Praxis 5622 Combined Sets 2: Classroom Management, Assessment, Diverse Learners, Special Education

I-messages

"I feel upset when students can't hear what I'm reading."

Psychomotor Objectives

"Physical" deal with the students physically learning a lesson

Affective Objectives

"attitudes" deals with the student's attitude or feelings about an idea topic presented

Cognitive Objectives

"brain work" uses Blooms Taxonomy verbs

Glaucoma

"sneak of light" Abnormally high pressure caused by disturbances of fluids that circulate in the eye

Slogan for early intervention

"the earlier the better"

"Retrieve and write"

"whatever seems important so i'll write it down"

Chief Determinants of Assessing Students

(1) the inference you want to make about those students (2) the decision that will be based on the inference.

Emotional Disturbance

(Categories of disability). general mood of depression

Child-Oriented Model

(Classroom Design). When this model is use the teacher has space to easily move from student to student as they work on their individualized assignments.

LRE

(Least Restrictive Environment) the educational setting that most closely resembles a regular school program and also meets the child's special education needs. For many students with disabilities, the general education classroom is the LR; however, the LRE is a relative concept and must be determined for each individual student with disabilities

How light travels

(chronological order) Cornea Aqueous Humor Pupil Lens Vitreous Humor Retina

Behaviorism

(theory). Seeks to reinforce behavior. Good behavior receives positive reinforcement, and poor performance receives punishment.

Handicapped

*A dated term* problem encountered with the environment Really only used to refer to parking

Discussion

,open forum where children are encouraged to speak, listen, and respond to opinions, feelings, and ideas regarding a designated topic.

Goals

- Reinforces good behavior - Target aspirations

Personal Modeling

- Reinforces good behavior - being courteous in speech, controlling emotions

Expectations

- Reinforces good behavior - students must know your expectations of both their actions and work

what is the purpose of the ACTFEL proficiency guidelines?

- are a description of what individuals can do with language in terms of speaking, writing, listening, and reading in real-world situations in a spontaneous and non-rehearsed

washback

- effect of assessment on student learning. Does assessment promote learning or vice versa?

Frequent Instruments for assessing adaptive behavior skills

-AAMR adaptive behavior scale -AAIDD adaptive behavior scale (ages 4-21) -Vineland adaptive behavior scale -Adaptive behavior assessment (birth-89)

Why is the IQ test controversial?

-Doesn't demonstrate all aspects of behavior -culturally biased -not exact science -should not be sole basis for diagnosis -should not determine IEP

Disadvantages of labeling

-Focuses on what they can't do -Low self-esteem issues -Causes educators to lower expectations

The advantages of labeling

-Funds programs -More acceptance -Improves communication -provides accommodations

Considerations for future special education

-Improve teacher training -Increase of assistive technology -Transitioning students

Two things required of teachers by Law

-Instruction (follow approved standards) -Supervision (maintaining a safe environment - 'in loco parentis'

Ecological learning

-Lorenz's theory -imprinting -adaptive & survival behaviors -survival of the fittest

IEP Team includes

-Parents -General Education Teachers -Special Education Teachers -LEA Rep -The child

The Benefits of laws: Why are they necessary?

-Segregation in the past -Separation is not equal -Ensures protection

What are some question to consider when making decision about needed transition services for a student?

-What do I want in life? -What are my talents -What are my options?

construct validity

-construct is theoretical concepts about important things in learning we are trying to measure

schizophrenia

0.5 to 1 % have this and causes hallucinations

scale scores

001 to 999- one subject across class

As a group, students with EBD perform ___ year(s) lower than their grade level

1

babies can discriminate speech sounds at _____ (how old)

1 month

Constructive Assertiveness requires

1) A clear statement of the problem 2) Unambiguous body language 3) Insistence on appropriate behavior and resolution of the problem

When creating a cooperative learning activity, you should remember...

1) Clearly define roles 2) Clearly state time limits 3) Assess each student individually

Three Chief Purposes for Portfolios

1) Documentation of student progress (wherein the major function of the assembled work samples is to provide the student, the teacher, and the student's parents with evidence about the student's growth—or lack of it. These are the working portfolios that provide meaningful opportunities for self-evaluation by students.) 2) Showcasing student accomplishments. Portfolios showcase a student's best work as celebration portfolios, Celebration portfolios are especially appropriate for the early grades. 3) Evaluation of student status—that is, the determination of whether students have met previously determined quality levels of performance. There must be greater standardization about what should be included in a portfolio and how the work samples should be appraised in rubrics.

Pros of Portfolio Assessment

1) Greatest Strength is that it can be tailored to the individual student's needs, interests, and abilities. 2) The self-evaluation it fosters in students is truly important in guiding students' learning over time. 3) The personal ownership students experience regarding their own work, and the progress they experience, makes the benefits of portfolio assessment outweigh its costs.

Five Themes of Citizenship

1) Honesty 2) Respect 3) Responsibility 4) Courage 5) Compassion

Three Steps of Problem Solving

1) Identify the problem 2) select a solution 3)Obtain a commitment - oral or written contract for changes that will be made

Praising

1) Intrinsic - focus on the process and student 2) Extrinsic - focus on the outcome

Bloom's Taxonomy

1) Knowledge - Simple Recall (rote memorization) 2) Comprehension - showing an understand of something 3) Application - applying what they know to a new situation Higher-Order 4) Analysis - looking for cause & effect Higher-Order 5) Synthesis - generating something unique Higher-Order 6) Evaluation - questions which require a value judgment. Cognitive-thinking versus Affective-feeling

Listening & Processing Two Step Process

1) Listening skills acknowledge or accept the student's feelings 2) Processing skills allow you to confirm or clarify your perception of the student's message.

2 Ways to Deter Bullying

1) Monitor student interactions closely 2) Maintaining an adult presence throughout the school.

Portfolios

1) Represents the range of reading and writing students are engaged in 2) Engages students in assessing their progress and/or accomplishments and establishing ongoing learning goals 3) Measures each student's achievement while allowing for individual differences between students 4) Represents a collaborative approach to assessment 5) Has a goal of student self-assessment 6) Addresses improvement, effort, and achievement 7) Links assessment and teaching to learning

Twin issues at the heart of performance assessments

1) Selecting appropriate tasks for students and, once the students have tackled those tasks. 2) Judging the adequacy of students' responses.

Functions of a classroom setting

1) Shelter & security 2) Social Contact 3) Symbolic Identification 4) Task Instrumentality

Goals for Managing Behavior

1) Short term- to stop the behavior immediately 2) Long Term - to stop the behavior from being repeated in the future.

Problems with use of Portfolios for Large-scale accountability assessment programs

1) Specially trained scorers and central-site scoring is that it typically costs much more than can be afforded. 2) regular teachers score scoring tends to be too unreliable for use in accountability programs. Teachers usually have not been provided with thorough training about how to score portfolios, and may be biased in favor of their own students. Portfolios do not have a place in large scale assessment.

Cons of Portfolio Assessment

1) Students' constructed responses are genuinely difficult to evaluate, particularly when those responses vary from student to student as in all constructed-response measurements. 2) It takes time—loads of time— to carry out properly. Even if you're very efficient in reviewing your students' portfolios, you'll still have to devote many hours both in class (during portfolio conferences) and outside of class.

7 Things to Remember When Talking to Parents

1) Thank parents for taking the time to see you 2) Try to minimize the 'intimidation' factor - many parents are nervous when they come to see you. 3) Don't blame the parents, if you can avoid it - remember to separate the behavior from the child 4) Approach parents as a member of the team 5) Document your concerns 6) Stick to descriptions of behavior - no interpretations 7) Respect parents' insights about their child's behavior..

What is a negative aspect of calling parents?

1) The parents are not in the room to enforce rules and it can hurt your relationship with the students. 2) Parent reluctance to become involved in schooling.

Praise should be 4 things

1) Varied 2) Specific 3) Sincere 4) Consistant

Detention

1) can take up a lot of the teacher's time 2) can penalize the parents of the student staying late or arriving early 3) records of attendance can be a drain on your time.

types of validity

1) content validity 2) Criterion validity, 3) construct validity

Assertiveness no-nos

1) hostility 2) argumentative 3) Inflexibility

2 Risks of Isolating or Removing students

1) it could be percieved as a reward 2) it identifies the student as someone who is excludable - it can lead to anger or resentment.

Referral

1)choose which types of infractions warrant this action 2) use this sparingly because students may see this as you pawning the problem off on the administration 3) understand that when you do refer a student to the office, you should have adequate documentation of the misbehavior

the 4 related pervasive developmental disabilities included under the American Psychiatric Associations definition of the autistic spectrum

1. Autistic spectrum disorder 2. Aspergers 3. Childhood disintegrative disorder 4. PDD-NOS

Criteria for Learning Disability Diagnosis (7)

1. Basic psychological processing deficit in one or more areas.(reading skills,reading comprehension, written expression, math calculation, math reasoning, listening comprehension or oral expression) 2. Behavioral characteristics identified in deficit area (s) 3. Behavioral characteristics identified by one of these procedures; behavioral observation, structured clinical task or others 4. LD adversely affects school functioning 5. Discrepancy between achievement and ability or conclusion that discrepancy is present 6. LD not caused y visual, auditory or motor deficit, BD, ED environmental, economic or cultural differences. 7. Determination of need for SE or related services.

6 items for diagnosis of Mental Retardation

1. Child performs at 2.0 standard deviations below the norm. 2. IQ is 70-55 mild 55-40 moderate 40-25 severe 25 and below profound 3. Adaptive behavior is consistent with academic ability. 4. Reduced cognitive ability and adaptive behavior adversely affect educational performance. 5. Exclusion clause, the defect is not caused by visual, auditory or motor defects, behavior or emotions disturbance or a language or learning disability. Determination of continued need for Special Education or related services.

Emotional regulation

1. Developing emotional competency takes time, and there is much for children to learn. 2. When children develop emotion regulation, they identify their feelings and verbalize them to others, they can cope with emotional highs and lows appropriately, and they can refrain from acting on their impulses when needed.

The ten guidelines for communicating with parents and families

1. Don't assume you know more than the parent 2. Speak in everyday language 3. Don't let you assumptions guide your efforts 4. Be sensitive 5. Don't be defensive 6. Refer to professionals if needed 7. Help parents strive for optimism 8. Start with tasks that result in success 9. Respect the word "no" 10. Don't be afraid to say "I don't know"

What is the structure of a morning meeting?

1. Greeting 2. Sharing 3. Activity 4. Message

Small-muscle development takes time

1. Large-muscle activity and the lack of small-muscle ability create problems in classrooms where children are expected to sit at their seats and do paperwork much of the day. A schedule like that focuses on the children's weakness and puts huge pressure on them.

IEP must include (5)

1. Levels of Performance 2. Goals annually 3. Supplementary aids/services 4. Accommodations (Ex: Meetings) 5. Placement

Key Ingredients to Classroom Portfolio Management

1. Make sure your students "own" their portfolios. 2. Decide on what kinds of work samples to collect. 3. Collect and store work samples. 4. Select criteria by which to evaluate portfolio work samples. 5. Require students to evaluate continually their own portfolio products. work product being evaluated. 6. Schedule and conduct portfolio conferences. 7. Involve parents in the portfolio assessment process.

List 4 important procedures that should be present in an Early Childhood classroom.

1. Moring procedure 2. Using classroom supplies procedure 3. Bathroom procedure 4. Dismissal procedure

A need to move around

1. Myelinization allows young children to gain control over their muscles and their sensory abilities; it also facilitates their cognitive processes. 2. Through play, children learn that help them communicate and cooperate effectively with others.

List 4 possible causes of misbehavior in young children.

