's journey of self-discovery and provides much of the play's dramatic suspense. Nora's primary struggle, however, is against the selfish, stifling, and oppressive attitudes of her husband, Torvald, and of the society that he represents.
The Art of Love
Ovid
Pathos
Pathos is an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response. "If we don't move soon, we're all going to die! Can't you see how dangerous it would be to stay?" "I'm not just invested in this community - I love every building, every business, every hard-working member of this town."
Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose and Saint Jerome
Patristic Period 70 CE-455 CE (Within Classical Period 1200 BCE - 455 CE)
Five feet
Pentameter Ex. Romeo and Juliet
Patterns
Recurring elements of a text that from a design
Context
Refers to both the historical and cultural time a text was written.
Coherence
Refers to the logical progression of words, sentences, and paragraphs
The Fourteenth Street School of New York City
Refers to the work of Kenneth Hayes Miller and his students in the mid-1900's. All members were realists in the tradition of the Italian Renaissance.
Classicism
Reflects Ancient Greek and roman ideals of beauty and principles of form and discipline
Repetition
Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis
Consonance
Repetition of consonants; example: pitter patter
Alliteration
Repetition of of initial consonant sounds in words, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers"
Consonance
Repetition of same consonant sounds at the end of a stressed syllable, but following different vowel sounds, in words that are close together. (Whose woods these are I think I know)
Pre-Raphaelite literary period
Rossetti, Woolner, Beardsley, Swinburne; influenced by doctrines of brotherhood, which called for genuine expression of ideas and to study nature attentively
World Lit 19th Century
Russo's Confession; Faust Hugo's Oats and Ballads; Tolstoy's War and Peace, Anna Karenina
Constructed Response Questions are graded on
Score of 3 The response demonstrates a thorough understanding of the content Analyzes the specified elements in the selection accurately and with some depth Shows a sound understanding of the selection Supports points with appropriate examples from the selection and explains how the examples support those points Is coherent and demonstrates control of language, including diction and syntax Demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English
A Good Man is Hard to find by Flannery O'Conner
Short story by that epitomizes the genre of Southern Gothic. The story follows a family on vacation who get lost and whose car flips before they are found by the Misfit, an escaped convict.
Discourse
Speech or writing, normally longer than sentences, which deals with a certain subject in the form of writing or speech. In other words, discourse is the presentation of an idea. There are several branches of discourse including creative, dialectic, and transactional.
Realistic Fiction
Stories that are meant to be relatable for readers, strive for verisimilitude.
Fairy Tales
Stories that involve magical creatures such as elves and fairies
fairy tales
Stories that involve magical creatures such as elves and fairies
Myths
Stories, often involving gods or demigods, that attempt to explain certain practices or phenomena
hermeneutics
The art and science of text interpretation
Hermeneutics
The art and science of text interpretation.
Rhetoric
The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing.
pathethic fallacy
The attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals
Dynamic Character
a character who develops or changes throughout a work
Count noun
a noun that can be singular or plural.
Sentimentality
a type of tone that involves excessive use of feeling or emotion
Frida Kahlo
famous female artist from Mexico whose art work was influenced by the personal tragedies in her life. Married to Diego Rivera
Oxymoron
figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect; a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting meanings, e.g. "cruel kindness" or "living death".
bio
life
chiasmus
parallel clauses, the second reversing the order of the first
Barbizon school
part of an art movement in France towards Realism in art, which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement. Tonal variations, minimal color, loose brushwork and softness of form. Artist: Rosa Bonheur Jean-Baptiste Corot Millet
Formal Verse
poetry that follows fixed patterns
Tense
the quality of a verb that expresses when the action occurred, occurs, or will occur.
Dimeter
two feet
Couplet
two successive lines of poetry of the same lengthat rhyme
Testimonial
"A television ad promoting the benefits of an over the counter pain reliever begins by depicting scenes from the lives of satisfied consumers and concludes with a licenses physician endorsing the drug's positive effects." A celebrity, and expert or a satisfied customer endorses a product or an idea. In the advertisement described, satisfied customers and a licensed physician are endorsing the positive effects of the medicine.
Couplet Poem
"Look in thy glass, and tell the face thou viewest Now is the time that face should form another; Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest, Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother, For where is she so fair whose unear'd womb ....... But if thou live, remember'd not to be, Die single, and thine image dies with thee."
Hamlet by Shakespeare
"To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them."
Ad Populum
"To the people" The arguer takes advantage of the desire most people have to be liked. The arguer tries to convince the audience to do or believe something because everyone else does.
Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte (Romantic)
"You love Mr Edgar, because he is handsome and young and cheerful and rich and loves you", 1847 novel influenced by gothicism. The frame story involves a man named Lockwood, who moves to an estate on the moors next to one owned by the mysterious Heathcliff, so he asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him about this man. As a young girl Nelly worked at the manor for the owner, Mr. Earnshaw and his family. Earnshaw one day brings home an orphan boy - Heathcliff - and raises him as his own, loving him more than his own son Hindley. However, after Earnshaw's death his real son enacts revenge on Heathcliff, treating him very poorly, and Earnshaw's daughter Catherine, who Heathcliff loves, marries another man. Heathcliff leaves and returns years later, wealthy and intent on enacting his own revenge. He drives Hindley and Catherine to despair, destitution, and death, mistreats his wife, and toys with Catherine's daughter and his own. We later learn that Heathcliff dies and the estate passes on to Catherine's daughter and her new husband.
Gustave Flaubert
(1821-1880), accuracy of psychological insight, portrays provincial middle class as petty, smug and hypocritical; "Madame Bovary" (Psychological);
James Whistler
(1834-1903) A member of the realist movement, although his works were often moody and eccentric. Best known for his Arrangement in Black and Grey, No.1, also known asWhistler's Mother.
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas
(1845) the autobiography of begins at his first memory of the Whipping of this Aunt which was his inauguration into slavery through his youth when he decides to stand up against his master and fight for his freedom
Faulkner
(1897-1962) Mississippi- Southern Literature in America; 1 play, poems, essays, screenplays, novels, short stories; 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature, 2 Pulitzer prizes for fiction
The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer (Middle English)
Chaucer (14th Century) First work in English vernacular. Stories of 12 pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. A picture of English society through estates satire (social commentary on people's estates: life, property)
An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser.
(1925) Clyde Griffiths, whose troubles with women and the law take him from his religious upbringing in Kansas city, to the town of Lycurgus, New York. Materialistic Hortense Briggs, farm girl Roberta Alden (who drowns), aristocratic Sondra Finchley. Clyde is found guilty of murdering Roberta, and sentenced to death. Abortion, societal ills.
All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque
(1929) a novel written illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's.
Contemporary Period- The Beat Generation
(1950s) Ginsberg, Kerouac, explored and influenced American culture in the post-WWII literary period; nonconformity, drugs, religion, rejection; Confessional School (1950s): Plath, Lowell, Sexton
J.M.W Turner
(23 April 1775 - 19 December 1851) was a British Romantic landscape painter. Was considered a controversial figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting. His work is regarded as a Romantic preface to Impressionism.
Jacques-Louis David
(30 August 1748 - 29 December 1825) was an influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. Marked the shift from Rococo towards Classical austerity. David was the strongest influence in French art of the early 19th century on academic Salon painting.
Francisco De Goya
(30 March 1746-16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. The subversive imaginative element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a model for the work of later generations of artists, notably Manet, Picasso and Francis Bacon.
The Crucible by Arthur Miller
(Arthur Miller, 1953). Miller chose the 1692 Salem witch trials as his setting, but the work is really an allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch-hunts" of the early 1950s. In the story, Elizabeth Proctor fires servant Abigail Williams after she finds out Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband, John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Also notable: Judge Hathorne is a direct ancestor of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne.
A midsummer night's dream by Shakespeare
(Fantasy Setting) It portrays the events surrounding the marriage of the Duke of Athens, Theseus, and the Queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta. These include the adventures of four young Athenian lovers and a group of amateur actors, who are manipulated by the fairies who inhabit the forest in which most of the play is set.
John Dos Passos
(Historical); Author of the "U.S.A." trilogy, comprised of "The 42nd Parallel", "1919" & "The Big Money"
Robert Graves
(Historical); English writer known for his interest in mythology and in the classics (1895-1985); Good-bye to All That (outspoken autobiography; a book on his war experience which established his reputation), I, Claudius and Claudius the God (unorthodox novels of Roman history);
Miguel de Cervantes
(Picaresque) Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form
Participle
(Second type of verbal phrase) an -ed or -ing verb form used as an adjective or to form the progressive aspect or perfect tense. Usually modifies subjects or objects, so it usually acts as an adjective. "Panting furiously, the dog chased the rabbit." (Panting furiously is the Participle phrase)
Saturn Devouring His Children
(modern painting referring to Goya's painting) c. 1819-1823 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Devouring_His_Son
Renaissance Period
1485-1660, included Elizabethan Age of great English Drama and public theaters. Focus on love and the nature of human beings.
Spenser
1552-1599 Epic poetry; The Faerie Queen
Renaissance, Elizabethan Age
1558-1603 Shakespeare, Marlow, Spenser
Marlow
1564-1593- plays, poetry, blank verse, Dr. Faustus, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
John Donne
1572-1631: Satire, love poetry, elegies, sermons; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
Restoration Period - British Lit
1660-1798 Pepys, Pope, Samuel Johnson, Swift
Restoration Period
1660-1798, comedies of manners, essays and satires were popular. Included age of Sensibility and the Enlightenment.
Swift
1667-1745 Satire, essays, poetry; A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels
The Age of Revolution
1750-1815 : American - Thomas Paine, Common Sense; Jefferson, Franklin; focus on independence
Age of Revolution
1750-1815, texts centered on the colonies' quest for independence
Romanticism
1780-1840 Authors: Poe, Hawthorne, Sterne, Wolfgang, Mary Shelley; Poets: Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte (Romantic)
1847 involves strong elements of social criticism, not to mention a strong, independent female protagonist, that challenged class, gender, and religious roles of the time. The protagonist is an orphan brought up by a cruel aunt, Mrs. Reed, who eventually sends her to the Lowood School, which is run by the hypocritical Mr. Brocklehurst. He is ousted after an epidemic that claims the life of one of the protagonist's dear friends, Helen Burns, and the protagonist goes on to enjoy the rest of her time at the school. After teaching briefly, she becomes the governess at a manor called Thornfield, which is owned by a dark man named Rochester. The protagonist falls in love with him and he proposes, but it is unveiled that he is already married to a woman who has gone mad. The protagonist leaves, but years later returns and tracks down Rochester, who has been disfigured by a fire set by the mad wife (Bertha) that burned down Thornfield. They marry and live happily ever after.
Realistic Period
1855-1910, sought to portray American life as it truly was and emphasized verisimilitude (likeness to life). Included Civil War writers, Regionalists, and Naturalists.
villanelle
19 line poem consisting of 5 tercets (3 line stanzas) with the rhyme scheme (aba) and a final quatrain (4 line stanza) of (abaa)
Modern Period
1900-1950, writing about the world wars, alienation, the Roaring Twenties, the Depression, and the changing world. Includes writers of the Harlem Renaissance.
The Good Soldier by Ford Maddox Ford
1915 portrays pre-WWI society's shifting morals and loss of steadfast social rules. It is narrated, unreliably, by John Dowell in a form that prefigures stream of consciousness, following Dowell's recollections of his and his wife's relationship with Edward and Leonora Ashburnham in non-chronological order. Dowell's narration mainly explores the discovery of the numerous affairs of his wife Florence and Edward, who end up having an affair with each other. These intrigues lead to Florence's suicide, Leonora's moral torture of Edward and his suicide, and the madness of the Ashburnham's young ward Nancy, whom Dowell eventually takes care of.
Aaron Douglas
A Harlem Renaissance painter whose work celebrates African American versatility and adaptability, depicting people in a variety of settings. 1899-1979
Haiku
A Japanese poem of seventeen syllables, in three lines of five, seven, and five, traditionally evoking images of the natural world.
Things Fall Apart
A Nigerian clan leader, terrified of being weak like his father was, brings destruction and tragedy on himself and his family.
Hermeneutics
A branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation, particularly of the Bible or literary texts
Phonology
A branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds in a particular language
Caesura
A break between words with a metrical foot Example: Maria has taken many breaks, (pause) but Martin has not
Caesura
A break in the rhyme of language, particularly a natural pause in a line of verse.
caesura
A break in the rhythm of language particularly a natural pause in a line of verse, marked in prosody by a double vertical line (//)
Epitaphs
A brief poem that sums up an individuals life.
Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes (Middle Ages)
A comedic book written by during the reign of Philip II. The title character is now used to refer to idealists that champion hopeless or fanciful causes. This book was a comment on the Middle Ages and Philip II's idealistic wars of religion.
Analogy
A comparison of objects or ideas that appear, at first to be different but are alike in some important way.
Metaphor
A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.
Simile
A comparison using "like" or "as"
simile
A comparison using like or as
Simile
A comparison using like or as.
Metaphor
A comparison without using like or as.
Paradox
A contradictory statement that makes sense--> "Man learns from history that man learns nothing from history" (Hegel)`
Antithesis
A contrast or opposition between two things.
Villanelle
A courtly love poem from Medieval Times. usually only 2 rhymes 19 line poem with 5 (3-line stanzas) and 1 (4 line stanza )quartrain (aba rhyme scheme)
Adjective Clause
A dependent clause that acts as an adjective. It contains a subject + verb, a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose)/a relative adverb (when, where, why), & functions as an adjective. Example: Chewing with her mouth open is one reason WHY FRED CANNOT STAND SITTING ACROSS FROM HIS SISTER MELANIE.
Epithet
A descriptive phrase or word frequently used to characterize a person or thing. Ex. "The father of psychology" referring to Sigmund Freud.
Metaphor
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which is not literally applicable. A comparison of 2 dissimilar things without using like or as.
Simile
A figure of speech that expresses the resemblance between things of different kinds. Usually formed with "like" or "as."
Apostrophe
A figure of speech that is used in literature which is an arrangement of words that address a non-existent person or an abstract idea as if it was capable of possessing feelings. Example: Hamlet addressing Yourik's skull
Slapstick
A form of low comedy that includes exaggerated and sometimes violent action. Ex. Taming of the Shrew and Midsummer's Night Dream (Shakespeare)
absurdist
A genre of literature that focuses on the experiences of characters in a situation where they can't find any purpose in life
Absurdist
A genre of literature, most often used in novels, plays, and poems that focuses on the experiences of characters in a situation where they cannot dine any inherent purpose in life, Represented by meaningless actions and events.