1. Need to move around 2. Small-muscle development takes time 3. Needs for food and rest 4. Emotional regulation

List 3 techniques for preventing misbehavior

1. Posting classroom rules 2. Overlapping 3. Differential reinforcement

The Referral Process

1. Referral 2. Pre-Referral (Informal) 3. Evaluation 4. Program Planning 5. Placement 6. Process monitoring

9 steps in Special Education Process

1. Screening 2. Alternative Intervention Strategies 3 referral & screening review 4. Develop IEP to include areas to evaluate, at least 1 observation in area of concern, complete within 30 days of referral, notice of evaluation or reevaluation 5. Notice & Consent for Evaluation 6. Evaluation, diagnosis of disability, establish current level of functioning, completed within 45 days of parents consent for evaluation,if no disability recommend continuation of AIS, if disability found, continue with IEP process. 7. Develop IEP must be within 45 days of initial diagnostic staffing 8. LRE considerations 9. Notice of consent for placement before SE services begin. If parents deny, initiate due process

A need for food and rest

1. Too muck sugar or a lack of protein or complex carbohydrates can lead to a sugar crash. This can affect individual children differently. Some children loses all self-control, become impulsive, withdrawn or distracted. 2. Scheduled rest time at preschool level also acknowledges a physical need at that age.

The 6 main principles of IDEA are...

1. Zero Reject 2. Evaluation 3. FAPE 4. LRE 5. Due procress 6. Shared Decision Making

primary forces behind a teaching being inviting or disiniviting

1. attentiveness 2. expectancy 3. attitude 4. enthusiasm 5. evaluation

What accommodations can teachers make for students with disabilities?

1. breaking tasks into smaller steps, and 2. giving directions verbally and in writing; 3. giving the student more time to finish schoolwork or take tests; 4. letting the student with reading problems use instructional materials that are accessible to those with print disabilities; 5. letting the student with listening difficulties borrow notes from a classmate or use a tape recorder; and 6. letting the student with writing difficulties use a computer with specialized software that spell checks, grammar checks, or recognizes speech. 7. Learn about the different testing modifications that can really help a student with LD show what he or she has learned. 8. Teach organizational skills, study skills, and learning strategies. These help all students but are particularly helpful to those with LD. 9. Work with the student's parents to create an IEP tailored to meet the student's needs. 10. Establish a positive working relationship with the student's parents. Through regular communication, exchange information about the student's progress at school.

special ed. teachers (most important to least)

1. consultant: meets with class teacher and monitor students (no direct interaction) 2. resource teacher: instructs and works with class teacher 3. inclusion specialist: coordinate the service of students (tells schedule etc.) 4. Itinerant: they travel around the district (speech pathologist) 5. Transition specialist: help students prepare for life and leave school

strategies to incorporate in class to address special needs of gifted students

1. enrichment (elaboration on major concepts) 2. novelty (explore in alternative ways) 3. sophistication : ID principles underlying material 4. Acceleration : move at a quicker pace

Types of IEP services

1. general classroom 2. resource room (SPED classroom) 3. self-contained 4. separate school 5. residential facilities

seizures (2 types)

1. generalized : entire body 2. tonic-clinic / absence: blanking or spacing out

co-teaching methods

1. one teach, one observe 2. one teach, one assist 3. team teaching 4. parallel teaching 5. CWC 6. Alternative / Differentiated teaching 7. Station teaching 8. supplemental teaching

3 large problems with todays assessments

1. one-shot testing at the end of a unity or grade 2) out of context drill items 3) no user friendly feedback

IEP team members

1. parents 2. teacher 3. SPED teacher (interprets evaluation results) 4. advocate (can approve school resources)

SPED eligibility process

1. pre-referral ; document then give to counselor 2. screening : comparing to peers 3. diagnostic teaching : teaching to get evidence for a referral to a counselor 4. assessment 5. placement

research process

1. problem: what do i want to know 2. prediction: what do i think is the right answer 3. procedure: how will i solve the problem 4. data: what will i look for 5. conclusion: what do the results tell me

special services providers

1. school psychologists: can make diagnosis 2. counselors: cannot diagnose but can assess 3. speech therapists: language / vocab 4. social workers: liaisons between schools and family. most time they go to IEP meetings 5. physical therapists: gross motor skills (biggies) 6. occupational therapists: fine motor skills (smallies) 7. adaptive PE: assess physical needs 8. paraprofessionals: teacher aid

interpersonal & psychological relational skills

1. social cues 2. impulsivity 3. attention (negative) 4. rewards for inappropriate behavior 5. lack of confidence (self-efficacy) 6. learned helplessness 7. responsibility 8. anxiety

how to listen so kids will talk/how to talk so kids will listen

1. talk to your kids-alot 2. respond, dont react 3. realize your voice tone reflects your attitude 4. communicate nonthreatening 5. speak in statements, not questions (tell me what happen) 6. have a "yes" face 7. exchange ideas 8. have an "i'm open to you" attitude 9. admit your mistakes

mistakes made by teachers

1. teach as taught 2. use the latest fad, philosophy 3. do NOT use research as evidence of what is effective

Goals of assessment

1.) improve performance 2) designed to advance learning, 3) accountability

Learning disabilities students represent almost ______ of all students receiving special education

1/2

autism

1/88 children have this

Their IQ averages to about...

130+

transitional services

16 years and older until 21 years. We can help kids who have disabilities, public school works w/ them and they write a transition plan.

Brown v. Board

1954 separate is inherently unequal. when a SPEd room is not in the same building it's unequal. Leads to inclusion (students pulled into main classroom). Keys: Plessy v. Ferguson , 14th Amendment

PL 94-142

1975 1. LRE 2. IEP individual education plan 3. Due process - parents are entitled to due process. They can bring a lawyer, social service, or anyone they want.

PL 99-457

1986 Individual Family Service Plan (0 - 5 years) established governmental intervention for birth

ADA

1990 Americans with Disabilities Act reasonable accommodation. Prohibits discrimination in employment, etc.

IDEA

1990 Changed name of PL 94-142; handicapped replaced with "disabled" autism, TBI added

public law 101-476

1990 reauthorization of 94-142

IDEA 105-17

1997 Classroom teachers become IEP team member

Students who read braille are introduced to it in the ______ grade

1st grade

Deaf babies can finger spell their first word at age

2

Autosomal recessive hearing loss

2 hearing parents with recessive deaf gene

dyscalculia

20% of children have this besides dyslexia

If Sarah needs to stand at a distance of 20 feet to see what a normally sighted person can see from 100 feet, what is her visual acuity?

20/100

legally blind

20/200 or less

A person whose visual acuity is ______ in the better eye after correction is considered partially sighted for legal purposes

20/70

partially sighted

20/70 - 20/200

adhd

3 to 6% of children have this and most commonly in boys

IDEA requires an IEP for all students with disabilities between what ages?

3-22

About ___-_____% of the population are gifted

3-5%

Causes (about how many)

350+ causes

____ times as many boys than girls in LD

3x as many

How many types of spina bifida are there?

4

ACTFEL: which are the main proficiency levels?

4 main proficiency levels. superior, advanced, intermediate, novice

What % of students receives special education under the specific learning disabilities category?

42.3%

about ____% of high school students with disabilities go on to college

46

What percentage of students who received special education services in high school enrolled in college in 2005?

46%

The _____th largest category

4th

More than _____% of students with a math LD have an IEP

50%

When is a child with CD eligible for services?

6-21

how many proficiency levels are identified in CEFR? which is the highest and which is the lowest?

6. highest-c2 lowest- A1

About _____% of kids with LD are in gen ed rooms

65%

How many kids are effected by disabilities?

7+ million

During the 2009-2010 school year, about _____% of all students received special education

7.8%

IQ that falls _____ and below is suspected for services

70

Social skills deficit: _____% of kids have

75%

Students with Intellectual Disability represent ____% of all school-age children in special education

8%

dyslexia

80% of children have this

A loss of _______ dB+ is more likely to struggle academically

90

Formative Assessment

A Pre-test or to "see" where students are. Its goal is to monitor student learning to provide feedback the can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. Helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses and targets areas they need to work on. Helps the teacher recognize where students are struggling and address the problem immediately(low stake assessments)

Student who is typically involved/positive and also has a shunt is all of a sudden pulled back and quiet. this can be caused by...

A blocked shunt- THIS IS LIFE THREATENING

What improves the chances of employment?

A college education (postsecondary education)

Multiple Disabilities

A combination of associated disabilities

Speech or Language Impairment (SLI):

A communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance.

Present Levels

A component of an individualized education program (IEP) that defines a student's strengths and weaknesses, current levels of academic achievement, and current levels of functional performance. Before 2004 this part of the IEP was called present levels of performance; the current term is present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP).

Indirect Assessment:

A component of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) that involves interviewing teachers, parents and other adults who have contact with a student, asking questions about that student's disruptive behavior and when and where it occurs

Direct Assessment:

A component of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) that involves recording objective information about a student's disruptive behavior. This can entail using a scatter plot form to show the behavior's frequency and time of day, as well as using an antecedent-behavioral-consequences chart (ABC).

Monitoring

A component of the RTI process that involves assessing, keeping accurate records of and monitoring student progress, responsiveness to instruction and intervention. The term is also used for a state's evaluation of each district's compliance with mandates of IDEA and state special education code.

Data-Based Decisions

A component of the RTI process that involves using information collected through the screening process to determine the intensity and duration of the needed intervention.

Early Intervention

A comprehensive system of therapies, education, nutritional, child care and support

Emotional or Behavioral Disturbance (EBD)

A condition exhibiting one or more specific emotional and/or behavioral difficulties over a long period of time and to a marked degree, which adversely affects educational performance.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD)

A condition that can make it hard for a person to sit still, control behavior and pay attention

Developmental Delay (DD):

A delay in one or more of the following areas of childhood development: cognitive development, physical development (including vision and hearing), communication development, social and/or emotional development and adaptive development (including eating skills, dressing and toileting skills and other areas of personal responsibility).

Profound Disability

A developmental disabilities in all in cognition, communication and social skills

Other Health Impairment (OHI)

A disability category under IDEA that lists examples of health-related conditions that may qualify a child for special education: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, heart conditions, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia and Tourette syndrome.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A disorder characterized, in varying degrees, by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors

Specific Learning Disability (SLD)

A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or to do mathematical calculations. Specific learning disabilities include conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia and developmental aphasia. The term does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance or of environmental, cultural or economic disadvantage.

IDEA definition

A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language

What happens when the parent is unsatisfied with the identification of evaluation from the school?

A due process hearing is taken place

Evaluative Criterion

A factor with which, along with other factors, we judge the quality of a student's performance.

What should be emphasized in a curriculum for students with significant disabilities?

A focus on functional communication in any mode that enables their partner to share meaning

Scatter Plot:

A form used in direct assessment to record disruptive behavior and show the behavior's frequency and the time of day at which it occurs.

Test

A formal attempt to determine a student's status with respect to an educational variable of interest. Synonyms: assessment, measurement.

Assessment

A formal attempt to determine a student's status with respect to an educational variable of interest. Synonyms: measurement, test.

Professional Learning Community (PLC)

A group of professionals that review data, create needed interventions and make decisions, with the goal of helping students learn and achieve. While the exact definition of a PLC can vary from school to school, in general, the PLC serves the entire school and members collaborate to analyze data and support student learning.

Professional Learning Community

A groups of educators who meet periodically, over an extended period of time, to enhance their competences related to one or more particular topics.

Deafness

A hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification

IDEA Definition

A hearing loss so severe that it impacts processing/educational performance

Self-Evaluations

A key concept in alternative assessment is having the student learn to recognize his/her own progress by taking time to reflect.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA):

A law that guarantees educational rights to all students with disabilities and makes it illegal for school districts to refuse to educate a student based on his or her disability.

"Stay Put" Law:

A law which states that a parent can request that a child remain in his or her current educational placement while an IEP or offer of FAPE is in dispute.

Individualized Education Program (IEP):

A legal document that defines special education services between the school district and the parents.

Affective Assessment

A measurement of a student's attitudes, interests, and/or values.

Transition Meeting

A meeting of the individualized education program (IEP) team prior to a student moving into a new program or school.

Emotional Disturbance (ED)

A mental health issue including, but not limited to, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic-depression), conduct disorders, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and psychotic disorders.

Analytic Scoring

A method of scoring a student's constructed responses involving the application of multiple evaluative criteria, One Criterion at a Time. Afterward, separate judgements may be joined into an overall final evaluation.

Student Study Team (SST)

A more common term is Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team (MET or MDT). It is a team comprised of the school psychologist, parents and the school's special education team that meets when a child continues to struggle after attempts have been made to remedy problems without special education services. The SST or MET decides if the student should be evaluated, or if he or she will continue without special education services.

What approach is gaining popularity among educators for its ability to identify gifted/talented students?

A multidimensional and multimodel assessments

Developmental and Social History

A narrative assessment formulated by a child's classroom teacher, parents, pediatrician and school specialists, focusing on issues such as the child's health history, developmental milestones,

What is an open-ended question?

A non yes/no question that provides more details Less harsh

What is the National Lekotek Center?

A non-profit that provides services through utilization through toys and play

Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale (derived from the Binet-Simon Test):

A norm-referenced individual intelligence test, administered by the school psychologist or special education team. The questions are designed to help educators differentiate between students performing below grade level because of cognitive disabilities and those who do so for other reasons.

Discrete Trial Training (DTT)

A part of applied behavioral analysis (ABA) in which a skill is broken down into its most basic components so that these components may be taught one at a time.

Woodcock Johnson, Third Edition (WJIII):

A performance-based test commonly used to help to determine a student's eligibility for special education services.

Legally Blind

A person whose visual acuity is 20/200 or less after the best possible correction with glasses/contacts is legally blind

Realia

A physical thing that can be touched - Rain Gauge

Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)

A plan that targets one to three of a student's undesirable behaviors with interventions that are linked to the functions of the behavior; each intervention specifically addresses a measurable, clearly-stated targeted behavior

Formative Assessment

A planned process in which assessment-elicited evidence of students' status is used by teachers to adjust their ongoing instructional procedures or by students to adjust their current learning tactics.

Behavior Support Plan (BSP)

A proactive action plan to address behavior(s) that are impeding learning of a student or of others in his or her classroom.

Response to Intervention (RTI):

A process used by educators to help students who are struggling with a skill or lesson. If a child does not respond to the initial interventions, more focused interventions are used to help the child master the skill. RTI strategies address both learning and behavior.

Functional Behavior Analysis (FBA)

A process which describes a student's disruptive behaviors, looks for the reasons behind the behaviors and offers interventions that teach new behaviors to replace the undesired ones.

Large-scale accountability assessment program

A program in which student performances serve as an indicator of an educational system's effectiveness.

Child Find Program

A program, mandated by IDEA, that continuously searches for and evaluates children who may have a disability

Rubrics

A scoring guide employed to evaluate the quality of a student's portfolios, or any kind of student-generated response.

The most popular placement of students with intellectual disabilities is...

A separate classroom

Learning Progression

A sequenced set of building blocks- subskills or bodies of enabling knowledge- it is thought students must master en route to mastering a more remote curricular aim.

Developmental Milestones

A set of functional skills or age-specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range.

Servere Disability

A significant impairment in intellectual, motor and or social functioning

Curricular Aim

A skill, body of knowledge, or affective outcome that teachers intend their students to acquire.

Performance Deficit

A social or academic skills deficit in which a student understands a particular skill, but fails to implement it consistently.

Co-teaching

A special educator working side-by-side with a general educator in a classroom, both teachers provide instruction to the group

Savant Syndrome (think curious incident)

A strong knowledge of math/science/calculations with ID

Interviews

A structured or unstructured dialogue with students in which the student reports his reaction or response to a single question or a series of questions. Provides opportunities for the teacher to determine the student's depth of understanding rather than if the student can provide the "correct" answer.

What is twice exceptional?

A student with a disability and gifted abilities

Responses

A student's answer to an assessment task (or test item). For matching items, Responses are the listed elements (on the right) from which matching selections to premises (on the left) are made.

Constructed responses

A student's answers to assessment tasks, such as essay items, that require a response to be generated by the student "from scratch."

Student Baseline:

A student's starting point, determined by data collected through universal screening tools. A student's baseline is used to measure his or her progress throughout the year.

Portfolio

A systematic collection of one's work. They must be updated as a person's achievements and skills grow.

Collaborative Teaching:

A teaching strategy in which two or more teachers work together, sharing responsibilities to help all students succeed in the classroom.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

A technique for correcting behavior and social skill deficits in children with special needs. It is based on the understanding that children are more likely to repeat desired behaviors when these behaviors are met with positive reinforcement, and that they are less likely to repeat undesirable behaviors that are not rewarded.

Universal Screening Tool:

A test that can correctly identify students who are struggling with grade-level concepts or skills. A universal screening tool is used as part of the RTI process.

Cognitivism

A theory of learning. The idea is that learning is a conscious, rational process. People learn by making models, maps and frameworks in their mind. ~ is the opposite of behaviorism.

Multiple Intelligences Theory

A theory which outlines students' varied approaches for processing information (known as "intelligences") and how teachers can access these pathways.

Antecedent Behavioral Consequences Chart (ABC

A tool used to create a record of disruptive behaviors that is utilized as part of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) to help to determine the triggers of and motivations behind these behaviors

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS

A type of augmentative alternative communication (AAC) originally developed for children with autism. The primary purpose of PECS is to teach individuals with autism to initiate communication. Individuals are taught to initiate by handing a picture to a communication partner in exchange for a desired item.

Fluency Deficit:

A type of instructional deficit in which a child needs to practice a skill or receive coaching in order to use a skill effectively. An example is a reading fluency deficit, where the child cannot read smoothly or does so at too slow a rate.

Acquisition Deficit

A type of social skills deficit that stems from a lack of knowledge: a child does not understand a skill, and thus cannot master it.

What is an aura?

A warning sensation before a seizure Ex: feelings, sights, sounds, smells

What is Universal Design for learning?

A way of learning that can benefit everybody (not just children with disabilities). Meant to be flexible 3 Principles (Multiple means of...) 1. Representation 2. Action 3.Engagement

Individualized Family Services Plan (IFSP):

A written treatment plan that maps out the early intervention services a child (age birth to his/her third birthday) will receive, as well as how and when these services will be administered. It details a child's current levels of functioning, specific needs and goals for treatment (referred to as outcomes).

What are some ways to meet the needs of gifted students?

Acceleration compacted curriculum tiered lessons

How is the AAIDD definition of ID different from IDEA's definition?

According to the AAIDD, ID is characterized by the significant limitation in intellectual function and adaptive behavior IDEA heavily focuses on the educational performance

What is hydrocephalus?

Accumulation of fluid in the tissues surrounding the brain

How sounds travel

Acoustical - neural - brain Sounds move through the eardrum The hairs in the ear stimulate sound

Likert Inventories

Affective assessment devices organized around a respondent's self-reported degree of agreement with a series of presented statements.

Which group is least likely to be identified as gifted and talented? Who is to blame?

African american, hispanic and native american students The educators are to blame

Development of the IEP Step (IEP Process)

After thorough completion of the pre-referral, referral, evaluation, and eligibility steps of the IEP process, it is time to develop the actual individualized program plan—an individualized family service plan (IFSP) for infants and toddlers or an IEP for preschoolers and schoolchildren

What is included in ITP?

Age-Appropriate assessment Measurable postsecondary goals Transition Services Annual IEP Goals Coordinate Transition Services with Adult agencies Summary of performance

Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP

Also known as a speech therapist, a professional who diagnoses and treats communication and swallowing disorders.

What is the least recommended?

Alternative Teaching

APO

Alternative placement options

Two horns of a classic measurement dilemma.

Although performance tests often measure the kinds of student abilities you'd prefer to assess (because those abilities are in line with really worthwhile curricular aims), the inferences you make about students on the basis of their responses to performance tests must be made with increased caution.

AAIDD

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The ADA is..

Americans with Disabilities Act -It extends civil rights protection to provide public service

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act 1990s

Triennial Review (Tri):

An IEP review meeting that takes place every three years. During this meeting, the IEP team meets to discuss a student's continuing eligibility for special education services. It is often combined with the IEP annual review (AR).

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):

An acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability and/or psychosocial impairment, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.

Evaluation

An appraisal of the worth of an educational program or, in the case of classroom teachers, either the effectiveness of an instructional activity or the competence of the teacher.

Universal Design

An approach that makes a curriculum accessible to all students, regardless of their backgrounds, learning styles and abilities.

Positive Behavior Support (PBS

An approach to eliminate challenging behaviors and replace them with pro-social skills.

Performance Assessments

An approach to measuring a student's status based on the way the student completes a specified task. A form of testing in which a student is given a task, typically a demanding one, then asked to respond to the task orally, in writing, or by constructing a product.

Portfolio Assessment

An assessment approach centered on the systematic appraisal of a student's collected work samples.

Home Assessment

An assessment by an authorized social worker, nurse, guidance counselor teacher or psychologist. For pertinent family history and home situation factors including, with parental consent, a home visit.

Teacher Assessment/Observation

An assessment by the classroom teacher to include current information on the student's present level of performance (PLOP) in the general curriculum.

Transition Assessment (TA)

An assessment of combination of the following types: Paper and pencil tests, structured student and family interviews, community or work-based assessments (situational) and curriculum-based assessments.

Assistive Technology (AT) Assessment

An assessment to find ways to meet the needs of the student by matching the strengths and weaknesses of the student to the device

Self-Report Inventories

An assessment tool, often completed anonymously, wherein a student's responses reveal his or her values, behaviors, attitudes, and so on.

grading

An assignment of a quality-designating label (numerical or verbal) to describe the caliber of a student's work.

Occupational Therapy (OT)

An evaluation of fine and gross motor skills, visual motor integration, visual perception or visual processing, (The terms, "visual processing" and "visual perception", are often used interchangeably.

Physical Therapy (PT)

An evaluation of physical activities such as sitting, standing, crawling, walking, running, and climbing. It looks at your child's body strength, coordination, balance, and symmetry as he moves and control his body, and how he plans new motor activities

Hearing Impairment:

An impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.

Visual Impairment (VI):

An impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

An individual intelligence test, usually administered by the school psychologist, which measures a student's intelligence in a variety of areas, including linguistic and spatial intelligence. This is a norm-referenced test, meaning that it has statistical validity and reliability for what it states it measures.

Asperger's Syndrome

An individual with impaired social interaction, communication, imagination, and flexible thinking, but without delays in cognitive or language development would most likely be diagnosed with which of the following?

What does functional assessment refer to?

An informal/least restrictive form of discipline in order to get the child to reduce acts of violence

Highly Qualified Teachers (HQT)

An initiative of the No Child Left Behind Act, the federal definition of a highly qualified teacher is one who meets all of the following criteria: Fully certified and/or licensed by the state; holds at least a bachelor degree from a four-year institution; demonstrates competence in each core academic subject area in which the teacher teaches.

Traumatic Brain Injury

An injury acquired by the external force resulting in total or partial functioning/psychological impairments

Active Student response

An observable response made to an instructional antecedent

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD

An out-of-date term that was previously used to describe children who have difficulty paying attention, but are not significantly impulsive or hyperactive

School-wide enrichment model

An umbrella under which many different types of enrichment services are made available

ABC recording

Antecedent (task difficulty) Behavior (duration) Consequences (ex- teacher attention)

Residential Alternatives

Apartment living Foster homes Group Homes Supported Institutions (do not exist anymore)

What teaching method is supported by scientifically validated research?

Applied Behavioral Analysis

What type of intervention for people with autism?

Applied behavior analysis

Speech Impairments

Articulation Disorder Fluency Disorder Voice Disorder (easy to identify)

A closed method assessment

Asks the parents to select a list of topics for discussion

What are similarities and differences between students with asperger syndrome and students with autism?