Fantasy
A genre that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or, setting. Ex. Lord of the Rings, Narnia.
Independent Clause
A group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. Example: Jim studied in the sweet shop for his chemistry quiz.
metrical foot
A grouping of strong and weak syllables. It usually contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable
fabliau
A humorous story including an incident that is nearly always indecent
Limerick
A humorous verse form of five anapestic (unstressed, unstressed, stressed) lines with a rhyme scheme of AABBA
Pun
A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.
Moral
A lesson a work of literature is teaching.
personification
A literary device in which the author describes an inanimate object or abstraction using human qualities or abilities
Flashback
A literary device in which the author jumps back in time in the chronology of a narrative.
Epithet
A literary device that describes a place, a thing or person in such a way that it helps in making the characteristics of a person, thing, or place more prominent than they really are. Example: The earth is CRYING-SWEET
Couplet
A literary device which can be defined as having two successive rhyming lines in a verse and has the same meter to form a complete thought. It is marked by a usual rhythm, rhyme scheme and incorporation of specific utterances.
Bathos
A literary mood of overstated emotion that moves suddenly from the sublime to the ridiculous or pedestrian to create an anticlimactic effect
Naturalism
A literary movement that emphasizes observation and the scientific method in the fictional portrayal of reality. A type of extreme realism. Authors include: Emile Zola, John Steinbeck (The Grapes of Wrath), Kate Chopin (The Awakening), Jack London
Foreshadowing
A literary technique in which the author gives hints or clues about what is to come at some later point in the story.
conceit
A metaphor or figure of speech often elaborate, that compares two things that are very different
Characterization
A method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits.
Problem-Solution
A method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing one or more solutions.
Elegy
A mournful lament for the dead.
Legend
A narrative about human actions that is perceived by both the teller and the listeners to have taken place within human history and includes certain qualities that exhibit truth and reality. Ex. Irving's "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" or King Arthur and the Holy Grail.
Folktale
A narrative form such as an epic, legend, myth, song, poem, or fable that has been retold within culture for generations. Ex. The people could fly (Virginia Hamilton)
frame tale
A narrative technique in which the main story is composed primarily for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories, each of which is a story within a story
Edgar Degas
A nineteenth-century French painter and sculptor. Among his preferred subjects were ballet dancers and scenes of cafe life.
Crime and Punishment by Dostoyevsky
A novel about the poor student Raskolnikov who kills two old women, because he believes he is beyond the bounds of good and evil. This psychological novel examines Raskolnikov's anguished mind before, during and after the crime.
Romance
A novel composed of idealized events far removed from everyday life. Sub-genre's include: Gothic and Medieval. Ex. Jane Austen's, Pride and Prejudice
Western
A novel set in the western US featuring experiences of cowboys and people living on a frontier. Ex. The Lone Ranger (Strikers)
Picaresque novel
A novel that features a rouge main character living by his or her wits and is told in a string of loosely connected events. Ex. The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin, Twain
Picaresque Novel
A novel with a rogue main character of low social class that lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society Examples: Huck Finn
Autobiography
A person's account of his or her own life. Ex. Anne Frank's "Diary of a young girl" and Maya Angelou's " I know why the caged bird sings"
Perspective
A person's point of view, frame of reference, position, or attitude towards an idea or occurrence
existentialism
A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility; Jean-Paul Sartre, Soren Kierkegaard (father of existentialism), Albert Camus, Franz Kafka
Epitaph
A phrase or statement written in memory of a person, especially on a tombstone. EX. Edmund Spenser, Shakespeare, Donne, Benjamin Franklin
Acrostic
A poem, word puzzle, or other composition in which certain letters in each line form a word or words.
Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand
A poet, swordsman, scientist, playwright, musician, and member of the Cadets of Gascoyne, a company of guards from Southern France. For all his prodigious talents, he is unattractive, cursed with a ridiculously long nose that makes him insecure and keeps him from revealing his love for his cousin Roxane.
imperfect, or slant, rhyme
A rhyme scheme in which corresponding vowel sounds are only approximate, and sometimes the rhymed consonants are similar rather than identical
Slant rhyme
A rhyme that is not exact. Emily Dickinson used this frequently
Internal rhyme
A rhyme that occurs within a line of verse, not at the end of the line.
Meter
A rhythmical pattern in verse that is made up of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad
A sailor tells the story of his journey through the Congo, where he met an enigmatic, powerful, insane imperialist who had abandoned the rules of English civilization., story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.
Babbitt by Lewis Sinclair
A self-satistied person concerned chiefly with business and middle-class like material success; a member of the American working class whose unthinking attachment to its business and social ideals is such to make him a model of narrow-mindedness and self-satisfaction; after George F. Babbitt, the main character in the novel Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis
folklore
A set of beliefs and stories of a particular people, which are passed down through the generations
Essay
A short piece of writing that addresses a scholarly audience in order to inform or persuade the reader
News Article
A short recounting of a particular story
Fable
A short story of folktale, involving animals that contains a moral. Ex. The Tortoise and the Hare (Aseop's)
fable
A short story or folktale that contains a moral, usually expressed at the end of the story
Parable
A short story that teaches a lesson about how to lead a good life.
Parable
A short story typically with a moral lesson at the end
Gothic
A subgenre of the Romanticism period, authors such as Poe, Shelley, and Hawthorne. Characterized by dark, and picturesque scenery, melodramatic narrative devices, overall atmosphere of mystery and dread.
Model
A teacher may (blank) a particular skill by practicing the skill, along with the thought process, aloud in front of the class
Modeling
A teacher or capable peers shares his or her thinking while reading
Cause-Effect
A text structure that shows the causal chain of events or ideas
Anxiety of Influence
A theory of poetry by Harold Bloom. Advanced a new revisionary approach to literary criticism. Poets are hindered in their creative processes by the ambigious relationship they have with predeassor poets
Haiku
A type of Japanese poem that is written in English with 17 syllables divided into three lines of five, seven, five syllables. Expresses a single thought.
Ad Hominem
Against the person, not the person's statements/ideas. The arguer attacks a person's motives or character, not what s/he wrote or said. Ad hominem is also used against people arguing for anything that would benefit them and against anything that would disadvantage them.
Lewis Caroll
Alice in Wonderland
Transcendentalism
An American intellectual and literary movement which emphasized the spiritual and individual aspects of philosophy and culture. Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Thoreau are examples of this work which help up the individual over society in civil matters.
Soliloquy
An act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.
Writing Workshop
An approach that integrates instruction, practice, and assessment in a consistent, daily schedule
Pathetic Fallacy
An attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate objects, things, or animals, especially in art or literature. A form of personification which involves the reflection of the character's feelings and emotions or the action of the story through inanimate objects Example: The somber clouds darkened our mood
Diction
An author's choice of words based on their clarity, conciseness, effectiveness, and authenticity.
Diction
An author's choice of: words, phrases, sentence structure, figurative language. Which combine to help create meaning and tone.
Catharsis
An emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress; Greek word meaning cleansing; used for the cleansing of emotions of literary characters. It can also be any other radical change that leads to emotional rejuvenation of a person.
Exclamatory Sentence
An exclamatory sentence is a type of sentence that expresses strong feelings by making an exclamation. With the appropriate intonation, other sentence types (especially declarative sentences) can be used to form exclamatives. An exclamatory sentence usually ends with an exclamation point. "Have fun storming the castle!" "I can't believe it! Reading and writing actually paid off!"
Cliche
An expression that has been used so often that it loses its expressive power. EX. "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse"
Idiom
An expression who's meaning differs from the usual meanings, such as kick the bucket
Novel
An extended fictional prose narrative.
Naturalism
An extreme form of realism in which the author shows the relationship between the characters and the environment. (Raw or Ugly side of a person) Ex. Edith Wharton's, Ethan Frome or Jack London's, The Call of the Wild.
The Sound and Fury by William Faulkner
At a basic level, the novel is about the three Compson brothers' obsessions with the their sister Caddy, but this brief synopsis represents merely the surface of what the novel contains. A story told in four chapters, by four different voices, and out of chronological order, The Sound and the Fury requires intense concentration and patience to interpret and understand.
Denotation
Denotation is generally defined as literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative or associated meanings. Let us try to understand this term with the help of an example. If you search for meaning of the word "dove" in a dictionary, you will see that its meaning is "a type of pigeon, a wild and domesticated bird having a heavy body and short legs." In literature, however, you frequently see "dove" referred to as a symbol of peace. Let us analyze a few examples from literature: 1. An example of denotation literary term can be found in the poetic work of Robert Frost's "Mending Wall": "And on a day we meet to walk the line And set the wall between us once again. We keep the wall between us as we go. To each the boulders that have fallen to each." In the above lines, the word "wall" is used to suggest a physical boundary which is its denotative meaning but it also implies the idea of "emotional barrier".
Metaphor
Describes something that may be unfamiliar by referring to it as though it were something else that may be more familiar to the reader.
Miguel De Cervantes
Don Quixote
John Constable
English landscape painter. Used natural color stippled with white to demonstrate shifting atmosphere and changing seasons. The Hay Wain, 1821.
Is it Ethos?
Ethos (appeal to the writer's credibility) What is the writer's purpose (to argue, explain, teach, defend, call to action, etc.)? Do you trust the writer? Why? Is the writer an authority on the subject? What credentials does the writer have? Does the writer address other viewpoints? How does the writer's word choice or tone affect how you view the writer?
Order of Importance Example
Ex: Selecting a new car requires each buyer to weigh a number of factors. First to be considered is the car's appearance. Next, and even more critical, are the car's performance and safety ratings. Most significant to any prospective buyer, however, is the car's price. The paragraph reflects an order of increasing importance. The features of the car are arranged from the one that should least affect the prospective buyer's decision (appearance) to the one that should most influence the buyer's decision (price). Words such as "more" and "Most" help establish the comparative importance of each feature.
Models
Exemplary examples of writing
Ethical Research Practices
Exist to ensure that fairness an truth are employed in the pursuit of knowledge
Francis Bacon
Expressionism semi-abstracted figures, fondness of triptychs and disturbing themes.
Colloquialisms (diction)
Expressions that usually are accepted in informal situations or regions, such as "wicked awesome"
connotation
Feelings or thoughts associated with a word not included in its literal definition; implied meaning
Personification
Figurative language in which human characteristics are attributed to objects, abstract ideas, natural forces, or animals.
Literal vs. Figurative
Figuratively means metaphorically, and literally describes something that actually happened. If you say that a guitar solo literally blew your head off, your head should not be attached to your body.
Conceit
Figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes or metaphors; essentially a radical metaphor or simile.
Quatrains
Four line stanza
Crime and Punishment
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
bildungsroman
German for "educational novel" "apprenticeship"; coming of age novel; Dickens, Great Expectations; Salinger, Catcher in the Rye; Golding, Lord of the Flies
Relative Clause
Has to have a relative pronoun, such as "who" or "which". It contains a subject + verb, a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose)/a relative adverb (when, where, why), & functions as an adjective, asking, "What kind", "How many", or "Which one" Example: Melanie screamed when she saw the spider THAT DANGLED FROM THE ONE CLEAN BATHROOM TOWEL.
Third Person Limited
He is only inside the head of one or a few characters.
Scaffolding
Helping students to achieve independence in reading by first giving support and then gradually taking it away as students are ready to do the tasks on their own.
Seven Feet
Heptameter Ex. Annabel Lee
Jacob Lawrence
His paintings used flattened figural shapes and bright contrasting colors to depict scenes related to the experience of African Americans during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Illiad
Homeric Period 1200-800 BCE (Within Classical Period 1200 BCE - 455 CE)
Source Integration
How a resource is used effectively without overwhelming the writer's own voice and ideas
Style
How the author uses words, phrases, and sentences to form ideas.
Free Verse Poem
I buried my father in my heart. Now he grows in me, my strange son, My little root who won't drink milk, Little pale foot sunk in unheard-of night, Little clock spring newly wet In the fire,little grape, parent to the future Wine, a son the fruit of his own son, Little father I ransom with my life.
Reader Response
Ignores both author and text contents. Confining analysis to the reader's experience when reading a particular work.
Hasty Generalization
In which an individual comes to a conclusion without enough evidence, based on prior experiences or assumptions
Red Herring
In which distracting information is introduced, moving the focus away from the most important points of the argument
Informative/Explanatory Texts
Informational text is a type of nonfiction—a very important type. Nonfiction includes any text that is factual. (Or, by some definitions, any type of literature that is factual, which would exclude texts such as menus and street signs.)
Paraphrase
Involves changing both the wording and syntax used to express an idea, the writer restates a specific piece of information from a source in his or her own voice
leonardo da vinci
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). First to study and record the human body through pictures and paintings. He was a scientist, inventor, and artist. Born in Vinci, Italy on APril 15th, 1452.
Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson
Jim Hawkins (narrator), a young boy who goes on a journey to discover pirate treasure. Long John Silver, former pirate, goes to take back treasure; shifting loyalties. Dr. Livesey, steady, practical leader of the expedition.
Vernacular
Language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region
anapestic meter
Meter that is composed of feet that are short-short-long or unaccented-unaccented-accented, usually used in light or whimsical poetry (limerick)
Diego Rivera
Mexican Muralist who created artworks in Mexico and the U.S. focusing on political messages.
Diego Rivera
Mexican painter know for painting Social / political murals. Helped establish the Mexican Mural Movement.
French chivalric romances--such as works by Chretien de Troyes--and French fables--such as the works of Marie de France and Jeun de Meun
Middle English Period 1066-1450 CE (The Medieval Period 455 CE-1485 CE)
Geoffrey Chaucer, the "Gawain" or "Pearl" Poet, the Wakefield Master, and William Langland. Other writers include Italian and French authors like Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, and Christine de Pisan
Middle English: High Medieval Period 1200-1485 CE (The Medieval Period 455 CE-1485 CE)
Transcendentalist Writers
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Louisa May Alcott, George Ripley, William Ellory Channing
Basquiat
Neo expressionist artist e began as an obscure graffiti artist in New York City in the late 1970s and evolved into an acclaimed Neo-expressionist and Primitivist painter by the 1980s.