Aspergers does not include low IQ, language delays and they have more functions Similar: they both have social deficits

Identification Step (IEP Process)

Assessment is one foundation of the planning process. The purpose of this step in the IEP process is to determine whether a youngster has a disability, whether special education is required, and what types of services are needed

Summative Assessment

Assessment to evaluate student learning at the end of instruction, usually for a grade( high stake assessment )

Formative assessment

Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching

Augmentative and Alternative communication

Assist individuals who cannot meet their communication through speech or writing

What condition accounts for more hospitalizations than any other childhood disease and is the leading cause of absenteeism in school?

Asthma

Preventive discipline

Attempts to lesson the chances of misbehavior occurring in the classroom.

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Pattern of inattention/hyperactivity More severe than typically observed

Oral Attitude Surveys

Attitude surveys note In a systematic manner students' self reflections regarding group and individual performance and affective characteristics such as effort, values, and interests. Oral survey allows students to share ideas, learn from others, and deepen they way they think about the topics being discussed.

What does a student with low vision use as a primary means of learning?

Auditory learning methods

is often characterized by a regression in language skills between the ages of two and four years. Children who were previously speaking will sometimes become nonverbal at the onset of autism.

Autism

categories of disability under IDEA

Autism, Other Health Impaired, Intellectual Disabilities, Emotional Disturbance, Deafness, Hearing Impairment, Visual Impairment and Deaf-Blindness. Other categories under this act are Specific Learning Disability, Multiple Disabilities, Orthopedic Impairment, Speech or Language Impairment and Traumatic Brain Injury.

One of the common assessments / questionnaires used to assess behaviors and emotions - Behavior Assessment System for Children

BASC

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills

BICS

How is an intellectual disability defined by an IQ test?

Based on a number scale

Why is autism vastly growing

Because identification is more common

Why is the number of visual impairments larger than the number reported in IDEA?

Because students with visual impairments tend to have other disabilities and are counted under those categories ex: deaf-blindness

When are most students with mild ID defined?

Before the age of 18

Higher-than-usual incidence of behavior problems in kids with LD

Behavioral problems

Difficult to compare _____ and _______ progress

Behavioral; academic

Causes of these disabilities

Biological (before/after birth) Brain disorders Chromosomal abnormalities Malnutrition

When is it ideal for a child to be provided with early intervention?

Birth - 3

Kids with phonemic awareness can..

Blend sounds to make words isolate sounds cement a word into sounds manipulate sounds within a word

Cooperative teaching

Both SpEdT and RgEdT share equally in the responsibility for planning, instructing, and evaluating all members of the regular ed. class., The SpEdT still does most of the paper work regarding students with IEPs.

Shared teaching

Both teachers deliver the lesson together

Gender who will most likely have EBD

Boys

Educational Approaches

Braille Tactile aids and manipulative Technological aids Optical devises Glasses/Contacts Magnifiers

Causes

Brain damage, genetics, biochemical imbalance

Instructional Methods: Task analysis

Breaking down complex tasks into smaller subtasks

Truncations

Breaking off an activity before it is completed

IELTS: agency administers these exams?

British council, IDP education, cambridge english language assessment

The separation of children education (A court case)

Brown vs. Board of Education

council for exceptional children

CEC

Low Vision

Can see but uses a combination of different learning methods

It's not nice to hit Miranda.

Can you remind me of our rule of keeping our hands to ourselves? Can you tell me what that means?

What is the most common cause of spinal cord injuries

Car accidents

Orientation and mobility training (examples)

Care skills Guide Dogs Sighted guides Electronic travel aids Mobility Training: the trainer of the student is very observant and sees how accessible the learning space is to the student

Assessment

Case history and physical examination Articulation Hearing Phonological awareness

Most prevalent in school age kids (physical disability)

Cerebal Palcy

Examples of Orthopedic Impairment

Cerebral Palsy Spina Bifida Muscular Dystrophy Spinal Chord Injury

How many phonemes are in the word "chips"

Ch-i-p-s 4

Adaptations

Changes in educational environments that allow students with disabilities to participate in inclusive environments by compensating for learners' weaknesses.

Environmental causes

Child abuse, neglect, drug/smoking, social deprivation

Which from the list above can be manifested as late as 10?

Childhood disintegrative disorder

National Lekotek

Children learn by play this non-profit provides toys to children with disabilities

At Risk

Children who have a greater-than-usual chance of developing a disability

We don't throw the boards or hit people with the pens.

Class, let's go over our classroom rules again. Writing supplies are only meant for writing with or on.

Behaviorism, Choice-Theory, Assertive Discipline

Classroom Management Approaches

Causes of CD

Cleft palate Paralysis of speech muscles Absence of teeth Brain damage

Visual Communication

Closed captioning, telecomunications relay services, fax machines, instant messaging, email, cochlear implants are examples of

Cataract

Cloudiness in the lens that blocks light

Cognitive knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation

Cognitive domain of Bloom's Taxonomy

Showcase Portfolios

Collections of a student's "best work"- that is, the work samples deemed to be of the highest quality. Such portfolios are typically used for celebrating student's accomplishments with parents, policy maker, and so on.

Deaf-Blindness

Combination of hearing and visual impairments

Characteristics of Autism

Communication problems (for example, with the use or comprehension of language); Difficulty relating to people, things, and events; Playing with toys and objects in unusual ways; Difficulty adjusting to changes in routine or to familiar surroundings; and Repetititive body movements or behaviors. (1)

What is the most common way to identify a severe discrepancy between expected and actual achievement? what's the drawback?

Comparing scores from an IQ test to an achievement test. the draw back is that the regulations for IDEA do not contain a specific definition of determining

Adaptive Behavior

Conceptual, social and practical skills to live everyday life that is challenging for some

Disproportionate Representation

Concerns: Children are wrongly placed in special ed programs resulting in being denied of FAPE

Types of hearing losses

Conductive hearing loss (hearing aid) Sensorineural hearing loss (cochlear implant) Mixed hearing impairment Unilateral Bilateral

Where hearing losses are (3 terms)

Conductive: outer/middle ear Sensorineural: Inner ear Bilateral: Both ears

Causes of hearing loss

Congenital (loss present at birth) -genetic -meternal rubella -CMV -Premature birth Acquired (Loss after birth) -prelingual -post-lingual

Peer Evaluations

Consists of student analysis and assessment of peer proficiency using either established or self-generated criteria.

Pica

Consumption of nonfood items such as dirt, hair, paper, etc

3 Models of Collaboration

Coordination, Consultation and Teaming

Give an example of a child using cognitive skills

Counting objects, plan and making decisions

What are natural cues?

Cues that encourage a certain behavior ex: a whistles that signify time to leave

Modifications:

Curricular adaptations that compensate for learners' weaknesses by changing or lowering expectations or standards.

Accommodations

Curricular adaptations that compensate for learners' weaknesses without modifying the curriculum

Other method of educational approaches

Curriculum compacting Tiered lessons bloom's taxonomy

Section 504 of rehabilitation act

Declared a person cannot be excluded on the basis of a handicap alone from any program or activity receiving federal funds

National Association for gifted children

Demonstrate outstanding levels of aptitude or competence

Aphasia

Describes a loss of the ability to process and use language ex: a stroke

Educational Decision

Determining whether particular students need additional instruction or, instead, whether it's time to move on to other curricular aims.

IDEA definition for autism

Developmental disabilities that are either verbal/nonverbal that affects educational performance and are generally identified before 3

Autism is defined as a

Developmental disorder

Skill Evaluation

Diagnostic measures for determining a child's gross motor skills, fine manipulative skills and hearing, sight, speech and language abilities, administered by specialists such as a school speech pathologist or general practitioner. A skills evaluation is a common element of an assessment plan.

Assessments for early intervention

Diagnostic tests Curriculum-based assessments

Non-discriminatory Assessment

Diana vs. State Board of Education, Larry P.vs Riles, and Lau vs. Nichols all addressed the issue of non-discriminatory assessment. The assessment must be multi disciplinary and cannot discriminate. Children must be assessed in all areas of suspected disability.

How often should you assess student learning?

Directly and frequently

Three Criteria

Discrepancy between intelligence and achievement Learning problems A need for special education services

Cedar Rapids vs. Garret (1999)

District said we cannot afford services that parents are requesting. Court says services that they request that are necessary must be provided irrespective of the cost. Cost cannot influence whether services are required.

Three functions of Portfolio Assessment

Documentation of student progress, Showcasing accomplishments, and Evaluation of student status.

authenticity

Does an assessment tool measure real-life skills and competencies?

Recreation and Leisure

Does not come easy for many Includes different activities of choice Ex: dance, sports, golf, painting, playing games

The two most common genetic causes of ID

Down syndrome and fragile x syndrome

Emphasized the importance of mistaken goals and dealing with the underlying causes of behavior.

Dreikurs

Early Elementary

During what school years are most children tested for learning disabilities?

TOIEC:agency administers this exam?

ETS

TOEFL: agency administers this exam?

ETS, Educational testing service

Identification

Early diagnosis is highly correlated with better outcomes typically 18 months

Ecolalia

Echoing of words/phrases of what the child hears ex- TV lines

EDGAR

EdUcational department general administration regulations

Inclusive Education is..

Educating students with disabilities in general education classrooms

Pre-alphabetic phase, Partial-alphabetic phase, Full-alphabetic phase,Consolidated- alphabetic phase,Automatic- alphabetic phase

Ehri's Phases of Word Learning

ESEA of 1965

Elementary and Secondary Education Act- civil rights law that offered grants to districts with low income students, also provided grants to state educational agencies

What areas are defined as major life activities in the ADA

Employment Public entities (agencies) Public places (Businesses open to public) Telecommunication (Ex: TTY's)

Characteristics in deaf individuals

English literacy and speaking skills Academic Achievement -Reading and math -30% graduate illiterate

Celebration Portfolios

Especially appropriate for the early grades. They showcase a student's accomplishments, students typically select their best work and reflect thoughtfully on its quality.

Oberti vs. Board (1993)

Established inclusion

Prevalence and causes

Estimates vary but from 3% - 6% 40% of students with behavior problems have a disability

Performance-Based Tests

Evaluations, such as the Woodcock Johnson, Third Edition (WJIII) or the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT), that are used to help determine a child's eligibility for special education services.

ESSA of 2016

Every Student Succeeds Act- good educators get rewarded, adapted from ESEA, provides protection for disadvantaged students, requires that all students be taught to high academic standards

What does the NCLBA put a special emphasis on in regards to special education programs?

Evidence-based teaching methods

reduce the number of items per page o per line

Example of presentation accommodation

Folklore of the blind

Examples of this are the beliefs that blind people are evil, contagious or have special powers that deserve attention

Federal Definition

Exhibit high performance capacity Demonstrates intellectual achievement Excels in specific academic field Needs services typically not offered by the school

Kids with emotional disabilities require what type of instruction

Explicit and systematic instruction

Two primary examples

Externalizing behaviors Internalizing behaviors

Graphic organizers/note taking

Extremely helpful for those with LD especially those who are visual learners

true/false: LRE are permanent

FALSE

family education rights and agency

FERPA

Why were IQ tests used in the Industrial Era?

Factories gave the test to try and determine who could be in management and who be be a factory worker

FERPA

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

PL 94-142 (1975)

First special education law, 1975, EHA was abbreviation for handicapped act, no longer called that, now called IDEA. LRE was defined in this law. 1. LRE 2. IEP Individual education plan 3. Due process-parents are entitled to due process, parents can bring a lawyer, social services, anyone they want that is to help their child

Three common sources of error scoring student performance.

First, there is the scoring scale. Second, there are the scorers themselves who may bring a number of bothersome biases to the enterprise. Finally, there are errors in the scoring procedure—that is, the process by which the scorers employ the scoring scale.

What is the prevailing outcome of the education of academically talented young children in most schools today? Why?

Found across gender, cultural, linguistic and disability groups. About 3-5% of the population

What are some different types of assessment tools for gifted and talented identification?

Frasier method renzulli revolving door method quota method case study method portfolios performance assessments

FAPE

Free Appropriate Public Education - one of the major principles of IDEA - states all children with disabilities, regardless of the type or severity of their disability, shall receive a free appropriate public education provided at public's expense - IEP must be developed to meet each child's unique needs

FAPE

Free appropriate public education

FBA

Functional Behavioral Assessment

The curriculum for severe disabilities

Functional skills (adaptive, motor, social, etc)

Educational Approaches for severe disabilities

Functioning skills age-appropriate skills communication skills literacy recreation and leisure skills making choices** general education

Educational placement options

Gen ed class Consultant teacher Resource Room Separate Classroom

Educational placement alternatives

Gen ed room (about 65% of those with LD) Consultant teacher

Half of deaf children are in (what learning environment)

General education room

40% of students with EBD received their education in..

General education rooms

Visual impaired students are the first ones with disabilities to be placed in ______

General education rooms

Educational placements (most common)

General education rooms or separate classrooms

GEPA

General educational provisional Act

Selecting performance-assessment tasks

Generally speaking, classroom teachers will either have to (1) generate their own performance test tasks or (2) select performance test tasks from the increasing number of tasks available from educators elsewhere.

The look

Giving a student a look to let them know to stop.

Created a plan that teaches the importance of I-messages in conflict resolution.

Gordon

Transfer of stimulus control

Gradually withdrawing response prompts

People with intellectual disabilities are often housed in these establishments

Group homes

What is the most common living arrangement for adults with intellectual disabilities?

Group homes

Response Groups

Groups that are opportunities for small number of students to discuss books or events in depth with one another. Often these groups are organized and run by the students themselves because they have all read the same book or experienced the same event and want to discuss it.

To pass the audiogram test, they must detect sound ______ the time

Half

Believes a well-managed classrooms are task-oriented and predictable.

Harry & Rosemary Wong

Technology to aid people with hearing losses

Hearing Aids Cochlear Implants

P- (Item difficulty):

Higher means more difficult

The most restrictive LRE?

Homebound/Hospital

__________ are a common place to administer services for children with significant disabilities

Hospitals

13

How many categories of disability are covered under the Individuals with Disabilities Education ACT (IDEA)

3 venues, 3 people, 3 activities

How should behavior transfers be taught?

Mixed

How should teachers light their classrooms?

Causes of language disorder

ID ASD Hearing loss Genetics

What is Public Law 105-17

IDEA

Evaluation and Reviews step (IEP Process)

IDEA '04 requires accountability for each IEP developed. In most states, students' IEPs are reviewed annually. Under an IDEA '04 pilot program, which is attempting to reduce paperwork and administrative burdens on educators, 15 states conduct these reviews every three years

What is the difference between IEP and IFSP goals?

IFSP looks at the whole household while IEP looks at the child's performance

Changes in assessments

IOT - informative(to track and categorize), ongoing( not just summative), Triangulation ( using more than one type of assessment)

Method for Identifying intellectual disability

IQ tests

Quantitive assessments include

IQ tests (numbers)

Assessments

IQ tets portfolios teacher/parent nomination extracurricular activities state tests

FBA

Identifies specific interventions to eliminate behavior

10 days

If a disciplinary action results in an exclusion that is classified as a change of placement, how many days does the IEP team have to meet for a manifestation determination meeting?

Give an example of an inappropriate behavior and its "related consequences"

If a student isn't listening after the first two warnings, the student must write a cause reflection to have them think of what they did wrong and what to do next time.

What clause appears in both the IDEA definition of orthopedic impairments and other health impairments?

If it affects educational performance

Referral Step (IEP Process)

If pre-referral interventions are unsuccessful, an individual is referred for special education services

Disability

Impairment limits the ability to perform tasks

DSM definition

Impairments in social interaction and communication

Environmental causes

Impoverished living conditions Early development problems Remediated by direct/intensive instruction

1986

In what year was the EHA amended to include services to infants and toddlers?

Strabismus

Inability to focus on an object with both eyes

Station teaching

Incorporated stations or centers in learning, Advantage: individual instruction Don't always split by ability level Vary the groups Split class up: half with special education teacher and half with general education teacher Switch groups-both work with all students-don't always stay with group Don't let them know high vs. low group

Embedded learning opportunities

Incorporating intentional instruction into typical preschool activities

Functional curriculum

Independence, enjoyment in school/home

IEE

Individual Educational Evaluation

IFSP

Individual Family Service Plan Addresses the needs of the child AND family by multidisciplinary teams

IFSP stands for

Individual Family Services Plan They are agencies within a state that work together to provide medical and educational assessment

IEP

Individualized Education Program

ITP

Individualized Transition Plan

IFSP

Individualized family service plan

Causes of ADHD

Individuals with ADHD have structural or biochemical differences in their brains

IDEA stands for

Individuals with Disabilities improvements of Education Act (IDEA)

Observational Records:

Information about a child's academic performance provided by anyone who works with a child. Observational records are a common element of an assessment plan.

Systematic Feedback

Information provided to students about their performance

One-on-one

Instructional strategy for the students with cognitive disabilities

AAIDD definition (Takes into consideration...)

Intellectual abilities Adaptive Behavior Participation Health Content

*Start of Chapter 4*

Intellectual disabilities

Individual Intelligence Tests

Intelligence tests that are administered to a student one on one. These tests are often part of the assessment process. Two common individual intelligence tests are the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale.

Educational approaches for kids with ADHD

Intensive instruction in a "parallel curriculum" -adaptive methods -assistive technology -Independence in special health care routines -Environmental modifications

inter-rater reliability

Inter more than one scorer then correlated to establish the coefficient of agreement between scorers.

How has self-advocacy in adults with ID been enhanced in the past 30 years?

Internet

Curriculum differentiation outside the classroom

Internships and mentor programs special courses junior great books summer programs

Services for Culturally Diverse Families

Interpreters Transportation Meetings in family-friendly environments

Replacements of sound

Interpreting Speech-Text translation Closed Captions TTY/Text Phones

Qualitative assessments include

Interview, portfolios, interviews (more personal)

Which assessment is considered quantitative?

Interviews, portfolios, performance methods (NOT IQ TESTS)

Enrichment

Investigating a topic of interest in detail

Learning Logs

Is a kind of journal that enables the student to write across the curriculum . The major reason to use them is to encourage students to be in control of their own learning and to promote thinking through writing

KWLs

Is a technique used by teachers to assess what students know, wish to know, and have learned about a particular topic, using a sheet divided into 3 columns labeled KWL. At the beginning of a lesson, the KWL serves as a written record of the students prior knowledge.

Scientifically based research

Is defined as research that draws on observation or experiment, test the stated hypothesis and justifies the general conclusion

What is the purpose of a classroom meeting?

It encourages reflection and sharing about their experiences, needs, concerns, problems and triumphs. It gives the opportunity to build trust and respect, self-esteem, and self-empowerment. It increases language skills, merges social, emotional, and intellectual learning, and builds a closer relationship.

What is the purpose of IDEA?

It ensures that all children have available, free appropriate public education Ensures rights are protected To assist state/local agencies in providing education

Why is immediate feedback important to students with severe disabilities?

It gives the student positive reinforcement and corrective feedback for errors

Why are leisure activities considered an extremely important part of their curriculum?

It helps them participate with their peers and to enjoy themselves

Why is it important to provide choice to students with severe disabilities?

It indicates to the instructor is the child wants to participate in the activity and helps reduce disagreements

Dismissal procedure

It is important to have this procedure because it gets a little crazy at the end of the day. If students have a procedure they would know to: 1. Gather their belongings. 2. Stand in the correct line of car pool, bus, or after care. 3. Walk quietly down the hall.

Why is it that you should never rely on written messages as the sole method of communicating with parents?

It is not always clear Only 4%-8% is written at the parent's understanding level

Know what the apgar scale is

It is the scale 0-10 of the color and breathing rate for babies who were just born

Morning procedure

It will help the teacher get ready for the day. The teacher can set up for her lessons while students come in and work.

Why don't researchers support full inclusion?

It would eliminate special ed services

Interpretation of item difficulty and item discrimination values

Item difficulty-.9+=very easy .2-=very difficult. Item disc. - .4+very good items .3-.2 good items, below .19=poor items

item difficulty vs item discriminaton item

Item disc. Is more important no real connection between the two, except when the item is very easy or very difficult

What is assistive technology

Items of technology that expand the performance levels of a children with disabilities EX: using an iPad to communicate

List some common feelings of siblings of children with disabilities

Jealousy, low self-esteem (from RAT: they do not feel abandonment from the sibling)

Identification for hearing losses

Join committee screens infants at 1 month (auditory brainstem response and otoacoustic) Pure-tone audiometry Speech reception test

Wrote a management theory that focuses on structures that are taught to students to assist in learned responsibility. The emphasis is on cooperative learning within the classroom

Kagan

Internal behavior problems

Keeps to themselves are in danger of not being identified Can learn to self harm/injury more girls affected

Teachers most often ask questions at which level of Blooms' Taxonomy?

Knowledge and comprehension questions

What are functional academic skills?

Knowledge skills that improve independence, skills, health and enjoyment

Functionally Blind

Learn primarily through auditory learning methods but can see a little

Expecting Failure from past experiences

Learned Helplessness

*Chapter 5*

Learning Disabilities

Whats the largest disability category?

Learning Disabilities

What is the LRE?

Least Restrictive Environment

Sheltered employment

Least desirable Pays below minimum wage

Created "Assertive Discipline" which focuses on teaching students how to behave responsibly, using rules and rights of students and teachers.

Lee & Marlene Canter

Empathic Responding

Listen to the student's perspective and react in ways that maintain a positive relationship and encourage further discussion - DON'T EVER SAY "I DON'T CARE."

May manifest itself in an imperfect ability to

Listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, calculate

Hearing Loss

Loss in hearing that affects performance but is not included in the definition of deafness

What gender is more likely to receive special ed?

Males

IDEA definition for early childhood special education

Mandates early intervention services for any child under 3 who developmental delays

Public Law

Mandates preschool services for children with disabilities ages 3-5 and provided a voluntary incentive grand program for early intervention services

achievement vs aptitude tests

Meant to test on specific testing material to measure students' knowledge on said subjects, apt. is more general in knowing where students lack and predict success or failure in leering a second language.

Duration

Measures the total length of time which a targeted behavior occurs

Cognitive Function

Memory: bad short, good long term Learning Rate Attention Motivation (learned helplessness)

Holistic Scoring

Method of scoring a student's constructed responses that calls for the synthesized application of multiple evaluative criteria- that is , Simultaneously using several distinguishable factors to arrive at an overall judgement about the quality of a student's response.

Spina Bifida characterized by a sac that protrudes through a hole in the vertabrae

Miningocele

MSIP

Missouri school improvement program

What kind of recreation and leisure activities should you encourage in a student with severe disabilities?

Modified game materials and picture prompts

Acceleration

Modifying the pace at which the student moves through the curriculum

Competitive Employment

Most desirable for people with disabilities Minimum wage +

The normal curve

Most of the populations falls less than or equal to 2 AAIDD calls "significantly subaverage" (2.3%)

5 developmental domains

Motor (fine and gross) Cognitive Communicative Social & Emotional Adaptive

Other deficits

Motor development, mobility and social interaction

3 Models for Teaming

Multi-, Inter- and trans- disciplinary

Assessments for gifted children

Multi-dimensional assessments

MFE

Multi-factored evaluation is a test given if a child is suspected to have a disability and provides information to meet their needs

What are the requirements of a nondiscriminatory evaluation?

Must be a non biased and have multi factored methods of evaluation

NJCLD

National Join Committee on Learning Disabilities

First parent group to advocate for children with disabilities

National Society for crippled children

Gardner Intelligences

Naturalistic,linguistic,logical,visual,musical,kinesthetic,inter-personal,intra-personal

Proximity

Nearness to the students.