Spatial Order Example
On a dark, secluded street stood three abandoned houses. The first had broken shutters and shattered windows. Next to it stood a dilapidated structure badly in need of paint. Adjacent, amid debris, stood a shack with graffiti scrawled across the door. Paragraph I describes three houses standing in a row and relates them to one another according to where in that row each is situated. The words "next to" and "adjacent" are typical of the kinds of words used in descriptions of spatial relationships.
The Importance of Being Earnest
Oscar Wilde
Outline
Overall map of the context of a text
hyperbole
Overstatement using exaggerated language
Hyperbole
Overstatement, and exaggeration intended to achieve a particular effect.
The Cherry Orchard by Anto Chekov
Play first performed in 1904. The whole of the action takes place on a Russian estate of Ranevsky, who returns, with her daughter Anya and their entourage, after several years in France because the debt she has accumulated there necessitates that she sell the Russian estate. The action follows conversations about this sale with Lopakhin, a friend of the family who wants to buy the estate and build vacation cottages on the site of an enormous cherry orchard, which Ranevsky does not want to be cut down. In the midst of all this there are conversations and intrigue among the play's lesser characters, including the servents, who are involved in a love triangle with Dunyasha at the center. In the end, Lopakhin buys the estate and everyone leaves as the cherry orchard is being cut down.
What was 'Pointillism', which artists are associated with it, and how did it make use of new knowledge in Color Theory?
Pointillism is a form of painting in which tiny dots of primary-colors are used to generate secondary colors. It is very similar to Divisionism, except that where Divisionism is concerned with color theory, Pointillism is more focused on the specific style of brushwork used to apply the paint. Artists: Gerorges Seurat Paul Signac Henri Edmond Cross
Demonstrative Pronouns
Pronoun used to point out something specific within a sentence
Fiction
Prose genre, made up of narratives whose details are not based on truth but instead are the creation of the author.
Wikis
Provide an avenue for groups of people with similar interests to exchange ideas and information in an online forum
American Literature Timeline
Puritan (1625-1660), Colonial (1630-1760), Revolutionary (1750-1815), Nationalist (1828-1836)
Questioning
Questions to reinforce concepts and elicit analysis, synthesis or evaluation.
The Glass Menegarie by Tennessee Williams
Read
Constructed Response Questions
Reading - Interpret Literature Writing, Speaking, Listening - Evaluate Rhetorical Features
Summarization
Reading strategy that requires readers to determine what is important in the text
Thomas Eakins
Realism Specialized in painting the everyday lifes of working-class men and women and used the new technology of serial-actions photographs to study human anatomy and paint it more realistically.
Henry James, Leo Tolstoy, George Eliot
Realism Writers
RENNS
Reasons, Examples, Names, Numbers, Sense
Allusion
Reference to a historical person or event, a fictional character or event, a mythological or religious character event, or an artist or artistic work.
straw man (logical fallacy)
Refuting an exaggeration or caricature of someone's argument, not the real argument
Straw man
Refuting an exaggeration or caricature of someone's argument, not the real argument.
Anaphora
Regularly repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of consecutive clauses or phrases to emphasize an idea. Winston Churchill's emphasis of determination: "We shall fight in the trenches. We shall fight on the oceans. We shall fight in the sky." In writing or speech, the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect is known as Anaphora. Anaphora, possibly the oldest literary device, has its roots in Biblical Psalms used to emphasize certain words or phrases. Gradually, Elizabethan and Romantic writers brought this device into practice. Examine the following psalm: "O LORD, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure. Have mercy upon me, O LORD; for I am weak: O LORD, heal me; for my bones are vexed. My soul is also sore vexed: but thou, O LORD, how long?" The repetition of the phrase "O Lord," attempts to create a spiritual sentiment. This is anaphora.
Consonance
Repetition of the final consonant sound in words containing different vowels. Ex. "Stroke of luck"
Argumentative
Requires the writer to select a topic. Collect, generate and evaluate evidence. Establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.
List pop artists
Rothko, Warhol and Litchenstein
Jacobean 1603-1625
Shakespeare's The Tempest, Oh Fellow, King Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth; Jon Donne's songs, sonnets, and elegies; Bacon's reports; Jonson's Volpone
A Pidgin
Simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common.
Sestet
Six-Line stanza
Mexican Diego Rivera was Known for painting what?
Social Murals
euphemism
Socially accepted word or phrase used to replace unacceptable language
Dramatic Monologue
Spoken by a fictional narrator who is clearly different from the author. Often addressed to an implied second character. Lines are spoken by a character whose personality, motives and circumstances shape the way he or she tells a story and can, in turn, be inferred from the story told. Example: "But wherefore rough, why cold and ill t ease? Aha, that is a question! Ask, for that, What knows - the something over Setebos That made Him, or He, may be, found and fought, Worsted, drove off and did to nothing, perchance." - "Caliban upon Setebos" by: Robert Browning
Problem and Solution Organization
Starts by introducing problem and concludes by exploring solutions to that problem
Think-Pair-Shares
Students have the opportunity to first share briefly in with a partner before sharing in front of the class
Syntax
Syntax is a set of rules in a language. It dictates how words from different parts of speech are put together in order to convey a complete thought. To convey meaning is one of the main functions of syntax. In literature, writers utilize syntax and diction to achieve certain artistic effects like mood, tone etc. Like diction, syntax aims to affect the readers as well as express the writer's attitude. Example #1"That night I sat on Tyan-yu's bed and waited for him to touch me. But he didn't. I was relieved."(The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan) Example #2"They left me alone and I lay in bed and read the papers awhile, the news from the front, and the list of dead officers with their decorations and then reached down and brought up the bottle of Cinzano and held it straight up on my stomach, the cool glass against my stomach, and took little drinks making rings on my stomach from holding the bottle there between drinks, and watched it get dark outside over the roofs of the town."(A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway) The two syntax examples above show a distinct use of syntax. Amy Tan uses short sentences to communicate in a powerful and concise manner. Ernest Hemingway, on the other hand, uses long and complex structures to emphasize the laziness of his character.
Addison, Steele, Swift, and Alexander Pope. Abroad; Voltaire is the dominant French writer.
The Augustan Age 1700-1750 (The Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period c. 1660-1790)
Geoffrey Chaucer
The Cantebury Tales
oral tradition
The art of transmitting culture, beliefs, heritage, mythologies, and so on, in the form of either prose or verse, by word of mouth
Pathetic Fallacy
The attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals.
Nominative Case Nouns
The case used for a noun or pronoun which is the subject of the verb example: MARK eats cake
Diction
The choice of words in a sentence
Mood
The emotional atmosphere of a literary work, created through interplay of elements of plot, character, setting, point of view, tone, and figurative language.
Denotation
The explicit definition of a word
mood
The feeling a text evokes in the reader
Mood
The feeling a text evokes in the reader, such as sadness, tranquility, or elation.
Catastrophe
The final action that completes the unraveling of the plot in a play, especially in a tragedy; a synonym of denouement. The term is sometimes applied to a similar action in a novel or story.
Hubris
The flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero; coming from the greek word hybris "excessive pride"
Literary Criticism
The formal study, analysis, and evaluation of literary texts.
Camera view
The narrator records the action form his or her point of view, unaware of any of the other characters' thoughts or feelings (Objective view)
Internal Rhyme
The rhyming of two or more words in the same line of poetry
pragmatics
The role of context in the interpretation of meaning
Writing Task
The specific form that a writing project will take
Etymology
The study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history
Metonymy
The substitution of a name or attribute for that of the thing meant Example: Using suit instead of business executive
Narration
The telling of a story.
Setting
The time and place in which a story occurs.
Setting
The time and place in which the action of a fictional work takes place.
Gerunds and Participles
The two types of verbal phrases
Plot
The unfolding of events in a story.
Irony
The use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning.
Symbolism
The use of one thing to stand for or represent another. Serpent represents temptation.
active voice
The voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the event denoted by the verb
Active voice
The voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the event denoted by the verb.
Plot Structure
The way an author arranges the events of a narrative.
Feminist Criticism
The ways in which literature reinforce or undermine the economic, political, social and psychological oppression of women.
The Cherry Orchard by Anton Chekov
The whole of the action takes place on a Russian estate of Ranevsky, who returns, with her daughter Anya and their entourage, after several years in France because the debt she has accumulated there necessitates that she sell the Russian estate. The action follows conversations about this sale with Lopakhin, a friend of the family who wants to buy the estate and build vacation cottages on the site of an enormous cherry orchard, which Ranevsky does not want to be cut down. In the midst of all this there are conversations and intrigue among the play's lesser characters, including the servents, who are involved in a love triangle with Dunyasha at the center. In the end, Lopakhin buys the estate and everyone leaves as the cherry orchard is being cut down.
Informative Writing
The writer provides the reader with information on a given topic
Verbal Irony
The writer says one thing and means another.
Ode Poem
There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, The earth, and every common sight To me did seem Apparelled in celestial light, The glory and the freshness of a dream. It is not now as it hath been of yore;-
The portrait of a lady by Henry James
This novel is considered a masterpiece. The text depicts the life of Isabel Archer who moves from the States to England to live with her aunt after the death of her father. There she meets her cousin Ralph, her uncle Mr. Touchett, and the wealthy Lord Warburton, who proposes to her shortly after her arrival. She rejects him in favour because she fears to lose her freedom if she enters a marriage. She learns that her former suitor Caspar Goodwood has followed her. She encounters him in London. He proposes to her and she rejects him, but promises to mull the proposal over in the next two years. When her uncle grows sick and dies he leaves Isabel a seizable fortune. While she is staying at her uncle's home she befriends Mrs. Touchett's friend Madame Merle. Later Isabel, Mrs. Touchett, and Madame Merle travel to the Touchett's house in Florence where Isabel meets Gilbert Osmond through introduction by Madame Merle. She marries Osmond despite the urging of her friends that he will not make a good husband for her. She ignores the advice and learns that he is a controlling tyrant who has raised his daughter Pansy to obey his every wish. When news arrive that Ralph is dying Osmond refuses to let her visit her cousin in England. When Isabel learns that Pansy is the child of Osmond and Merle and that she has been tricked into marriage by the latter, she leaves regardless of her husbands advice. She decides to return to him, however, because she believes in the principles of marriage and because she does not want to abandon Pansy with her cruel father.
Impressionism
This type of literature records events or situations as they have been remembered. Includes intentional ambiguity, recounting events as they occur from the narrators pov. Setting created by emphasis of emotional landscape. James Joyce, Joseph Conrad (Heart of Darkness)
The Blue Boy
Thomas Gainsborough 1770
Shakespearean sonnet
Three quatrains and a couplet
Triplet
Three-line stanza
Venus of Urbino
Titian. 1538 Renaissance
Infinitive Phrase Verbs
To + verb Example: Lakesha hope to win the approval of her mother
Ethos
To appeal to character, morality, or ethics, authors present their points to readers as the right or most moral choices. Authors cite expert opinions to show readers that someone very knowledgeable about the subject or viewpoint agrees. Writing based on merit or credibility.
Pathos
To appeal using emotion, authors ask readers how they would feel about something or to put themselves in another's place, present their point as making them feel best, and tell readers how they should feel. Usually comedic or sad text.
Logos
To appeal using reason authors use statements starting with if, then, because. Refers to a plea, opinion, expectation, or speech.
Rhetorical Support
To support generalizations, claims, and arguments with examples, details, and other evidence. Supported using logos, pathos, and ethos
Henry Fielding
Tom Jones
Compound-Complex Sentence
Two independent clauses + one or more dependent clauses Example: Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with. Dependent clause: Although I like to go camping
Compound Sentence
Two independent clauses connected with a coordinating conjunction Example: John waited for the train, BUT the train was late
Couplet
Two line rhyming stanza
Limerick
Typically are two lines of iambic trimeter, two lines of iambic dimeter, and one line of iambic trimeter, usually humorous an/or bawdy.
Blank verse
Unrhymed verse, most often occurring in iambic pentameter.
Iambic
Unstressed, stressed
Deductive Reasoning
Used to reach a logical true conclusion. Starts with a general statement or hypothesis. Predicts what the observations should be if the hypothesis is correct. Examples: In mathematics, If A = B and B = C, then A = C. Since all humans are mortal, and I am a human, then I am mortal. All dolphins are mammals, all mammals have kidneys; therefore all dolphins have kidneys.
onomatopoeia
Uses words imitating the sounds of things they name or describe
Verbal irony
Uses words opposite to the meaning. Sarcasm may use verbal irony. For example, "clear as mud"
Literary Theory
Using a set of principles or a system of ideas to interpret literature from a unique angle
Third Person
Usually has an objective perspective on characters and events. He, she , they.
British Literature
Usually studied chronologically by period. Includes Anglo-Saxon Period, Medieval Period, Renaissance Period, Restoration Period, Romantic Period, Victorian Period, and the Modern Period.
American Literature
Usually studied chronologically or thematically, beginning with texts from the early colonists. Includes the Early Colonial Period (1620-1750), the Age of Revolution (1750-1815), Romantic/Transcendentalist Period (1800-1865), Realistic Period (1855-1910), Modern Period (1900-1950), and the Postmodern Period (1950-present.
Refrain
Verse, line, or a group of lines that repeats at different intervals
Hubris
While often called "pride" this is actually translated as "violent transgression" and signifies an arrogant overstepping of moral or cultural bounds - the sin of the tragic hero who over presumes or over-aspires.
Nam June Paik
Who was the first video artist, often associated with video installations?
Giorgio Chirico
Widely-known for his contributions to the world of metaphysical painting, which greatly influenced some Italian artists during the early 20th Century. Metaphysical works tend to portray some alternative reality of the unconscious mind.
Death Comes for the Archbishop
Willa Cather
Newton
William Blake 1795.
The Tower (1928)
William Butler Yeats
The Prelude (1850)
William Wordsworth
Tanka Poem
Wind blowing my face Making my cheeks rosy red It's biting my nose And chilling through all my bones It is pushing me along
Author's Point of view
With what main point or idea does the author want to persuade readers to agree? What is it that this author wants to accomplish by writing this text?