Rett syndrome

Neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood characterized by normal early development followed by loss of purposeful use of the hands, distinctive hand movements, slowed brain and head growth, gait abnormalities, seizures, and mental retardation; affects females almost exclusively; included in autism spectrum disorders.

NCLB of 2002

No Child Left Behind ( obsolete since 2016) put in place measures that exposed achievement gaps among students and peers, accountability ,

Direct and frequent measurement

Objective and frequent recording the performance behavior

What are some obstacles to successful transition to adulthood for students with disabilities?

Obtaining and holding a job Having independence Social skills

Ripple effect

Occurs when the teacher corrects a misbehavior in one student, and this positivity influences the behavior of others nearby students.

Discrepancy Model

Old way of identifying students for services (The gap between intelligence and performance) -"the performance gap isn't that wide now so we won't provide services" but the gap gets bigger over time (the wait-to-fail approach)

How often are IFSP plans reviewed?

Once a year and reviewed at 6 months intervals

Implementation of the IEP step (IEP Process)

Once the IEP is developed, the student's services and individualized program begin

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

One of the measures used to determine eligibility for special education services

Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC)

One of the two state assessment consortia established with the substantial federal funding to create "next generation" tests to assess students' mastery of the Common Core Standards.

Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (SBAC)

One of the two state assessment consortia formed to generate assessments suitable for measuring students' mastery of the Common Core State Standards.

Alternative teaching

One teacher works with majority of class Other teacher pulls out individual or small group of students

What is the most common form of co-teaching?

One teaching/One helping

Co-teaching (5 types)

One teaching/One helping Parallel Station Alternative Team

Autosomal dominant hearing loss

One/both parent has a dominant deaf gene

Working Portfolios

Ongoing collections of a student's work samples focused chiefly on the improvement, over time, and in student's self-evaluated skills. Providing the student, the teacher, and the student's parents with evidence about the student's growth—or lack of it.

A ___________ head injury penetrates the skull

Open

O.D.D.

Opposition Defiance Disorder - behavior must be exhibited for 6+ months

Educational approaches (3)

Oral approach Total communication American Sign Language

Two types of physical disabilities

Orthopedic Impairment Other Health Impairments

present level of performance

PLOP

pre school programs for child with disabilities

PPCD

Split the class evenly, one teacher may take students with IEPS and the other teacher takes other students what type of teaching method is this?

Parallel teaching

Home-school communication method

Parent-Teacher Conferences

Of all the people needed to make early intervention work, who is the most important?

Parents and families

A closed head injury does NOT __________ the skull

Penetrates

Review: an exceptionality

People who differ above/below the norm In this case, these gifted students are above the norm

They often struggle with

Perfectionism

Authentic Assessment

Performance assessment in which the student's tasks resemble real-life tasks.

PII

Personal Identifying Information - only available to those who have VALID EDUCATIONAL INTEREST

childhood disintegrative disorder

Pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a 2- to 4-year period of normal development.

Voice Disorders

Phonation (not enough air) Resonance (too much air)

Telephone communication

Phone calls Emails

3 Forms of Bullying

Physical Aggression (common with males) Verbal Aggression Relational Aggression (common with females)

What are some common leisure activities for adults with disabilities?

Physical activities such as sports/dance (if permits), golf, playing games, etc

*Start Of chapter 2*

Planning and Providing Special Ed Services

Major Consideration of Portfolio Assessment

Portfolio assessment as an integral aspect of the instructional process. Because portfolios can be tailored to a specific student's evolving growth, the ongoing diagnostic value of portfolios for teachers is immense.

Criterion validity

Predicts performance - ACT, SAT, placement test

PLOP (IEP)

Present Level of Performance : statement of current levels of academic and functional performance and goals based on data (tests) and observations

PLEP

Present Levels of Educational Performance. You can't know how far you have come if you don't know where you started Describes in language that the parent and all professionals can understand, where the student is functioning so that a year from now the parent and educators can determine if progress has been made.

Characteristics of LD

Problems in listening, reasoning, memory, attention, focusing

a deficiency in a person's ability to effectively use the information gathered by the senses

Processing disorders, like auditory processing disorder, visual processing disorder, and sensory processing disorder are caused by________

Physical Therapist (PT

Professionals who help people who have injuries or illnesses improve their movement and manage their pain. They are often an important part of rehabilitation and treatment of patients with chronic conditions or injuries.

What do Procedural Safeguards do?

Protect Rights *Think*: PRocedural safeguards Protect Rights

What is the least restrictive LRE?

Public General Ed

Regardless of where spec ed services are delivered, the most crucial variable is the ___________ of instruction

Quality

Which Method is more effective: Choral Responding or Responding Cards?

RC's These result in better test scores/promotes better behavior and increases student response

response to intervention model

RTI

What tier of the RTI model is considered the final tier before a student should be referred to special education

RTI - Tier III

Nystagmus

Rapid-eye movements that prevent focusing

5 Dimensions of behavior

Rate Duration Latency Topography Magnitude

Screening

Rating scales and checklists

What academic area is the most problematic for students with LD?

Reading

Characteristics

Reading Problems (80% of children with LD) Writing deficits Math problems Poor social skills Attention deficits Behavior Low self-esteem

JAWS

Reading Software Program for vision disabilities

The most common learning disability

Reading problems (Dyslexia)

Academic Curriculum

Reading, writing and math

Conferences

Reading, writing, goal-setting, evaluation, and coaching are several different types of conferences. The major purposes are to collaborate , asses, and guide.

Totally Blind

Receive no visual information (auditory methods only)

If you are color-blind, what colors are the most difficult to distinguish?

Red-Green

Benefits of social stories

Reduces anxiety and behavioral problems its also held at the student's understanding

Benefits of RTI

Reduction in the number of students referred Reduction in the over-identification of minorities Kids are exposed to higher-quality instructions

Satiation

Refers to overexposure to materials which leads to boredom.

Momentum

Refers to teachers' starting lessons with dispatch, keeping lessons moving ahead, making transitions among activities efficiently, and bringing lessons to a satisfactory close.

Supportive discipline

Refers to techniques used to help students maintain self-control and warn them when they're starting to misbehave

Causes (3) of visual impairments

Refractive -The size and shape of eye Structural -Malfunction in eyes or muscular systems Cortical -Injury in the brain that can affect vision

Examples of APO

Regular Ed- modified (use of para or modification of assignments or parallel curriculum to include same subject but at a different level 2. Resource- removed from regular Ed 21-59% of the day. 3. Self contained - more than 60% of the day not in regular ed 4. Separate school 5. Home/hospital instruction 6. Institution/ residential where SE services are provided.

Continuum of services

Regular classroom (full day) Regular classroom with consultation, Regular classroom with supplementary instruction and services, Resource room, Separate classroom, Separate school, Residential school, Homebound or hospital

School-wide behavior supports

Reinforcing positive behavior through RESEARCH-BASED INTERVENTION

Emotional Objectivity

Remaining objective and level headed

Children who "differ from the norm"

Require special ed programs

Hard of hearing

Requires the use of a hearing aid

Principles of effective communication

Respect Parent's POV Listen Ask questions Show the positives Stay focused

Behavior Management

Responding to, preventing and de-escalating disruptive behavior.

RTI

Response to Intervention -Pre-referral intervention that measures student response and looking for progress

Socially Desirable Responses

Responses of a student that do not represent the student's actual sentiments but, instead, reflect how the student believes he or she should respond.

Disadvantages of home-based programs

Responsibility on parents Hard on single parents Not getting fullest potential Lack of social interaction

benefits of RTI

Results in early identification and prevention

An inherited disorder that is a progressive loss of vision With this disorder, individuals lose their light receptors. It begins with night blindness, which leads to light sensitivity

Retinitis pigmentosa

How must rules be stated?

Rules must always be stated positively

Cut Point, Cut Scores

Scores on screening tools, usually selected by a school district, that are used to determine whether or not a student needs additional testing or intervention.

Skill-Focused Rubrics

Scoring guides whose evaluative criteria are applicable for judging a student's responses to any suitable skill-measuring task.

Hypergeneral Rubrics

Scoring guides whose evaluative criteria are described in excessively general- hence dysfunctional- terms.

Task-Specific Rubrics

Scoring guides whose evaluative criteria deal only with scoring a student's responses to a particular task, not the full range of tasks that might represent the skill being measured.

Identification for EBD

Screening tests Direct observation and measurement Functional and behavioral assessment

This is the ______ largest disability under IDEA

Second

Related Legislation

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Extends civil rights to people with disabilities

Examples of Other Health Impairments

Seizure disorder Asthma Cystic Fibrosis HIV/AIDS

is about enabling and empowering students to direct their own lives

Self-advocacy

Adaptive Behavior

Self-care Social Development Behaviors

What is adaptive development?

Self-care, dressing self and overall functioning in the environment

Educational approaches

Self-wroth, self-sufficiency

Aura

Sensations before a seizure

What service option provides the most support but is generally the most restrictive for students with LD?

Separate Classroom

brown vs. board (1954)

Separate is inherently unequal. Leads to inclusion of special education in the classroom

Early Intervention (EI)

Services for at-risk children from birth to their third birthdays, as mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

Interventions

Sets of teaching procedures used by educators to help students who are struggling with a skill or lesson succeed in the classroom

Goal Setting

Setting goals with children provides the basis for monitoring student performance through collaboration and self reflection

Initial reactions of family when they find out their child has a disability

Shock, disbelief, denial

What are the initial reactions of parents who learn that their child has a disability?

Shock/Disbelief/Denial

Outcomes

Short-term goals that are a critical component of an individualized family service plan (IFSP). They must be relevant, specific and measurable

Intellectual Disability (ID)

Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing simultaneously with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.

Appraising Portfolios

Simply ask yourself whether your students' portfolios have substantially increased the accuracy of the inferences you make regarding your student's' skills and knowledge.

Deaf-Blindness (DB)

Simultaneous hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness.

Multiple Disabilities

Simultaneous impairments (such as intellectual disability-blindness, intellectual disability-orthopedic impairment, etc.), the combination of which causes such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in a special education program solely for one of the impairments

Created "Behavior Modification" where students behavior is changed by rewards and punishment.

Skinner

Classification

Slight, mild, moderate, severe, profound

Whats their IQ?

Slightly below average

Curriculum-Based Measurements (CBM)

Small, regular evaluations used to determine how well a student is learning in various subject areas

Pragmatics

Social conversation

What are some ways to teach children with autism?

Social stories Picture activities Provide early services

Other provisions of IDEA

Special Ed for preschoolers Early Intervention for toddlers Assistive technology Scientifically based instruction Universal Design for learning

Center-based programs

Special daycare centers or preschool (not in hospital or home)

Individual with Disabilities Education Law Report

Special education law, case of studies,

Vygotsky Theory

Special education should have same social and cultural goals. The way these are achieved may contrast in procedure, but they are needed for both types of learners to succeed as adults.

Most Important Dividend from Portfolio Assessment

Specialists consider portfolio assessment's best benefit is the increased abilities of students to evaluate their own work.

SD

Standard Deviation-- the square root of the resulting score is calculated to remove inflation, higher SD= good test -1 to 1= average

Identification test

Standardized intelligence and achievement test Curriculum-Based measurement Direct daily measurement Criterion-references test RTI

SP

State plan for part b of IDEA

Who decides the assessment timelines

States

Pre-referral,Referral,Identification,Eligibility,Development of the IEP, Implementation of the IEP,Evaluation and reviews

Steps in the IEP Process:

What type of medication is prescribed in an attempt to control hyperactivity and attention deficits in children with attention-defict hyperactivity disorder

Stimulants

Employment after schooling

Stress functional skills Social Skills Community-work as early as ages 10-13

Environment

Student work is displayed, classroom is decorated, desks are arranged in appropriate manner, students are sitting near others who allow them to work to their best ability.

Constructivism

Students and teachers work together to construct meaning

Banking Education

Students are treated as passive recepticals

Posting classroom rules

Students know what is expected of them when clear rules are posted and reviewed.