Diction
Word choice
farce
Zany, goofy, ridiculous and fantastic in nature. Wildly incredible coincidences
marcel duchamp
[1887-1968] French painter who became a prominent exponent of DaDa created shocking pieces with his readymades -found objects. He painted a mustache on the Mona Lisa which he called L.H.O.O.Q
English Sonnet
a 14-line lyric poem consisting of 3 quatrains and a couplet and written in iambic pentameter; usually rhymed abab cdcd efef gg;
Villanelle
a 19 long poem with two rhymes throughout
claude monet
a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting
Genre
a category of literature defined by its style, form, and content
Static Character
a character who does not change
Flat Character
a character who is not fully developed
Blaue Reiter, Der (The Blue Rider)
a group of avant-garde German Expressionists
Couplet
a grouping of 2 lines of poetry with the same rhyme
Limerick
a humorous verse composed of five anapestic lines with the rhyme scheme of aabbaa, popularized by Edward Lear (Ex: There was an Old Man of Nantucket...)
Metaphysical Poetry
a kind of poetry exhibiting a highly intellectual style, which is witty, subtle, and somewhat fantastic; poets include John Donne, George Hebert, Andrew Marvell, Abraham Cowley, John Cleveland, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Trahane, and Henry Vaughan
Internal Rhyme
a rhyme involving a word in the middle of a line and another at the end of the line or in the middle of the next. Ab.........Ab
Epilogue
a section at the end of a book or play that concludes the story further or connects on the story
lyric
a short poem about personal feelings and emotions, usually sonnets
Paradox
a statement that apparently contradicts itself and yet seems to be true; sometimes invalid logic, but provides space for critical thinking
Symbol
a thing that stands for an idea
Myth
a traditional story concerning the history of early people or civilizations or explaining some natural phenomenon involving supernatural beings or events
Myths
a traditional story, esp. one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events.
Article
a type of adjective used to indicate specificity. In English, the only articles are the, a, and an.
Confession
a type of modern fiction in which the reader knows the thoughts and feelings of the main character but not the other characters (Ex: The Hunger Games, The Little House Series)
Romance
a type of modern fiction that while it may or may not involve a love story, it always contains fantasy; an idealized version of life
Menippean Satire
a type of modern fiction which allows the reader to see the world through the eyes of another; characterized by attacking mental attitudes instead of specific individuals (EX: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
Lyrical Poem
a type of poem that is not clearly narrative and where a single speaker conveys a thought, emotion, or sensory impression; originally meant to be sung, the poem can be of any length
Free Verse
a type of poetry that exhibits language but does not follow fixed patterns; flows rhythm of natural speech; employed by Emily Dickinson
Malapropism
a type of pun or play on words that results when two words become mixed up in the speaker's mind (Ex: "The police are not here to create disorder; they are here to preserve disorder.")
Parody
a type of tone that is a humorous or ridiculing imitation of something else
Pronoun
a word that stands in for a noun.
Contraction
an abbreviation of a word or phrase formed by omitting letters, usually replacing the omitted letters with an apostrophe—e.g., can't, we'll, he'd.
hasty generalization
an individual comes to a conclusion without enough evidence, based on prior experiences or assumptions
Haiku
an unrhymed 3-line lyric poem, usually focused on images from nature, in which lines 1 and 3 have five syllables and line 2 has seven syllables (think 5-7-5)
feminist literary theory
asking questions about the degree to which a literary text perpetuates the ideas that women are inferior to and dependent on men or that the perspective of a woman is not as interesting or significant as that of a man
rubric
assessment tool that teachers use to objectively assign scores to projects or assignments whose merits are difficult to quantify, especially writing assignments
drama defining characteristics
began in verse; Renaissance added mixed prose, rhymed verse, blank verse; Shakespeare added asides, soliloquies, monologues, play-within-a-play; language becomes more conversational with advent of realism; contemporary; breaking the 4th wall
Stress Shift
changing the stress from one syllable to another changes the meaning and the pronunciation (Ex: "record" as a noun and "record" as a verb)
Anastrophe
changing the subject, verb, and object order in a sentence; also known as inversion
Antagonist
character or a group of characters which stand in opposition to the protagonist or the main character
Comedy
characters start at a sad beginning and progress to a happy ending
Blending
combining two words, such as "breakfast" and "lunch" to form "brunch" and "smoke" and "fog" to form "smog"
exclamatory sentence
communicates strong ideas or feelings
Simile
comparing unlike things using "like" or "as"
Voice
describes the writer's individual writing style and the author's use of dialogue, diction, alliteration, and other devices; the "fingerprint" of the writer
Onomatopeia
formation or use of words that imitate sounds of the actions they refer to
pro-
forward, forth
Past Perfect Tense Verbs
had + past participle Example: You HAD STUDIED English before you went to bed
man, manu
hand
process writing
involves instructing students in the use of a clear process for writing and in the use of techniques and strategies for completing each part of the process
Sestina
is a French poem comprised of six stanzas containing six lines each. These six-by-six stanzas are followed by a shorter (3-line) final stanza known as an envoi.
Imagery
is description using sensory terms that create mental images for the reader of how people, animals, or things look, sound, feel, taste, and/or smell.
Hyperbole
is excessive exaggeration used for humor or emphasis rather than for literal meaning.
Red Herring
is irrelevant information introduced to distract others from the pertinent issue.
Irony
is the literary and rhetorical device of expressing one meaning by stating it using words that have the opposite meaning.
Alliteration
is using a series of words containing the same sounds - assonance with vowels and consonance with consonants.
imperative sentence
issues a command
conjunctions
join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences by use of three mechanisms: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions
Italian Sonnet
lines are divided into a group of 8 (octet) and group of 6 (sestet); the fist 8 lines are set up with an "abba abba" rhyme scheme, and the second 6 lines are set up with a "cdcdcd" or "ceded" rhyme scheme
Feminine Rhyme (B)
lines rhymed by their final two syllables--running, gunning; properly, the penultimate syllables are stressed and the final syllables are unstressed
Antithesis
literally meaning opposite, is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. Example: One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
Modernism
literary movement occurring during the first decades of the 20th century; typical is experimentation and the realization that knowledge isn't absolute; common themes are a loss of a sense of tradition and the dominance of technology; influential theories were Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, Max Planck's quantum theory, and Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious
epic poem
long recount of heroic deeds and adventures, use very stylized language, and combine dramatic and lyrical conventions
Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett
novel that identified the unrealistic; two men wait for an appointment that may or may have not been made; the suspense is not what is going to happen, but what is exactly happening right now
Motif
object or idea that repeats itself throughout a literary work and contributes to the main idea or theme; not to be confused with a symbol, which is an object that represents something else
overwriting
occurs when a writer tries to imbue his or her work with inappropriately and awkwardly ornate language or complex, technical terms
Archaic
old-fashioned words that are no longer used in common speech (ex: thee, thy, and thou)
Homonym
one of a group of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but may have different meanings (Ex: "bark" can mean the outer layer of a tree trunk or the sound a dog makes)
Foot
one stressed syllable and a number of unstressed syllables; in a line, eight are possible
problem and solution
organization that starts by introducing a problem and concludes by exploring solutions to that problem
Archetype
original pattern or model from which all things of the same kind are copied or on which they are based
haiku
originally a Japanese poetry form; 17 syllables- 3 verses- 5/7/5; syllabic and unrhymed; expresses images, depict a moment in time, evoke illumination and enlightenment
William Blake
painter and printmaker of Romantism.Blake is held in high regard by later critics for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work. Works: The Song of Los The Lovers Whirlwind Ancient of Days
Blank Verse
poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter; Shakespeare writes in this form
literary regionalism
popular in the US after the Civil War, these writers included realistic elements such as customs, manners, and dialect in their works
Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
powerful novel that make american aware of the harsh and inhumane conditions of slavery and put the country on the road to civil war,
Chomsky's 6 universal stages governing language acquistion
prelinguistic, holophrastic, two-world, telegraphic, intermediate development, adult stage
pronoun
replace nouns in a sentence or paragraph
Legends
stories--usually exaggerated--about people, places, and things (Ex: Paul Bunyan: he may have been a lumberjack, but it is doubtful that he had a blue ox or was as big as they say.)
Soliloquy
the act of speaking one's thoughts aloud by oneself
circular argument
the argument is simply restated repeatedly with no inclusion of new evidence
Hermeneutics
the art and science of text interpretation
Connotation
the associated or secondary meaning of a word or expression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning; contains an emotional association
literary naturalism
the belief that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature and do not have a soul or any participation in a religious or spiritual world beyond nature
Diction
the choice and use of words and phrases in a speech or writing
coherence (use transitions)
the logical progression of words, sentences, and paragraphs
Theme
the main idea or central meaning of the book
canto
the main section of a long poem
Imperative mood
the mood of a verb when its clause makes a command or a request—e.g., Read me that book.
Antecedent
the noun or noun phrase to which a pronoun refers.
The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde
the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful; English Gothic novel
Catharsis
the process of releasing strong emotion; person is relieved after the release
Alliteration
the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words Ex: The snake sneaked past the snail.)
Consonance
the repetition of final consonant sounds in stressed syllables with different vowel sounds (Ex: The king sang a song.)
Assonance
the repetition of vowel sounds followed by different consonants in two or more stressed syllables (Ex: The green leaves fluttered in the breeze.)
semantics
the study of meaning
semiotic analysis
the study of signs, signals, visual messages, and gestures
Compound Sentence
two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction A sentence with multiple independent clauses but no dependent clauses.
Mock-heroic
typically satires or parodies that mock common Classical stereotypes of heroes and heroic literature. Typically, either put a fool in the role of the hero or exaggerate the heroic qualities to such a point that they become absurd.
Blank Verse
un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter; can also be written in other meter (trochee, spondee, dactylic, etc)
sub-
under, below
Feminist Criticism
understanding from a woman's point of view; seeks to correct or supplement what os regarded as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with a formal consciousness
Joseph Beuys
was a German performance artist, sculptor, installation artist, graphic artist, art theorist and pedagogue of art. His extensive work is grounded in concepts of humanism, social philosophy. His career was characterized by passionate, even acrimonious public debate, but he is now regarded as one of the most influential artists of the 20th century.
wassily kandinsky
was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. One of the most famous 20th-century artists, he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works.
Metaphysical poets
were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them
Backformation
when a suffix identifiable from other words is cut off of a base which has previously not been a word; that base is then used as a root, and becomes a word through widespread use (Ex: "self-destruct" from "self-destruction" and "burger" from "hamburger")
Contemporary Drama
wherein actors directly face and address audiences
Wonder Tales
writers like Nathaniel Hawthorne refer to the magical elements in the fairy tale with this term, often appear in the characters of witches, wizards, magical animals, and talking beasts.
Anapest
(../) unstressed, unstressed, stressed: weak / weak syllable and then a strong syllable - Understand
Iambic Foot
(./) A weak syllable followed by a strong syllable: guitar or to sleep
Trochee Foot
(/.) A strong syllable followed by a weak syllable: Baseball or Thank You
Dactyle
(/..) Stressed, unstressed, unstressed: strong / weak / weak syllable - Camera
Spondee
(//) A foot made with 2 strong syllables
El Greco
(1541-1614) a. Greek artist who did most of his greatest work in Spain b. Perhaps the greatest of the Mannerists with his use of elongated figures and unnatural pigments c. Burial of Count Orgaz (1586-88) and Toledo (1597) are two important examples of his work
Go Tell It on the Mountain by James Baldwin (Harlem Renaissance)
, published in 1953. In large part autobiographical, the novel, set in Harlem, focuses on John Grimes on his 14th birthday in 1935. The five sections are told from the perspective of John and three other members of his family and explore John's resentment toward his father, Gabriel, for loving his other brother, Roy, more. The reader learns that the family's history stretches back to slaves in the South and that Gabriel is not John's real father. The novel largely deals with the central father-son conflict and John's coming of age and religious crisis.
Beowulf by unknown OLD ENGLISH
-Beowulf -King Hrothgar -Gredel -Grendel's mother
unstressed syllable
.
Characteristics of Holy Trinity by Massacio
...
complex sentence
1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses. Example: Because I do not feel well, I will not be attending the concert.
Fostering Reading Appreciation, Motivation to Learn
1) Using trade books, electronic text and the internet 2) Using non-print materials such as film, music, art, ads 3) Teaching students to improve their personal and professional digital literacy 4) Creating authentic literacy experiences 5) Connecting students prior knowledge and interest with text 6) Reading aloud excerpts to students 7) Selecting quality text and other lesson materials
Villanelle
19 lines long, with 5 stanzas each with three lines, and a final stanza of 4 lines. Includes refrain of two lines that repeat throughout in a specific pattern ie. Dylan Thomas' "Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night"
Modern period
1900-1945 T.S. Eliot, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Malcolm X, Tennessee Williams; focus on the inner, artistic, stream of consciousness mind; world wars, alienation, Roaring Twenties, Depression
Modern Era
1900-1945, novels related to social issues in which characters experienced epiphanies, some writers used stream of consciousness. Later focus on close observation of human behaviors and relationships
Paula Modersohn-Becker
A German painter and one of the most important representatives of early expressionism.
Archetype
A character, plot, image, theme, or setting that appears in literature across cultures and is repeated over time.
archetype
A character, plot, image, theme, or setting that appears in literature across cultures and repeated over time
Cinquain
A cinquain is a five-line poem
Idiom
A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.
Analogy
A comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification
Anthropomorphism
A device in which the author attributes human characteristics to an animate being or an inanimate object.
Figure of Speech
A device used to produce figurative language. Hyperbole, irony, metaphor, etc.
anthropomorphism
A device where the writer attributes human characteristics to an animate being or an inanimate object
Anti-Climax
A disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events.
Stanza
A division of poetry named for the number of lines it contains
Essay
A document organized in paragraph form that can be long or short and can be in the form of a letter, dialogue, or discussion. Ex. The American Scholar, RWE
Synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole Example: "Cleveland" in Cleveland won by four runs
Speech
A formal address to an audience. Effectively use rhetorical devices. Ex. Gettysburg Address, Lincoln, I have a Dream, MLK, JFK's Inaugural Address, and We Shall Overcome, LBJ
Naturalism
A literary branch of realism which suggested that social conditions, heredity, and environment helped to shape human character, 1865-1900. Honore de Balzac and Upton Sinclair are examples.
Death of the Author
A literary criticism that rebuts the traditional literacy crit. notion that the biography of an author provides a context for interpretation of a text. --> The writing and the creator are unrelated.
death of the author
A literary criticism that rebuts the traditional literary criticism notion that the biography of an author provides a context of interpretation; writing doesn't equal creator
Personaficiation
A literary device in which animals, ideas, and things are represented as having human traits.
Frame story
A literary device in which one story is inclosed in another story.
Epic
A long and narrative poem that normally tells a story about a hero or an adventure.
Epic
A long narrative poem detailing a hero's deeds. Ex. Homers, The Iliad and Odyssey and Beowulf, Paradis Lost, Milton, etc.
Frame Tale
A narrative technique in which the main story is composed primarily for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories, each of which is a story within a story. Ex. The Canterbury Tales (Chaucer) or Wuthering Heights (Bronte)
Interior Monologue
A narrative technique that reveals a characters internal thoughts and memories
Fairy Tale
A narrative that is made up of fantastic characters and creatures, such as witches, goblins, and fairies. "Once Upon a time" Ex. Cinderella
Caesura
A natural pause, a break in a line of poetry, usually indicated by a punctuation mark. Eg. "When will the bell ring, and end this weariness?"
Josiah Wedgwood
A prominent English potter instrumental in raising pottery and china to a fine art.
Poetic Justice
A term that means a character gets what he or she "deserves" in the end. Purest form of this is when one character plots against another but ends up caught in his or her own trap.
Parody
A text performance that imitates mad mocks an author or work
apostrophe
A turn from the general audience to address a specific group of persons who is absent or present
Apostrophe
A turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person who is absent
Melencholia
Albrecht Dürer 1514
Inferno by Dante (Middle Ages)
Allegorical journey through hell
Enjambment
Also known as a run-on line in poetry. One line ends and continues onto the next line to complete the meaning.
Realistic period
American - 1855-1910 portray American life as it truly was and emphasized verisimilitude (likeness to life); included Civil War writers, Regionalists, Naturalists
Henry James
American/English, 1843-1916, novels, short stories (known for literary realism): The American; Daisy Miller, The Portrait of a Lady, The Turn of a Screw (Psychological)
Theodore Dreiser
An American Tragedy
Biography
An account of a persons life written by another person. Ex. Becoming Steve Jobs
Primary document (letter, diary, journal)
An expository piece, written with eloquence, that becomes part of the recognized literature of an era. Include historical facts, social mores of the times, and thoughts from the authors. Ex. Bible, Constitution
Figure of Speech
Any expressive use of language, as a metaphor, simile, personification, or antithesis, in which words are used in other than their literal sense, or in other than their ordinary locutions, in order to suggest a picture or image or for other special effect; AKA "trope"
Satire
Any literary text that uses critical humor to reveal vice and foolishness in individuals and institutions in an effort to improve said institutions and individuals. Includes use of sarcasm, irony, mockery, exaggeration, and understatement.
Consonance
Any repetition of consonants not located at the beginning of words. "Stroke of luck." "Had, Hid" "Wonder, Wander" "Haven, Heaven"
Prose
Any writing that is not poetry
Epic poem
Are long, recount heroic deeds, and adventures.
John Milton, George Herbert, Robert Herrick, the "Sons of Ben" and others write during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers.
Caroline Age 1625-1649 (THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 1485-1660 CE)
Theme
Central idea the work conveys. Broadly refers to abstract concepts such as horrors of war, conflicts between parents, the difficulties of inter-personal relationships of slavery.
Who is I.M. Pei?
Chinese architect, designed Pyramide du Lourve
Under Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John Milton continues to write, but we also find writers like Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne.
Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum 1649-1660 (THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 1485-1660 CE)
Naturalism
Crane, Bierce; A school of Realism that emphasized Darwinism, psychology, and environmental factors in human behavior
Transcendentalism
During the mid- 19th century in NE, several writers and others worked together to write, translate, and publish; Focused on protesting the Puritan ethic and materialism. Valued individualism, freedom, experimentation, and spirituality --> RWE, Hawthorne, HDT, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes
Rembrandt
Dutch painter who painted portraits of wealthy middle class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus 1606-1669
Piet Mondrian
Dutch painter whose work (intersecting lines at right angles and planes in primary colors) influenced the development of abstract art (1872-1944)
Howard's End (1910)
E.M. Forster
Anapestic Meter
Each foot has two unstressed syllables, followed by a stressed syllable
Elizabethan Era
English writers such as William Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, Philip Sidney, and Edmund Spenser, late 1550s to early 1600s
Straw man
Feminists want to ban all porn and punish everyone who looks at it! But such harsh measures are surely inappropriate, so the feminists are wrong: porn and it's fans should be left in place.
The Third of May 1808
Francisco De Goya (1814) -Romanticism Diverging from the traditions of Christian art and traditional depictions of war, it has no distinct precedent. The painting's content, presentation, and emotional force secure its status as a groundbreaking, archetypal image of the horrors of war.
Burial At Ornans
Gustave Courbet, 1849-50 realist
anxiety of influence
Harold Bloom; poets struggle against earlier influences of a previous generation of poets
Petrarchan Sonnet
Has an eight-line stance, the octave, and a six line stanza the sestet.
Greek tragedy
Hero's fall from fortune and the suffering causes terror or pity from the audience; fall is not by accident, but by hero's personal choices
Six Feet
Hexameter
Foreshadowing
Hints at the events that are going to unfold in a story
Circular Argument
In which the argument is simply restated repeatedly with no inclusion of new evidence
Technical Text
Includes charts, graphs, directions, forms, maps, and instruction manuals.
Personification
Is the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman things. Example: "A great terror took hold of her. It softened her knees and dried her mouth so that it was a full minute before she could cry out or move."
How many feet in a line? METER: Monometer, Dimeter, Trimeter, ...
It is a foot.... What gives a poem it's unique rhythm; is a poetic device that serves as a linguistic sound pattern for the verses,
Anti-thesis
It literally means opposite. A rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence for a contrasting effect.
Spatial Order
Items are arranged according to their physical position or relationships. Describing items on a desk I may describe items starting on the left moving to the right.
The Death of Marat
Jacques-Louis David (1793) Neoclassical One of the most famous images of the French Revolution.
Finnegan's Wake (1939)
James Joyce
Ulysses (1922)
James Joyce
Charlotte Bronte
Jane Eyre; Romance
Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie house was influenced by what style?
Japanese art and buildings
Haiku
Japanese poem, consisting of 3 lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables.
Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald
Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway, Daisy Buchanan, Tom Buchanan, Jordan Baker, Myrtle Wilson, George Wilson, Dan Cody
Paradise Lost (1667)
John Milton
Vernacular
Language spoken by people who live in a particular region.
Non-technical Language
Language that does not require specialized knowledge
Exposition
Literary device used to introduce characters, background and setting. Setting; Introduction of the main character; Hint of the problem of the story.
allusion
Literary or historical figures to impart symbolism to a thing or person and/or create reader resonance
Quest
Literary work that features a main character seeking to find something or to achieve a goal. During the journey the character encounters and overcomes a series of obstacles bettering the character morally.
monologic
Literature is viewed as transmitting an author's message
British Renaissance Period (1485-1660)
Marlow, Spenser, Shakespeare; Elizabethan Age of great English drama and public theaters; Donne, Ben Johnson, Milton
Civil War writers
Mary Chestnut, Lincoln, Douglass
Mysteries and thrillers
May arouse fear or paranoia, tend to be fast-paced and outcome driven; they tend to focus on human behaviors or relationships, not on paranormal activity,
Greek comedy
Not funny or amusing, just has a happy ending for the main characters; protagonist (regular everyman) rises in fortune
Collaborative Writing
Occurs when partners or small groups work together to complete segments of the writing process together
Gulliver's Travels By Johnathan Swift
Officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships, is a novel by Jonathan Swift that is both a satire on human nature and a parody of the "travelers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is Swift's best known full-length work, and a classic of English literature
Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer
Old English Period 428-1066 (The Medieval Period 455 CE-1485 CE)
Bandwagon appeal
Persuade readers that everybody else agrees with the author's view. Refers
Rhetoric
Persuasive writing
Visual Aids
Pictures and graphics that are used to enhance a text
The Symposium
Plato
Iamb
Poetic food in which an unaccented syllable is followed by an accented one. (ie. conTAIN). Often used in Shakespeare
Speech
Short work with a specific purpose, intended to be presented orally in front of an audience.
myths
Stories, often involving gods or demigods, that attempt to explain certain practices or phenomena
Dactyl
Stressed, Unstressed, Unstressed
Trochaic
Stressed, unstressed
Norm Referenced Test
Students are tested against a sample of their peers.
Four feet
Tetrameter Ex. The Road Not Taken
This period marks the transition toward the upcoming Romanticism, though the period is still largely Neoclassical. Major writers include Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, and Edward Gibbon
The Age of Johnson 1750-1790 (The Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period c. 1660-1790)
This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature in English letters.
The Augustan Age 1700-1750 (The Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period c. 1660-1790)
Kate Chopin
The Awakening
F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby
Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston, Countee Cullen, Claude McKay
The Harlem Renaissance
World Lit 1650-1800
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Old Madame Equine; Voltaire's Candide; John Swift's Gulliver's Travels
grammar
The branch of language study or linguistic study which deals with the means of showing the relationship between words in use
Semantics
The branch of linguistics concerned with meaning
Pragmatics
The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the context in which it is used
Theme
The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life
Denouement
The final part of a play, movie, novel in which strands of the plot are drawn together and explained or resolved
Swann's Way by Marcel Proust
The first volume, published in 1913, immense novel, Remembrance of Things Past. This volume tells two related stories, the first of which encounters a young Marcel, modeled on the author, exploring the French town of Combray and vowing to become an author. The second story jumps back in time fifteen years to tell about the romance between Charles Swann, a friend of Marcel's grandparents who appears regularly in the first story, and his wife Odette, who is presented toward the end of the first story. Swann falls in love with an idealized version of Odette he has constructed and they eventually marry; after time, Swann realizes Odette has been having numerous affairs and is not the woman he imagined her to be.
Malapropism
The misuse of a word that creates a ridiculous sentence Example: Using supposively instead of supposably
James Van Der Zee
The most accomplished, comprehensive black photograph in history. His style was stark realism and dreamy romanticism. Know for photographs of Harlem, NY.
Repetition
The multiple use of a word, phrase, or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect.
Dramatic irony
The narrative informs audiences of more than its characters know.
omniscient point of view
The narrator is free to tell the story from any and all characters' points of view
Omniscient
The narrator of the story shares the thoughts and feelings of all the characters.
Intertextuality
The relationship between texts, especially works of literature.
Refrain
The repetition of a line or phrase of a poem at regular intervals, particularly at the end of each stanza.
Rhyme
The repetition of sounds in two or more words, usually at the end of a line, but not always.
Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds in a sequence of nearby words. "The monster spoke in a low mellow tone" has assonance in its repetition of the "o" sound.
Denouement
The resolution in a story following the climax.
sociolinguistics
The study of language as it relates to society, including class, race, and gender
Semiotic Analysis
The study of signs, signals, visual messages, and gestures. In semiotics, a sign system is a set of behaviors or things which are analyzed as if they are symbols that represent ideas.
Connotation
The suggested or implied meaning of a word
Visual Persuasion
The use of visual images to influence the thinking and choices of veiwers
imagery
The use of words to create pictures in the reader's mind
Imagery
The use of words to create pictures or arouse senses in the readers mind.
Ballad
These poems also tell a story, like epic poems do. However, This poetry is often based on a legend or a folk tale. These poems may take the form of songs and may contain a moral or a lesson.
Elegy
They are sad forms of poetry. 3 parts: a lament, praise of the deceased, and solace for loss.
World Lit 20th Century
Things Fall Apart; 100 Years of Solitude; North; The God of Small Things; Dubliners; The Metamorphosis; Diary of a Mad Man; The Ghost Sonata
Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" shows signs of what
Think African art-Cubism
Alexander Calder
This artist created sculptures that moved in space.
Tanka
This poem is another form of Japanese poetry that consists 5 lines of 31 syllables (5-7-5-7-7). The themes for this type of poem are love, nature, seasons, and friendships
Lyric
This poem uses words that express his state of mind, his perceptions, or his feelings. Some of the best examples of lyric poetry are sonnets.
Beloved (1067)
Toni Morrison
Formative Assessments
Used to evaluate student progress via assignments
Peer Reviews
Used to give students feedback from their classmates
Writing Conference
Used to help each student improve his or her writing skills by highlighting individual strengths snd honing in on the areas most needing improvement
Verbal Irony
Used when a character or narrator says something that is the opposite of what he or she means.
Chiasmus
Uses parallel clauses, the second reversing the order of the first. T.S. Eliot's "Has the Church failed mankind, or has making failed the Church?"
Static and Interactive
Website types?
Diego Rivera
What Mexican artist painted murals in Detroit, New York, and San Francisco?
Situational irony
What happens contrasts with what was expected to happen.
The Castle of Otranto, Horace Walpole
What is considered the first Gothic story?
Figurative meaning
When language is used figuratively the words mean something more and/or other than what they say. For example: The weeping willow tree looks as if it is bending over and crying.
Little White Girl
Whistler, 1864
Gustave Courbet
a French painter who led the Realist movement in 19th-century French painting. The Realist movement bridged the Romantic movement (characterized by the paintings of Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix) with the Barbizon School and the Impressionists. Courbet occupies an important place in 19th century French painting as an innovator and as an artist willing to make bold social commentary in his work. Worked directly from photographs.
Hokusai
a Japanese artist, ukiyo-e painter and printmaker of the Edo period. Printed with woodblock and watercolor. Perfect registration. 1760-1849 Influenced Manet and impressionists towards flatter style of depth in imagery.
Anecdote
a brief story that illustrates or makes a point
Condescension
a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient. Writer talks down to the reader.
Caesura
a complete pause in a line of poetry or music; this pause can be in the form of a dropped syllable
Aphorism
a concise statement that is truthful
theory of tragedy proposed by Hegel
a dynamic conflict of opposite forces or rights; tragedy must involve some circumstances of 2 values that are fatally at odds with each other
Tragic flaw
a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero or heroine.
Mood
a feeling that evokes the reader such as sadness, tranquility, or elation
Fable
a fictional story in prose that usually involves animals, mythical creatures and/or forces of nature that are given human qualities and that teach moral lessens
synedoche
a figure of speech in which a part represents the whole
Ballad Stanza
a four-line stanza in iambic meter in which the first and third unrhymed lines have four metrical feet and the second and fourth rhyming lines have three metrical feet.