Problem Solving Activities

Students must search for a means to find a solution, as well as for a solution to the problem.

Peer aides

Students who help other students in the class due to a wide range of reasons.

Problem-Based Learning

Students with cooperatively in groups to seek solutions to real-world problems

Payoff of Portfolio Assessment

Students' self-evaluation capabilities are enhanced. Teachers encourage students toward personal appraisals of their work progress by comparative assessments of their own work over time.

Developmental disability

Substantial handicap of indefinite duration with onset before the age of 18 years; attributable to mental retardation, autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, or other incurable neuropathy

What does assistive technology not include?

Surgical implants

What types of learning strategies are taught?

Systematic learning strategies

tramatic brain injury

TBI

Texas State Curriculum Standards

TEKS

TRUE/FALSE: There is no universally agreed-on definition of learning disabilities

TRUE

3rd Tenet of Brain-Based Learning

Teachers should create a high challenge/low threat environment

4th Tenet of Brain-Based Learning

Teachers should focus on higher-order thinking when teaching students

Disadvantages of full inclusion

Teachers tend to give up on deaf student Deaf student often feels isolated from other hearing students

The wait to fail approach

Teachers would think the gap of IQ and performance is not that far off and not apply services. However, over time the gap becomes more significantly larger and failure is more inevitable. (This method is replaced by RTI)

Whats the most recommended?

Team Teaching

Respite Care

Temporary aid to a child with disabilities who is a non family member

Special Education (SPED):

Term used in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) that is defined as specially designed instruction to increase the student's chances for success.

Summative Assessment

Tests used to make final judgments about students or the quality of a teacher's instruction.

Group Intelligence Tests:

Tests, often administered in the general education classroom, that measure academic ability as well as a child's cognitive level. It is through these types of tests that a teacher might first suspect that a student has a learning disability.

What does TEKS stand for

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Assistive technology

Text Magnifier is an example of

Primary Premise of Portfolio Assessment

That a particularized collection of a student's evolving work will allow both the student and teacher to determine the student's progress.

What must teachers be aware of when having students with hydrocephalus in their classroom?

That any blockage of the shunt can be life threatening from pressure being caused

What is the most effective way to teach a child with EBD?

The 4 strategy approach: -teacher praise -active response -clear instruction -positive behavior

The history of special education is closely related with what movement?

The Civil rights movement (14th amendement)

Pre-referral Step (IEP Process)

The IEP process is initiated through a series of pre-referral interventions. The interventions implemented vary depending on the kind of problem the student is exhibiting

Withitness

The ability of a teacher to be aware of activities taking place in the classroom.

Overlapping

The ability of the teacher to do more than one thing at a time.

Visual acuity

The ability to distinguish details/forms

Instruction

The activities carried out by teachers with their students intended to help students achieve teacher's curricular aims.

What is the blame to under identification in gifted children of multiple races?

The biased testing

Ist Tenet of Brain-Based Learning

The brain learns best through repetition

Grain Size

The breadth of a curricular aim,(Small or Large). Typically, the breadth of a curricular aim- its grain size- is directly linked to the amount of instructional time it is thought will be required for students to master the curricular aim.

Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE):

The education to which every student is entitled under IDEA. Every student is entitled to an education that is appropriate for his or her unique needs and that is provided free of charge.

2nd Tenet of Brain-Based Learning

The emotionality of an experience affects retention

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

The environment in which students with disabilities must be educated, as mandated by The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). Students with disabilities must be educated in a classroom setting that is as close to the general education setting as possible.

Evaluative Criteria

The factors to be used in determining the quality of a particular student's portfolio.

Language Impairments

The form The content The function of the language (difficult to identify)

Language Impairments (3)

The form of language Ex: pear vs. bear The content Ex: cool person vs. cool weather The function of language Ex: the social use of language

Widening Gap:

The gap between what a child with a disability knows and what his or her peers know, which widens as he or she advances to higher grades.

Norm Samples

The grade norms of selected students is used to create:

Eligibility Step (IEP Process)

The information from the assessment step is used to identify students who actually have a disability and qualify for special education services

Self-Advocacy has improved the past 30 years due to

The internet/ today's technology

5

The mean of a stanine

Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)

The measure by which schools, districts and states are held accountable for student performance under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

Apgar scale

The measure of oxygen deprivation of a baby during birth

Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team (MET or MDT)

The name used for the group of trained professionals that conduct eligibility and review assessments. These members are often the same as the IEP Team, but the law does not define a MET or MDT, simply calls them a group of qualified professionals

Who has the most powerful influence on the life of a child?

The parents

Assessment Task

The part of an essay item or performance test that describes what it is the student should do to complete the assignment.

Inference-Illuminating Works

The portfolio works that allow teachers to derive valid inferences about the skills and/or knowledge you're trying to have your students master.

What is emphasized in the IDEA definition of visual impairment?

The relationship between vision and learning

Audition

The sense of hearing

Curriculum

The set of educational aims- for instance, goals or objectives- teachers wish their students to achieve

Informed Consent:

The signed consent of a parent that describes what the parent is consenting to; informed consent must be obtained before a district assesses, makes a major revision to a child's program, continues, or stops service for a child's disability.

Anonymity-Enhanced Procedures

The steps a teacher takes so that a student accurately perceives his or her responses to self-report affective assessment inventories are truly untraceable.

Problems for Portfolio Assessment

The teacher must determine if portfolio assessment is developmentally appropriate for their students. Some students may not be ready for the task such as early primary grade levels.

IEP Team

The team of qualified professionals made up of the parent, special education teacher, interpreter of test data, district representative, and general education teacher at a minimum

Inclusion, Inclusive Classroom:

The term inclusion communicates an all-embracing societal ideology. Regarding individuals with disabilities and special education, inclusion secures opportunities for students with disabilities to learn inside mainstream classrooms. Mainstream classrooms in which students with disabilities learn are known as inclusive classrooms.

Explicit instruction

The use of content enhancements and teaches students to be strategic learners -clear and direct feedback

Generalization and maintenance

The use of what is learned across setting and over time

Classroom Management:

The way in which a class is arranged. This involves planning every aspect of a lesson, routines, procedures, interactions and the discipline in the classroom

Why does the prevalence of intellectual disabilities vary greatly from state to state?

The wide range of criteria taught in schools differs from each state

How do the IEPs of students with traumatic brain injury differ from other student's IEPs?

Their IEPs are revised/modified more frequently As often as 30 days

IDEA definition of gifted and talented

There is none. This category is not labeled as a disability, but an exceptionality

Characteristics of EBD (IDEA DEF)

These characteristics displayed over a long period of time that affects educational performance (long-term) -inability to learn not related to other factors -inability to maintain peer relationships -sad/depressed -develops fears associated with personal/school problems -does not apply to children who are "socially maladjusted"

What is an IEP?

They are special services to those who qualify EX: More test taking time, read aloud, tests in a different room

Why do children who are blind often have difficulty than sighted children on cognitive tasks?

They do not have the visual connections/experiences like people with normal sight do

"I learned" Statements

They may be either oral or in writing form. They give students a chance to self-select one or more things they learned during a class session.

How can tiered lessons be used to modify instructional activities for gifted/talented students?

They provide different extensions of the same basic knowledge

What is a resource teacher? What is their role?

They work closely with the general education teacher but in a different classroom setting than the gen ed room. Their role is to teach social skills, academic and learning strategies.

Conflict Resolution

Think RERUN Reflect Explain Reason Understand Negotiate

Partial participation

This does not force participation on the student (hence the word "partial"

Bathroom procedure

This is important and useful when a student needs to go, you can give him a sign without interrupting your lesson.

Using classroom supplies procedure

This is important for safety reasons. There needs to be a procedure so that students don't accidently leave out scissors for someone to sit on or spill glue on important papers. This procedure is useful for organizational reasons as well. When students are finish with supplies, they will know where to put it back properly.

Constructivist Theory

This perspective says learning is active and takes place when students develop their own knowledge rather than having it developed for them.

The Callier Asuza Test

This test is designed specifically for the deaf-blind child and what skills he or she should be able to master at different levels of education. This scale is based on the ongoing observation. It should be conducted by someone who is very familiar with the child

How can an education maximize the effectiveness of on-the-job training for a high school student with disabilities while in the school setting?

To help learn academic work, problem-solving and social skills

What does the National Lekotek Center recommend?

To keep these things in mind: -multisensory appeal -activation -adjustability -safety -where the toy is used -interaction use -self expression

Ultimate goal

To provide a better quality of life A lot of people with disabilities want to be teachers Continue to face a lack of acceptance in society

What is the goal of No Child Left Behind?

To provide scientifically based instruction, assessments and implicants for students with disabilities (*highly controversial* and not used today)

is an inherited disorder characterized by involuntary motor and vocal tics which are present for at least one year and begin before the age of 21 years. Individuals with Tourette syndrome may be able to control their impulses for a short period of time, but this is generally followed by an uncontrollable outburst of tics.

Tourette syndrome

_______ is a process involving the coordination, deliver and transfer of services from school to adulthood

Transition

Transition/Transition Plan:

Transition is a general term used to describe a change in a student's school or program. A transition plan is specific to an IEP: a student who will turn 16 within the life of his or her individualized education program must have a transition goal and plan that outlines how he or she will transition to life beyond high school.

What is the leading cause of death in children?

Traumatic brain injury

Written communication

Two-way home school reporting forms

The increase in the number of obese children has cause an increase in what disorder among children?

Type 2 diabetes

IDEA

Under what act is the period of intervention required?

*Start of Chapter 3*

Understanding Families with Disabilities

What are the elements of positive behavioral support?

Understanding the meaning of the behavior teach the students a positive alternate behavior providing a comfortable environment teaching socially acceptable behaviors

Components of RTI(Response to Intervention)

Universal screening Progress monitoring Data based decision making

Sane messages

Use verbal responses that address the behavior, not the student 's character.

Stanine (standard nine 1-9)

Used to indicate a performance level on a psychological or educational test

Hot Questions

Using select questions (easy, medium, hard) to streamline grading

What is there no link to when looking at causes of autism?

Vaccines with autism

Stimulus Variation

Varying instruction to better engage students on different levels

Differential reinforcement

Verbal praise of appropriate students and behaviors.

Hearing

Vibrotactile systems assit students with which disability

How children with physical disabilities think about themselves and the dress to which others accept them are affected by what variable? (there are 2 variables)

Visibility (The other is of age)

Section 504

Vocational Rehab (1973) Fed funds insure opportunity. Precedes PL 94-142 ; part of 1973. Dealt with people with disabilities.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (16 years and older)

WAIS

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence 3 - 7 1/4 years

WPPSI

Muscular Dystrophy

Weakends muscles Most importantly: The heart

Math, verbal language, written language and reasoning

What are the four major categories by which learning disabilities are classified

Document class modification

What is the first step that teachers must take in the pre-referal stage?

problem-based learning

What learning theory promotes the collaboration of students of solve problems and reflect upon experience

It must be need - specific.

What must a special education lesson plan be in order to work in the classroom?

Build on strengths

What should teachers focus on when working with at-risk students?

muscular dystrophy

What term is used to describe a group of inherited disabilities marked by a progressive atrophy of the body's muscles?

Accommodation

What term refers to using something such an electronic reader to help a student?

Conflict resolution

When a neutral third party actively intervenes in a conflict between parents and faculty, what is being practiced?

What is self-monitoring?

When a person observes a child with ADHD and systematically records the occurrence/nonoccurence of a specific behavior

When are short-term objectives required on an IEP?

When children with disabilities participate in functional skills programs

Consequence

When evaluating behavior, what does the "C" in the "ABC" approach stand for?

Lidcombe Program

When parents ignore the child's stutter and replaces with praise

What is a closed head injury and what are some possible causes

When the head hits/is hit by an object with such force that the brain slams against the inside of the cranium. Any impact to the head causes them like a car crash

OCR - The Office of Civil Rights

Which agency responds to complaints from parents and students?