Canon
a group of literary works considered by some to be central or authoritative to the literary tradition (ex: the Western canon includes works from Homer, Shakespeare, Hemingway, Faulkner, Frost, Dickinson, etc.)
Phrase
a group of two or more words that function together yet have no subject or predicate.
Quatrain
a grouping of 4 lines of poetry with alternating rhyme
Trimeter
a line of 3 metrical feet
Iambic Pentameter
a line of verse with five metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable
Frame Story
a literary device in which a story is enclosed in another story
Condescension
a literary element in which the author talks down to the reader as if they are beneath him or her in age, class, or knowledge
realism
a literary form whose goal is to represent reality as faithfully as possible; addresses various ethical issues
Dangler (or dangling modifier)
a modifier, especially at the beginning of a sentence, positioned to modify the wrong word or no word at all—e.g., Leaving home, the weather was nice.
Moby Dick by Herman Melville
a monomaniacal captain tries and fails to kill a monstrous white whale; adventure story, quest tale, allegory; protagonist: Ishmael, Ahab; antogonist: Ahab, great white sperm whale
Fairy Tale
a narrative made up of fantastic characters and creatures; they often follow a certain pattern and present an "ideal" to the listener or reader (i.e. a beautiful, kind and long-suffering woman waits for her prince to come and save her from any disappointment or disaster that may occur) (Ex: "Cinderella," Snow White," and "Repunzel")
Third Person Point of View
a narrator who doesn't participate in action but can reveal thoughts and actions of characters; employs he, she, it, they, and them
Second Person Point of View
a narrator who employs "you"
Heroic Couplet
a pair of lines of poetic verse written in iambic pentameter
The Call of the Wild by Jack London
a pampered dog (Buck) and how he adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s
Present participle
a participle ending in -ing.
Perfect participle
a participle taking the form of having plus the past participle—e.g., having had, having gone.
Antithesis
a person or thing that is opposite of another person or thing; a contrast or opposition between two things
Pun
a play on words based on multiple meanings or on words that sound alike but have different meanings
Closet Drama
a play that is not intended to be performed on stage, but read by a solitary reader or a small group aloud
dramatic monologue
a poem in which a character speaks to listeners whose response is not known
Dramatic Poetry
a poem that presents the speech of one or more speakers in a dramatic situation
Scansion
a practice used to describe rhythmic patterns in a poem, the metrical feet, counting the syllables, marking the accents, and indicating the caesuras
Transcendentalism
a religious and philosophical movement that was developed during the late 1820's and 1830's in the Eastern region of the U.S. as a protest against the general state of spirituality; writers include Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
Anaphora
a rhetorical term for the repetition of a word phrase at the beginning of several clauses (ex: as the repetition of "one hundred years later" in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech)
Parable
a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson (Ex: stories told by Jesus like "The Good Samaritan" and "The Lost Coin"
Strophe
a structural division of a poem containing stanzas of varying line length; also the movement of the chorus across the stage from right to left
Ethno Linguistics
a study of how language determines and reflects worldview of people
Folktale
a tale or legend originating and traditional among people, especially one forming part of the oral tradition
Ad Hominem
a type of fallacy that involves commenting on or against a person to undermine him instead of his arguments; literally means "against the man"
Humor
a type of tone that conveys fun
Complement
a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a verb. The main types are objects, predicate nouns, and predicate adjectives.
Conjunction
a word or phrase that links words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Modifier
a word or phrase, especially an adjective or adverb, that modifies the meaning of another word or phrase.
Homophone
a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning and may differ in spelling (Ex: "rose" can American Modernist; the past tense of "to rise" to the flower; also "carrot," "carat," and "caret")
understatement
achieves effects like contrast or irony by downplaying or describing something more subtly than warranted
Overstatement
act of stating something more than it actually is in order to make the point more serious or important or beautiful. In literature, writers use it as a literary technique for the sake of humor, and for laying emphasis on a certain point
Affixation
adding a prefix or suffix to a word
sol, soli
alone, lonely, same
Enjambment
also known as a run-on line in poetry; occurs when one line ends and continues onto the next line to complete the meaning (ex: the first line of one of Thoreau's poems is "My life has been the poem I would have writ," and the second completes the meaning--"but I could not both live and utter it."
octave
an 8-line poem, or the first 8 lines of a Petrarchan, or Italian, sonnet
Intensifier
an adverb that amplifies the meaning of the adjective it modifies—e.g., very, quite, rather.
Conjunctive adverb
an adverb that functions as a conjunction—for example, however, therefore, hence.
writing workshop
an approach that integrates instruction, practice, and assessment in a consistent, daily schedule; first signaled by a particular sound, image, announcement, or environmental change, teacher then teaches a mini lesson
Satire
an artist critique, sometimes heated, on some aspect of human immorality or absurdity
Picaresque Theme
an episodic form of fiction which deals with the adventures of a rough and dishonest but appealing hero (Ex: The Pickwick Papers and Don Quixote)
logical fallacy
an error or breakdown in logical reasoning
Hyperbole
an exaggeration to make a point or to emphasize (Ex: I'm so hungry I could eat a horse!)
Idiom
an expression specific to a certain language that means something different from the literal meaning (Ex: "bought the farm" and "jump the gun")
Reciprocal Teaching
an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting.
KWL
an instructional reading strategy that is used to guide students through a text. Students begin by brainstorming everything they Know about a topic, then determine what the Want to know, and then after reading record what they have Learned.
Epistolary
are written and read as letters
diction
author's word choice establishing tone and effects
-ion, -tion, -ation
being, the result of
inter-
between
analytic rubric/scoring
break the product down so that points are assigned by component part
Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi
built the Statue of Liberty
Metaphor
comparing unlike things; primarily used when comparing things which are not literally applicable (Ex: the air was a wet wool, heavy and warm)
verb phrase
composed of the main verb along with its helping verbs
Jenny Holzer
conceptual artist known for incorporating text into her work
stanza
couplet 2; triplet 3; quatrain 4; quintet 5; sestet 6; seplet 7; octave 8
kinds of sentences (5)
declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, conditional
open form of poetry
does not have restrictions; unique arrangements of words and lines that flow naturally or communicate a particular feeling; use lengths of lines to emphasize ideas
John Constable
e (11 June 1776 - 31 March 1837) English Romantic Painter. Inspired the Barbizon School. Along with Turner considered to inspire both the Impressionist and Realist movements.
verb
express action or state of being
conditional sentence
expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact
Colloquialisms
expressions that are usually accepted in informal situations or regions (ex: "wicked awesome," "wanna," "go nuts," and "buzz off")
Types of Traditional Literature
fable, folklore, myth, legend, fairy tale, parable, noodle-head tale
Episodic Plot
features individual chapters or episodes that are related (containing the same character, setting, theme) to each other but which include stories unto themselves
regional literature
fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters, the dialects, the customs, the topography, and specific features of a region; came about with the increased popularity of magazines, more female readers, and the desire to preserve the unique features of a region
horror
fiction intended to impact the reader via the experiences of fear, paranoia, or disgust
flu, fluc, flux
flow
Pastoral poems (and novels)
idealize nature and country living.
pastoral poems (and novels)
idealize nature and country living; Shakespeare
Candide by Voltaire
in response to the questioning of other writers against the pessimism present in his poem regarding the deadly earthquake of Lisbon in 1755. It was a satire attacking war, religious persecution, and what he considered unwarranted optimism.
romantic comedy
includes humor, a happy ending and love; lovers destined to be together but separated by a complication
Comparative
indicating that something has a quality to a greater or lesser degree than something else. For example, faster, prettier, and more equitable are comparative adjectives. Comparative adverbs usually take more.
Superlative
indicating that something, when compared with two or more other things, has a quality to the greatest or least degree. For example, fastest, prettiest, and most equitable are superlative adjectives.
Stream of Consciousness
interior monologue, abandons rules of grammar, logic, etc.
queer theory
investigates texts by asking questions about both gender and sexuality
Dramatic Irony
irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play.
Metaphor
is a implied comparison.
Foot
is a metrical unit of poetry made of at least one stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllables
Plain style Poetry
is a type of writing in which uncomplicated sentences and ordinary words are used to make simple, direct statements.
Albrecht Dürer
is considered one of the greatest printmakers of all time. Working with both woodcuts and copper engravings, he attained a level of detail that is virtually unsurpassed. Known prints: The Four Horsemen of the Acoplycolase The Knight, The Death and the devil Melencholia St. Jerome
Personification
is describing a thing or animal as a person.
litera
letter
Pastoral
literature portraying an idealized notion/picture of country life
epigrams
memorable, one or two line rhymes
satirical/black comedy
mock and lampoon human foolishness; main character is foolish, morally corrupt or cynical; hypocrite, cuckolded spouse, dupes, tricksters, criminals, unwitting victims
adjectives
modify or describe, but they add to the meaning of nouns and pronouns only
Metaphor
not using like or as a figure of speech that makes comparison between two words
parts of speech (8)
noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection
Prose
ordinary grammatical structure with no rhythmic pattern; natural flow of speech
cause and effect
organization begins by discussing the causes or reasons for a given phenomenon and ends with the revelation of the effect
compare and contrast
organization that starts by highlighting the similarities between two things and then addresses their differences
noun
person, place, or thing
Rhetoric
persuasive writing
Cliches
phrases that have become meaningless because of their frequent use; a writer may use this element to show that a character is shallow, has difficulty expressing thoughts, or does not think before speaking
Shakespeare
play writer and poet (sonnets)
Sprung Rhythm
poetic rhythm designed to imitate natural speech; the first syllable is stressed followed by variable unstressed syllables; poet Hopkins gets credit for the rhythm
Concrete
poetry in which the meaning or effect is conveyed partly or wholly by visual means, using patterns of words or letters and other typographical devices.
holistic rubric/scoring
provide a grade based on the overall effectiveness of the product
Exposition
provides important background information and introduces the characters
Slant Rhyme
rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss")
Internal Rhyme
rhyming words placed with in a line (Ex: The mouse in the house woke the cat.)
End Rhyme
rhyming words that fall at the ends of 2 or more lines (Ex: crawls, walls, and falls)
vid, vis
see, look, same
auto-
self
preposition
set up relationships in time or space within a sentence
simil, simul
similar, like, same
Literature Circles
small groups of students gather together to discuss a piece of literature in depth. The discussion is guided by students' response to what they have read.
Monologue
speech or verbal presentation that a single character presents in order to express his/her collection of thoughts and ideas alou
Paradox
statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth. It is also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to accepted traditional ideas, or to make a reader think over an idea in innovative way. Example: Youth is wasted on the young
summative assessments
tests and exams; tasks that are intended to assess a student's overall mastery of a long-term objective
Catastrophe
the "turning downward" of action in a tragedy; an event causing great and often sudden damage
Invocation
the act of invoking or calling upon a deity, spirit, etc., for aid, protection, inspiration, or the like; supplication. Any petitioning or supplication for help or aid.
Background Building
the importance of helping students activate their existing foundational knowledge (their background knowledge or schema ), as well as helping them connect it to their experience of the here and now, in order to prepare them for their content and language learning journey
Irony
the incongruity between what one expects and what actually happens
circumlocution
the indirect, usually wordy way of avoiding saying something directly
Predicate
the part of a clause that tells what the subject does, what is done to the subject, or what is being said about the subject.
Falling Action
the part of a story which follows the climax or turning point
Superego
the part of the personality representing the conscience, the one that holds morals
Rising Action
the series of conflicts and crisis in the story that lead to the climax a character struggles with a problem or problems; the suspense begins to build
Ambiguity
the use of words that allows alternative interpretations; while it can expand the literal meaning of a passage, it may promote errors in understanding
Onomatopoeia
the use of words to imitate sounds (Ex: the bees buzzed, and the brook gurgled)
Point of View
the vantage point from which a story is told, or the method of narration; the lens through which the reader sees the action
informative writing
the writer provides the reader with the information on a given topic
-ise, -ize
to become like
Anapest
unstressed, unstressed, stressed
absolute phrase
usually follows a very simple pattern--noun plus participle--in which a participle follows the noun that it modifies
Exact or True Rhyme
words that end in both the same vowel and the same consonant sounds (Ex: sun and run)
scrib, script
write
Walden by Henry David Thoreau
wrote about his experiences while living alone on Walden Pond
Media Influence
Refers to the impact media has on an audience's thinking and behavior
anaphora
Regularly repeats a word or phrase at the beginnings of consecutive clauses or phrases to add emphasis to an idea
Conciseness
Means more than shortness, refers to the ridding of superfluous words including cliches, fillers, and verbose sentence structure, aims to make language clear, simple, and understandable
Parallel Lives
Plutarch
Evidence relevancy
how closely the evidence is related to the argument and how recently the information was established
argumentative writing
intended to convince the reader to agree with a certain perspective or opinion
Tall tale
An exaggerated, funny story that is obviously unbelievable
Hyperbole
An exaggeration for emphasis or rhetorical effect
Lyric
A type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world.
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
Also known as The Modern Prometheus,. The novel is about a scientist named Victor Frankenstein, who in his quest for knowledge, creates a monster through unorthodox means. Once the monster is brought to life, Frankenstein abandons his creation out of fear. This begins a war between man and his creation, which ends very tragically.
Conceit
An elaborate, far-fetched metaphor. Takes two different vastly different objects and places them together by form of a metaphor. Example: The broken heart is a damaged china pot
Implicit Language
Meanings are implied, so the reader is left to his or her own conclusions
Things Fall Apart (1958)
Chinua Achebe
Context Clues
Clues in surrounding text that help the reader determine the meaning of an unknown word
Analogy
Compare two things sharing some common elements.
analogy
Compares two things sharing common elements
Similes
Comparison using the words "like" or "as"
Anticipation Guide
Comprehension strategy that is used before a lesson/reading. Examples: Pretest that is not graded, review of key concepts presented in the text
Ad Hominem example
Dworken has written books arguing against pornography but Dworken is just a bitter and ugly woman."
The Fairie Queen (1590)
Edmond Spenser
morality plays
Everyman; dramatize early Christian principles and precepts; they graphically show the final punishment for not following Christian doctrine
Odes
Evolved from early poems with music and dance to Romantic poems expressing strong feelings, and contemplative thoughts.
Overstatement
Exaggeration by saying more than you mean to say.
World Lit Beginning-100 CE Ancient World
Epic of Gilgamesh; Hebrew Sculptures; Teaching of Confucious; Buddhist text creation; Homer's The Iliad; Vergil's Do You Need; Plato's The Republic
Ingres
French Neoclassical artist. He assumed the role of a guardian of academic orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style.
Roman a clef
French for "novel with a key"; telling a story with real life frame of reference; disguise truths too dangerous for authors to state directly; Swift, A Tale of a Tub; Orwell, Animal Farm; Joyce, Finnegan's Wake
Oedipus complex
From Freudian theory that posits people experience a complex set of emotions based on sexual attraction to their parent of the opposite sex
Non-Western Literature
From any country other than the United States, Western Europe, and ancient Greece and Rome.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
Here was this [black person] which I had as good as helped to run away, coming right out flat-footed and saying he would steal his children -- children that belonged to a man I didn't even know; a man that hadn't ever done me no harm.
Feminist Literary Theory
Involves asking questions about the degree to which a literary text perpetuates the ideas that women are inferior and dependent on men, or that the perspective of a woman is not as interesting or significant as that of men.
Pastoral
Idealize nature and country living
Declarative Sentence
In a declarative sentence, the subject normally precedes the verb. A declarative sentence ends with a period. "I like children--fried." "I like long walks, especially when they are taken by people who annoy me."
Author's argument in argumentative writing
In argumentative mode, the argument is a belief, position, or opinion that the author wants to convince the readers as well.
Connotation vs Denotation
In literary works, we find it a common practice with writers to deviate from the dictionary meanings of words to create fresher ideas and images. Such deviations from the literal meanings are called the use of figurative language or literary devices e.g. metaphors, similes, personifications, hyperboles, understatements, paradoxes, and puns etc. Even in our daily conversation, we diverge from the dictionary meanings of words and prefer connotative or associated meanings of words in order to accurately convey our message. Below is a list of some common deviations from denotative meanings of words that we experience in our day to day life: A dog is used to suggest shamelessness or an ugly face. A dove is used to suggest peace or gentility. Home is used to suggest family, comfort and security. Politician has a negative connotation of wicked and insincere person Pushy refers to someone loud-mouthed and irritating. Mom and Dad when used instead of mother and father suggest loving parents.
Grotesque
In literature, it focuses on the human body and all the ways that it can be distorted or exaggerated: its aim is to simultaneously elicit our empathy and disgust.
Name Abstract Expressionist Artists
Kandinksky Gorky Hoffman Graham Pollock Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston
Barnett Newman
Known for his abstract expressionist works that were created with blocks of color and vertical lines, that he referred to as zips.
Saki (H.H. Munro)
Known for his criticisms of Edwardian society in his short stories; The Interlopers, The Open Window, Sredni Vashtar (Novel of Manners)
Robert Mapplethorpe
Known for large-scale, highly stylized black and white portraits, photos of flowers and nude men, along with celebrity portraits and homoerotic subjects.
A Death in the Family by James Agee
Largely autobiographical, the novel deals in part with the death of Agee's own father but also with the growing tension between rural and urban America (and their differing cultures and views on religion) at the time. The novel centers on the family of Jay, including his wife Mary and their son Rufus. Jay goes to see his father after a call from his drunk brother Rufus, who erroneously says their father has had a heart attack. On the way back from this visit Jay's car spins out of control and he is killed. The remainder of the novel deals with the next few days, especially the funeral and the family's attempts to process this tragedy.
Who designed the Barcelona chair?
Mies Van der Rohe (and Lilly Reich).
Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser
Naturalism during the Victorian Period And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901)
Dramatic Irony
Occurs when the audience knows about something of which a character or characters are not aware.
ambiguity
Occurs when there are two or more possible meanings to a word or phrase
Verse play
Poetic Drama
Free Verse
Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme
Blank Verse
Poetry written in iambic pentameter and is unrhymed
Imagery
Poets use this style to draw readers into a sensory experience. It will often provide us with mental snapshots that appeal to our senses of sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell.
Gabriel García Márquez, Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Günter Grass, and Salman Rushdie
Postmodern Period (After 1945)
Dialect
Refers to a variation of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers.
World Literature
Refers to all national literatures, but usually refers to important literary works that are circulated and studied around the globe.
Young Adult Literature
Texts written for adolescent readers, youth up to age 25.
Epiphany
That moment in the story where a character achieves realization, awareness or a feeling of knowledge after which events are seen through the prism of this new light in the story.
James Fenimore Cooper
The Last of The Mohicans
Hemingway, Stein, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner
The Lost Generation (also called the writers of The Jazz Age, 1914-1929)
George Eliot
The Mill on the Floss
Albert Camus
The Stranger
Ann Bradstreet
The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America; Colonial Period
The Turn
The Transition from octave to sestet. A point when the poet pivots his feelings
T.S. Eliot
The Waste Land; Modern Period 1900-1945
Syntax
The arrangement of words in a sentence
Incongruity
The joining of opposites
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck
The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck
First person
The story is told from the pov of one character in the story.
The Color Purple by Alice Walker
The story of a protagonist who is repeatedly raped by a man she thinks is her father. A missionary family in Africa adopts the resulting children. The protagonist's sister, Nettie, works for the missionary family, and the novel takes the form of a series of letters between the sisters. Name this Pulitzer Prize winning novel featuring Celie.
rhetoric
The use of language in a persuasive or pleasing way
Anapestic
Unstressed, unstressed, stressed
Loaded Words
Wording which attempts to influence an audience by using appeal to emotion or stereotypes.
"The Epic of Gilgamesh"
Written in Mesopotamia in 2100 BC
End Rhyme Ex.
aabb scheme - Jill and Hill, go and slow. end of the line
Aristotle's criteria for tragedy in drama
anagnorisis- tragic insight, moment of realization; hamartia-tragic flaw/error; hubris-pride, violent transgression; nemesis-retribution; peripateia-turning
Infinitive
the uninflected form of a verb, usually preceded by to. Infinitives are usually nouns—e.g., To write well is not easy.
Naturalism
sought to identify the underlying cause for a person's actions or beliefs; writers include Edith Wharton, Frank Norris, Emile Zola, Stephen Crane, Jack London, John Steinbeck, Ellen Glasgow, Richard Wright
rhetorical support
support generalizations, claims, and arguments with examples, details, and other evidence
War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
. It delineates in graphic detail events leading up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. Portions of an earlier version were serialized in the magazine The Russian Messenger between 1865 and 1867. The novel was first published in its entirety in 1869. Newsweek in 2009 ranked it top of its list of Top 100 Books.
Charles Dickens
...
Jean Jacques Rousseau
...
Laurence Stevvie
...
Mrs. Henry Wood
...
Samuel Richardson
...
The Last of Mohicans by James Cooper
...
William Makepeace Thackery
...
The Awakening by Kate Chopin
... a married woman who defies social convention first by falling in love with another man, and then by committing suicide when she finds that his views on women are as oppressive as her husband's. The novel reflects the changing role of women during the early 1900s.
Romantic Period
1785-1830, belief that truth was found in nature and unrestrained imaginative experience. Many poems and lyrical ballads as well as imaginative gothic horror novels.
Complex Sentence
An independent clause + two dependent clauses connected to it Example: After they left on the bus, Mary and Jill realized that Joe was waiting at the train station
Slant Rhyme
An instance in which assonance of consonance are substituted for a real rhyme
Self-Regulating Strategy Development (SRSD)
An instructional method that includes building background knowledge, discussing and modeling strategy, memorizing the strategy, and supporting the practice of the strategy until students can use it independently.
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in France and other parts of Europe that emphasized reason, progress, and liberty. Humanism was an important component, 1660-1790. Major authors included Jean Jacques Rousseau.
Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence is a type of sentence that asks a question. Interrogative sentences are typically marked by inversion of the subject and predicate: that is, the first verb in a verb phrase appears before the subject. An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark. "How did it get so late so soon?" "Are my kids cute or do they make people uncomfortable?"
Introduction-Body-Conclusion Strategy
An organization method of ensuring that students have sufficient supporting details in their essays and paragraphs.
Cliche
An overused expression. A worn-out idea. Ex: Time will tell: This means that something will revealed or become clear over time
Slippery Slope
Argument that one thing will cause others without demonstrating any cause-and-effect relationship. For example, arguing that legalizing one drug will cause all drugs to be legalized is obviously false.
slippery slopes (logical fallacy)
Arguments that one thing will cause others without demonstrating any cause-and-effect relationship
Caesura
Poetic pause
Rodin
Sculptor. was a naturalist, less concerned with monumental expression than with character and emotion.[42] Departing with centuries of tradition, he turned away from the idealism of the Greeks, and the decorative beauty of the Baroque and neo-Baroque movements. His sculpture emphasized the individual and the concreteness of flesh, and suggested emotion through detailed, textured surfaces, and the interplay of light and shadow.
Fables
Short stories intended to teach a moral lesson
fables
Short stories intended to teach moral lessons
Limited omniscient
The narrator shares the thoughts and feelings of one character.
Synesthesia
The juxtaposition of one sensory image with another that appeals to an unrelated sense. Ex. Hearing and Sight "The sun is silent"
Cadence
The natural rhythmic rise and fall of language as it is normally spoken
cadence
The natural rhythmic rise and fall of language as it is normally spoken
Tone
The overall feeling created by an author's use of words, such as scared, somber, intelligent, serious, etc.
Total Effect
The overall impression a literary work leaves on the reader
Point of view
The perspective from which a story is told.
Point of View
The perspective from which the story is told.
Mock Epic
The poem makes fun on epic poems. draws heavily on the technique of satire, which means that it uses irony, exaggeration, and sarcasm to make fun of its original subject.
Appeal to Authority Example
We should abolish the death penalty. Many respected people such as Guy H. have publicly states their opposition to it.
Exposition
a comprehensive description or explanation of an idea or theory; literary device used to introduce characters, background, setting, etc
Verbal Irony
a contrast between what is said and what is meant (Ex: "The water is as clear as mud." --The speaker is saying that the water is not really clean.)
Style
a conventional or customary manner of presenting language. Different publishers, publications, editors, and authors may have different preferences.
Epithet
a descriptive phrase or word frequently used to characterize a person or thing (ex: "the father of psychology" refers to Sigmund Freud)
Anthropomorphism
a device on which the writer attributes human characteristics to an animal being or inanimate object (ex: Puss in Boots, veggies in "Veggie Tales", M&M characters, and attributes to the diety like "His eye upon you..."
Situational Irony
a discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen (Ex: a vegan who eats something with meat because they are hungry)
Burlesque
a drama or musical performance that uses caricatures and mockery intended to cause laughter
Tragedy
a dramatic work that presents the downfall of a hero, usually his/her death; this bad ending is the hero's own fault.
Synecdoche
a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something (Ex: "coke" for all carbonated drinks, "suits" referring to buisinessmen, "gray beard" refers to an old man)
Understatement
a figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is
Conceit
a figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the use of similes and metaphors; an elaborate metaphor
Metonymy
a figure of speech that uses the name of one thing to represent something else with which it is associated (Ex: "The White House is concerned with terrorism" where White House represents workers rather than the architectural structure
Analogy
a figure of speech used to compare one thing to another using similes and metaphors (Ex: comparing the world to a stage or the heart to a pump)
Anapest
a foot consisting of 3 syllables in which the first two are short or unstressed and the third is long or stressed (Ex: "in the FIRE" or "Twas the NIGHT before CHRISTmas, when ALL through the HOUSE...."
Dactyl
a foot of 3 syllables in which the first is long or stressed, and the next 2 are short or unstressed (Ex: "TAKE her up TEN-der-ly...")
Trochee
a foot that has two syllables in which the first long or stressed, and the second syllable is short or unstressed (Ex: from Macbeth--"DOUble, DOUble, Toil and TROUble..."
ballad
a form historically and currently used in both musical songs and poems; rhymed and metered; love, death, murder, religion; dramatic monologue=voice of character
Reversal of Fortune Theme
a form of fiction that usually includes a change or a complete transformation of a character in situation and/or attitude
Gerund
a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun. ending -ing can be used as the SUBJECT or OBJECT or giving more information about the Subject (subject compliment) or more information about the object (object compliment) (noun) in a sentence. A gerund can be the object of the preposition.
Socratic Seminar
a formal discussion, based on a text, in which the leader asks open-ended questions. Within the context of the discussion, students listen closely to the comments of others, thinking critically for themselves, and articulate their own thoughts and their responses to the thoughts of others
Caricature
a grotesque or exaggerated likeness of striking qualities in persons and things
Sestet
a group of 6 lines in poetry that share a rhyming pattern
Octet
a group of 8 lines in poetry that share a rhyming pattern
Animal Farm by George Orwell
a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable..ALLEGORY AND FABLE
Tone
a literary element that reveals the author's attitude toward the writing, the reader, the subject, and/or the people, places, and events in a work; those feelings may be any thoughts or attitudes humans experience; the style reveals those attitudes to the reader. Types of this element are as follows: condescension, didacticism, irony, humor, parody, and sentimentality.
dis-
apart, away, opposite of, differently
mysteries or thrillers
arouse fear or paranoia, tend to be fast-paced and outcome-driven; they also tend to focus on human behaviors or relationships and not on paranormal activity
reader-response theory
as readers read, they experience a transaction with the text
interrogative sentence
asks a question
Verrochio
sculptor, scupted 'david' depicted undeveloped, jewish boy david and florence's freedom loving spirit. boy stands challenging over goliath's head
deconstructionist literary criticism
focuses on dissecting and uncovering the writer's assumptions about what is true and false, good and bad
Formal Criticism
focuses on formal elements of the work such as language, structure, and tone, plot, characterization, and narrative technique, etc.
Cultural Criticism
focuses on social, historical, and economical contexts of a work
Julio Gonzalez
head sculpture- use of metal and negative space
Why is Michelangelo considered one of the world's greatest artistic talents?
his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man,
Future Perfect Tense Verbs
to have (will have) + past participle Example: I WILL HAVE finished
logos (Aristotle)
"logic"; mean persuasion that appeals to the audience through reasoning and logic to influence their opinions; "I say" and refers to a plea, opinion, expectation, word or speech, account, opinion, or reason
Ad Hominem
"Against the person" In both of these arguments, the conclusion is usually "you shouldn't believe so-so's argument." The reason for not believing so-so is either a bad person (Ad Hominem) or a hypocrite (Tu quoque) In Ad Hominem the arguer attacks the opponent instead of the argument.
Name Poem
"Alexis seems quite shy and somewhat frail, Leaning, like a tree averse to light, Evasively away from her delight. X-rays, though, reveal a sylvan sprite, Intense as a bright bird behind her veil, Singing to the moon throughout the night."
Vladimir Nabokov
(1899-1977) Russian American writer and essayist who is probably best known for his controversial novel 'Lolita' and its effete protagonist Humbert Humbert (Psychological);
Harlem Renaissance Period
(1900-1940) Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen
The Wasteland T.S Elliot
(1922) epic poem, depicting a world devoid of purpose or meaning.
Erich Segal
(Novel of Manners)
Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (Romantic)
, A popular novel in the English language, it is regarded as the first "chic-lit" novel. The novel encompasses strong female protagonists and their journeys to find love, in a world centered around marriage. Austen provides a spot on view of propriety in society as well as well-rounded, believable characters.
Catch 22 by Joseph Heller
, which takes place during WWII, to a military rule that prevents soldiers from avoiding combat missions. From the book, "There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for one's safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't, but if he were sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didn't have to; but if he didn't want to he was sane and had to. Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle. (p. 56, ch. 5)
Lyric
A short poem about personal feelings and emotions
Allegory
A story in which people (or things or actions) represent an idea or a generalization about life. Usually have a strong lesson or moral.
allegory
A story in which people or things represent an idea or a generalization about life; usually has a strong lesson or moral
parable
A story meant to teach a moral lesson
Mood
A story's atmosphere or the feeling it evokes.
Exposition
A straightforward method of giving information
Stream of Consciousness
A style of writing that portrays the inner thoughts of a character.
Mystery
A suspenseful story that deals with a puzzling crime. Ex. EAP "The Murders in the Rue Morgue"
Evaluating an Argument
A thesis for a rhetorical analysis does not address the content of the writer's argument. Instead, the thesis should be a statement about specific rhetorical strategies the writer uses and whether or not they make a convincing argument. Incorrect: Smith's editorial promotes the establishment of more green space in the Atlanta area through the planting of more trees along major roads. This statement is summarizing the meaning and purpose of Smith's writing rather than making an argument about how - and how effectively - Smith presents and defends his position. Correct: Through the use of vivid description and testimony from affected citizens, Smith makes a powerful argument for establishing more green space in the Atlanta area. OR Correct: Although Smith's editorial includes vivid descriptions of the destruction of green space in the Atlanta area, his argument will not convince his readers because his claim is not backed up with factual evidence. These statements are both focused on how Smith argues, and both make a claim about the effectiveness of his argument that can be defended throughout the paper with examples from Smith's text.
Satire
A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior. By portraying it in an extreme way. It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals. It's purpose is not to entertain but actually to derive a reaction of contempt from the reader.
satire
A writing style that ridicules or pokes fun at human foibles or ideas; Swift, A Tale of Tub, A Modest Proposal; Twain
Dialogue
Advances the story and moves the plot. It develops the characters. It sheds light on the work's theme or meaning. It can alter the direction that the plot is taking typically by introducing some new conflict.
Extended Metaphor
An extended metaphor is when an author uses a metaphor, a comparison between two unlike subjects, throughout a long passage or even an entire poem. An author would use extended metaphor to create a more clear comparison between the two items.
metaphor
An implied comparison
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce
As a boy, the protagonist of this novel delivers messages with his Great Uncle Charles and is bullied by Nasty Roche. Other people its protagonist meets at the Clongowes Wood School include a teacher who punishes him for breaking his glasses, Father Dolan, and the religious Father Arnall, whose sermon inspires a phase of religious fervor. This work's protagonist meets Cranly, Lynch, and Davin at the University College and writes love letters to E. C. For 10 points name this bildungsroman about a character who later appeared in Ulysses, Stephen Dedalus,
Constructivism
As readers become involved with a text, they construct meaning through an active process of integrating what they are reading with their own reactions, knowledge, beliefs, and ideas.
The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger
Based partly on Salinger's own childhood but set in post-WWII America, the novel follows Holden Caulfield, an adolescent who feels pressure from all sides to grow up and conform to the rules of the adult world. It's use of slang and profanity and its frank discussions of sexuality had caused it to be banned in many places since its publication. The novel tells of Holden's three days in Manhattan after getting expelled from boarding school but before going home to his family.
Vincent Van Gogh
Dutch postimpressionist painter noted for his use of color (1853-1890). Experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors. "I put my heart and my soul into my work, and have lost my mind in the process." -Van Gogh
Explicit Language
Clear, detailed, and exact wording that is designed to prevent confusion and ambiguity
Think Pair Share
Collaborative learning strategy in which students work together to solve a problem or answer a question with assigned reading
Connotation
Connotation refers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or denotations. For instance, "Wall Street" literally means a street situated in Lower Manhattan but connotatively it refers to "wealth" and "power". A snake -> connotes evil or danger. "The term regionalism once honorably used in the united states to identify the literature of a young and far flung nation, now too often suggests narrowness and parochialism, a mentally afflicting authors too timid to make it in the big city. Such CONNOTATIONS are of course unfair, a novel set in Manhattan's East Side, for example, can be many times more provincial that a tale from the hills or the hollows."
syllogism
Consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Deductive reasoning or a deceptive, very sophisticated, or subtle argument
Types of stanzas
Couplet, Triplet, Quatrain and .......
Christo
Created large land works many consisting on wrapping vast natural areas. create new ways of seeing familiar landscapes.
War of the Roses; Martin Luther's split with Rome; Henry VII, Henry VIII
Early Tudor Period 1485-1558 (THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 1485-1660 CE)
Octave
Eight-line stanza
concrete poetry
Emphasizes shape and visual effects to create meaning
Ethos
Ethos is an appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader. "As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results." "My three decades of experience in public service, my tireless commitment to the people of this community, and my willingness to reach across the aisle and cooperate with the opposition, make me the ideal candidate for your mayor."
Medea
Euripides
The Trojan Women
Euripides
The Iliad
Homer
The Odyssey
Homer
Limerick Poem
I once knew a word I forgot That means, "I am sorry we met And I wish you the same." It sounds like your name But I haven't remembered it yet.
Internal Rhyme Ex.
If you want to shine, you have to drop that dime.
Poetry
Imaginative, expressive verse writing characterized by rhythm, unified and concentrated thought, concrete images, specialized language, and use of pattern.
Sir Thomas Wyatt
Introduced Petrarchan sonnets to 16th century England; author of "Whoso List to Hunt"
Inciting Incident
Introduces the antagonist and established the conflict.
Anastrophe
Inversion of the natural word order or reversal of the word arrangement in a sentence with the aim to create rhetorical effects
Critical Thinking
Involves asking questions about the quality of reasoning or the validity of a belief or an assumption
Process Writing
Involves instructing students in the use of a clear process for writing and in the use of techniques and strategies for completing each part of the writing process
red herring (logical fallacy)
Irrelevant information introduced to distract others from the pertinent issue
Parody
Is a form of sature that imitates another work to ridicule its topic and/or style.
Black Verse
Is a literary device defined as un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter.
Paradox
Is a statement that is true despite appearing contradictory. A statement that appears contradictory but turns out to express truth. Less is more.
Refrain
Is a verse or phrase that is repeated at intervals throughout a song or poem, usually after the chorus or stanza.
Doublespeak
Language that intentionally distorts or disguises meaning. Ex. "let go" for fired or "passed away" for died.
doublespeak
Language that intentionally distorts or disguises meaning; deceives
Profanity (diction)
Language that shows disrespect for others or something sacred.
Vulgarity (diction)
Language widely considered crude, disgusting, and often offensive.
Romanticism
Movement that reacted against the Enlightenment by emphasizing subjectivity, imagination, and the purity of nature. Romantics often idealized quests for love or poetic glory. Major writers included Samuel Coleridge, Robert Browning, John Keats, Hawthorne and Poe
Myth
Narrative fiction that usually involves gods and heroes or has a theme that expresses a cultures ideology. ex. Greek myths include Zeus and the Olympians, Achilles and the Trojan War, Roman Myths include Hercules, Apollo, and Venus.
Sonnet Poem
Oh the pirate stars, they have no mercy! Masquerading as hope they tell their lies; Only the young can hear their lullabies. But I am barren and I am thirsty Since she has gone. No hope is there for me. I will roam and curse this earth and these skies-- Death from life which Zeus sovereign denies. My heart's ill shall the whole world's illness be Till she is returned-- my daughter, my blood-- From the dark hand of Hades to my care. With my tears these mortals shall know a flood To show Poseidon's realm desert and bare. No myrtle shall flower, no cypress bud Till the gods release her...and my despair.
Foot
One or 2 words consisting of 2 syllables but sometimes 3
The American Scholar (1837)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Syllogism
Reders to deductive reasoning or a deceptive, very sophisticated, or subtle argument.
Walter Scott
Rob Roy, Ivanhoe (Historical); (1771-1832), personified romantic movement's fascination with history, re-created the spirit of historical events
Ivanhoe (1820)
Sir Walter Scott
Compare and Contrast Organization
Starts by highlighting the similarities between two things and then addresses their differences
Frame Tales
Story within a story
Central conflict
Struggle between two opposing forces in a story, can be internal (inside the main character's mind), and/or external (when the character is in conflict with something in the external world).
Dystopian Fiction
Subset of science fiction in which authors explore social, cultural, and political structures in the context of a futuristic world.
Victorian Age 1830-1901
Tennyson Dicken's Great Expectations, The Pickwick Papers; Robert Browning's Men and Women; Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Orly, The Sonnets from the Portuguese, Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre; Emily Bronte's Weathering Heights; Elliott's The Mill on the Floss, Middlemarch; Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The Importance of Being Earnest, The Picture of Dorian Grey
Imagery
The imagery of a literary work thus comprises the set of images that it uses; these need not be mental 'pictures', but may appeal to senses other than sight. The term has often been applied particularly to the figurative language used in a work, especially to its metaphors and similes.
Exposition
The introduction to the story, background information, and the current state of the world.
synesthesia
The juxtaposition of one sensory image with another that appeals to an unrelated sense
Memoir
Written factual account of somebody's life; usually about a specific theme, or about a part of someone's life, as it is a story with a proper narrative shape, focus and subject matter, involving reflection on some particular events or places
Henry Fielding
Wrote novels about people without morals who survive by their wits..."The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling" (Picaresque)
Robert Lowell
Wrote sonnets whose dominant theme is search for faith in a modern world of materialism and skepticism;
Emily Bronte
Wuthering Heights; Romance
A syllable always has a vowel Yes or No
Yes
Titian
an Italian painter, the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school. One of the most versatile of Italian painters, equally adept with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and mythological and religious subjects. His painting methods, particularly in the application and use of color, would exercise a profound influence not only on painters of the Italian Renaissance, but on future generations of Western art. 1488-1576
noun phrase
consists of a noun and its modifiers
Robert Smithson
constructed the Spiral Jetty
Literary Criticism
defines, classifies, analyzes, interprets, and evaluates literature; types include historical, textual, feminist, biographical, cultural, and formal
Horror
fiction that is intended to frighten or unsettle the reader. Overlaps with fantasy and science fiction. Ex. The Shining (Stephen King), Frankenstein (Mary Shelley).
Personification
figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes. The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings.
luc, lum
light
purpose writing
most common purpose for writing: to inform; narrative, informative, argumentative
elegy
mourning poem with 3 parts: lament, praise of deceased, solace for loss
deductive reasoning
moves from general to specific, inductive reasoning from specific to general
traditional stories
myths, fables, parables
closed form of poetry
poetry that follows a given form or shape; a specified number of lines and a designated number of feet in each line; consistent rhyme and meter
Iambic Pentameter
refers to a certain kind of line poetry, and has to do with the number of syllables in the line and emphasis placed on those syllables; a line consists of 5 feet, each consisting of one short or unstressed syllable followed by one long or stressed syllables (Ex: "Two HOUSEholds BOTH aLIKE in DIGniTY.)
Meter
rhythmic patterns built on the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in poems
run-on sentence
several thoughts incorrectly joined
Clipping
shortening words, as in "math" for "mathematics" and "doc" for "doctors"
Conventional
significantly more common than alternative forms.
sentence structure (6)
simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, run-on, sentence fragment
adverb
take on a modifying or describing role; describe the verb, adjectives, other adverbs, and entire sentences
narrative writing
tells a story; includes a plot and characters, and its purpose is to entertain the reader
Incongruity
the intentional joining of opposites
Denotation
the literal meaning of a word
Past participle
the participial form of a verb usually identical to the past-tense form (ending in -ed)—though there are many irregular past participles. It is used as an adjective or to form a verb tense
Subject
the person, place, or thing about which something is said in a clause.
Case
the property of a noun or pronoun that indicates how it relates to other parts of a sentence. The three cases in English are nominative, possessive, and objective.
Mood
the quality of a verb that expresses the speaker's attitude toward the likelihood, existence, or desirability of the verb's action. In English, the three moods are indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.
Morpheme
the smallest grammatical unit in language
Plot
the story line and usually the element that keeps one reading; involves conflict, has definitive order, has a pattern, and may be of 2 types: chronological (or sequential) or random order
First Person Point of View
the story unfolds through the eyes of one central character; the story may be biased; uses, I, me, and my
phonology
the study of how sounds function within languages
Classical
the works of Ancient Greece and Rome; Homer, Sophocles, and Aeschylus. Major philosophers include Socrates and Aristotle.
Drama
theater; genre; realistic characters dealing with emotional issues
-cept, -ceive, -ceipt
to take, hold/grasp
ad-
to, toward, near
Parallelism
use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Parallelism examples are found in literary works as well as in ordinary conversations.
collaborative writing
useful when students are new to a particular skill or process or when all may not be entirely confident; occurs when partners or small groups of students work together to complete segments of a writing process together
Semantic Feature Analysis
uses a grid to help kids explore how sets of things are related to one another. By completing and analyzing the grid, students are able to see connections, make predictions and master important concepts. This strategy enhances comprehension and vocabulary skills.
Historical Criticism
uses history to understand works along with social and intellectual currents in which the author wrote
Joseph Beuys
was a German performance artist, sculptor, installation artist, graphic artist, art theorist and pedagogue of art. Artwork: Performance : How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare
Slant Rhyme
words that end in similar but not exact sounds (Ex: prove and love)
epistolary poems (and novels)
written and read as letters