Closed-captioned television

Which assistive technology is useful for both deaf and autistic student.

Kinesthetic

Which intelligence do teachers need to include in their lesson plans to keep the attention of ADD students?

memory impairment

Which of the following characteristics or symptoms is a concern for students with epilepsy?

Formative Evaluation

Which type of evaluation is used to guide a student to improve?

School board

Who pay a student with learning disability to attend a private school?

Hearing loss vs. Deaf

With a hearing loss, you can hear some sounds but for deafness, you can hear little to none

Supported employment

With life-coach

How is hydrocephalus treated?

With surgical insertion of a shunt that is inserted in the stomach A tube from the brain leads down to the stomach so fluid can be released once the child goes to the bathroom

Perspicacity

Withitness - being actively aware and engaged with the environment to know what is happening in the classroom at all times

How does the federal law define competitive employment?

Work in a competitive labor market on a full/part time basis

If you don't stop acting up, you're going to suffer the consequence.

You have a choice of getting a consequence or paying attention.

Why should you never ask rhetorical questions?

You never know what the response will be and you will have to deal with the outcome.

According to the NLTS2, which adults with disabilities were least likely to participate in social activities in social activities?

Young adults

What principle of IDEA states that no child can be excluded from FAPE

Zero reject

Impairment

a LOSS

A Smart and Balanced Approach to Testing

a bill that maintains important statewide assessments to ensure that teachers and parents can mark the progress and performance of their children every year. provisions to reduce amount of classroom time spent on standardized testing

persuasive writing

a composition that attempts to influence the reader to take action or create change

narrative writing

a composition that relates a story or a personal experience

informative writing

a compostion that describes ideas, conveys messages, or provides instructions.

no probable clause

a determination by the PSC that after a preliminary investigation, either no further action need to be taken or no cause exists to recommend disciplinary action

benmark

a developmentally appropriate standard. States use benmarks to set specific standards for a particular grade

autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

frequency distribution

a display of the number of student s how attained each sore in order from highest to lowest

selected response

a form of assessment that has multiple choice, true-false, and essays

performance assessments

a form of assessment that has science experiments, music auditions, and speeches.

constructed-response

a form of assessment that has short answer and essays

Measurable goal

a goal in which we know how long and exactly when we have completed it

Comparison Charts

a graphic organizer that involves the examinations of similarities and differences among ideas, events, characteristics, etc. Can engage students individually or in a group as they see to focus on characters, events, or themes in a single story or book.

dyscalcula

a learning disability that results in difficulty in math

dysgraphia

a learning disability that results in difficulty in writing

Dyslexia

a learning disability that results in difficulty reading and writing

frequency polygon

a line graph that plots the frequencies of each score

mean

a measure of central tendencies that is the average of all scores in a distribution

median

a measure of central tendency that is the midpoint of a set of scores

skewness

a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable about its mean. positive(goes Low to high, median mode mean), negative(opposite of positive goes Low to high, mean mode median), normal (1 to -1,mean median and mode are VERY similar)

mastery monitoring

a method of monitoring progress by tracking student completion of different tasks, that when completed, indicate achievement of the learning goal

general outcome measurement

a method of monitoring progress that uses several brief yet similar tasks (ex reading aloud in grade level stories for one minute) that can indicate achievement of the learning goal

Nonverbal Cues

a physical touch can be effective at redirecting behavior but NEVER touch a student when you or the student is angry.

OCD

a preoccupation with dirt, germs, or contamination are symptoms of

content-based essay

a prompt that presents students with a question or task requiring one or more paragraphs about a subject area

analytic ruberic

a scoring guide that contains one or more performance criteria for evaluating a task with proficiency levels fore ach criterion

holistic rubric

a scoring guide that provides a single score representing overall quality across several criteria

interpretive excercise

a selected response item preceded by material the student must analyze or interpret to answer the question

desired result

a specific educational goal or achievement target

item discrimination (ID)

a statistic that shows how well an item disccriminates between high scorers on the test and low scorers on the same student.Formula- p=# of students who chose the correct answer/total # of students who took the test.

5 significant concepts

a students journey through life can be influenced by significant people whom they make connections (relationships) significant people use 5 concepts: 1. address students by name 2. use word please 3. use word thank you 4. smile 5. give out love

educator

a teacher, school or school system administrator or other education personnel who holds a certificate issued by the PSC and persons who have applied for but have not yet received a certificate. for the purposed of code of ethics for educators also refers to para, aids, and subs.

Developmental delay

a term often used to encompass a variety of disabilities of infants or young children indicating that they are significantly behind the norm for development in one or more areas such as motor, cognitive, or language

face validity

a type of consequential validity which reflects the perceptions of the test takers-it directly affects the moral of the students

norm-referenced assessment

a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured.

8 components of an IEP

a. Describes a child's current skill levels b. statement of measurable goals c. describes how child's progress will be tracked. d. describes the SPED services child should receive e. how the child should participate in mainstream classroom f. provides testing alternatives/ accommodations g. amount and duration of services required h. statement of independence

guidelines for using questioning in classroom

a. clearly phrased b. balanced higher and lower c. adapt to classroom level to be challenging d. wait time e. have all students involved

Adaptions to be used before a test to help students

a. study guide b. practice test c. tutor d. analyze common mistakes e. mnemonics: memory devices f. test-taking skills

LD: learning disabled

about 50% of SPED students (average cognitive)

public law 105-17

access for all the general education curriculum

IQ achievement dis

accesses whether there is a sig difference between students scores on a test of general intelligence

placement vs achievement tests

achiev. Used to measure students' knowledge of specifics placement is to place a student at a certain level because of their overall knowledge

transition

achievement to facilitate movement from school to past school activities

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Panic Attacks

acute, short-lived, extreme anxiety with physical symptoms such as as chest pain, cholking, dissiness, nausea a shortness of breath.

ARD

admission review dismissal

reprimand

admonishes the certificate holder for his or her conduct. it cautions that further unethical conduct will lead to a more severe action

public law 94-112

all student received free funding

Massed practice (cramming)

allows for fast initial learning of information. However, much of the information learned through massed practice will probably not be transferred into long term memory, and it will be forgotten

writing assistive tech

alt keyboards, graphic organize speech to text

Assessment Accommodations

altering the conditions for test administration for students with a disability

argumentative communication (p)

alternative form of communication that helps students convey messages (ex: thumbs up / thumb down)

ACTFL stands for?

american council of the teaching of foreign languages. proficiency exam

pkv

amino acid build up

responsiveness to intervention

an approach in general education that involves collecting data to determine the degree to which underachieving students profit from specific instruction targeting their needs

Behaviorism

an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior

Speech and Language Evaluation

an assessment of receptive language (the ability to understand spoken language), expressive language (the ability to formulate and organize oral language and written language), phonological processing (the ability to manipulate individual sounds within words), articulation, voice, auditory memory, pragmatics (the ability to use language effectively to interact with people)

scoring guide

an instrument that specifies the criteria for rating responses

Many school children with visual impairments also have

another disability

Examples of emotional disturbances

anxiety disorders; bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic-depression); conduct disorders; eating disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); and psychotic disorders.

student

any individual enrolled in the states public or private schools from preschool through grade 12 or any individual under the age of 18. for the purposes of the code of ethics and standards of professional conduct for educators, the enrollment period for a graduating student end on aug. 31 of the year of graduation

certificate

any teaching, service or leadership certificate, license or permit issued by authority go the PSC

assistive tech

any tech that assists

complaint

any written and signed statement from a local board, the state board or one or more individual residents of this state filed with the PSC alleging that an educator has breached one or more of the standards in the code of ethics for educator. it also will be deemed a request to investigate

standards

are not expectations they equal level of achievement teachers who practice positive expectations will help their students to reach high things

1/3 of students are ______ during school years

arrested

talented

artistic / athletic abilities

construct validity

assessment over math using word problems can assess and infer student's Readng capabilities

assessment vs. testing

assessment reaches a broad amount of information while testing is a specific set of knowledge

27-33 months

at what age of child when IFSP work with parents to develop plan

ADD

attention deficit disorder

What are the five Autism spectrum disorders classified under the umbrella category officially known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders, or PDD?

autism; Asperger syndrome; Rett syndrome; childhood disintegrative disorder; and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (often referred to as PDDNOS). (2)

mean

average scores

autism

avoid eye contact

which proficiency levels of CEFR can be linked to TOEFL scores?

b1, 2 c1

which proficiency levels of CEFR can be linked to IELTS scores?

b1, 2 c1, 2

Isolate or remove student

be careful with this.

the biggest secret to teaching success

beg, borrow, steal

BIP

behavior intervention plan

Emotional disturbance

behavioral or emotional responses differ from what is age appropriate and they adversely affect educational performance in such areas as self-care, relationships, adjustment, academic progress, classroom behavior

Overlappingness

being able to do two things at once - multi-tasking

_________________ causes are identified for about 2/3 of individuals

biomedical

Early intervention services age range

birth-5

Mandates preschool for children with disabilities ages...

birth-5

fluency

building sight word achievement through repetition, sight word, oral, practice, repetition

People with mild intellectual disabilities are identified

by 2nd or 3rd grade

strategic competence

can formulate, represent, and solve math

dyscalculia

can't process numbers and math facts

auditory and visual

can't process sounds and images

hearing impairments

can't use hearing as a primary source for learning

visual impairments

can't use vision as primary source for learning

dysgraphia

can't white legibly and for proper letters

use word "thank you"

cannot use "please" without using it acknowledging something someone did for you out of kindness, not because you ordered most effective use: use with the persons name

adaptive reasoning

capacity for logical thoughts, explanation, justification

procedural fluency

carries out procedures appropriately

CAP

central auditory processing

CP

cerebral palsy

IDEA 1990

changed PL 94142 replaced word handicapped for word disabled.

at-risk

characteristics making students likely to fail (parents going through a divorce)

zero reject

child find - find children that aren't being educated and accounted for.

down syndrome

chromosomal defect; cognitive problems

gifted

cognitive abilities (higher level students)

Twice exceptional

combo of having a disability and being gifted

what does CEFR or CEF stand for?

common european framework of reference for language

10 core attributes

communication skils imagination humor inquiry insight interest memory motivation problem solving reasoning

how is CEFR linked to standardized English language tests?

comparison to their levels of the scores of toefl of ielts

Memory depends on four essential models

comprehension, organization, repetition, association

negative suggestion effect

concern that appearance in print lends plausibility to erroneous information

Dysphagia

condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful

moral turpitude

conduct that is considered contrary to community standards of justice, honesty or good morals

Whole Class Discussion

consider the 'community' that you are trying to create. What are some of the considerations? What are some of the responsibilities of citizenship?

standards for creating multiple choice

consist of a stem (question or statement) stems need to be concise and clear stems should be free of grammatical, lexical, or punctuation errors stems should not tell-tale signs negatives should be avoided . dont use all of the above of the above

curriculum

content and performance standards set by the district/state

content validity

content revers to how completely an assessment tool measures a constructs.

use word please

courtesy and respect convey a message that "i am paying attention to you" neglecting to use it is giving the message that it is ok to "bark" orders thoughts about it 1. kindness begins with it 2. repetitive use of it is important if a child is to learn to use the word 3. most effective use: priced word it with the childs name

effective teachers

creative critical thinkers can think and adapt look at resources available complex problem solver analyze create materials innovative planner exceptional classroom manager

formal assessment

criterion referenced

sensor neural disorder

damaged auditory nerve. NOT surgically correctable

receptive disorder

deals with the eye. Inability to receive signals from light

diagnosis

decision on eligibility on SPED

dyslexia

decoding issue w/ reading. can only refer

Double-deficit hypothesis

deficit in phonological awareness and rapid naming speed

intentionally disinviting

deliberately mean, discourage, defeat

Constructive Assertiveness

describe your concerns, insist that misbehavior be corrected, and resist being coerced or manipulated

Definition of TEKS

describes what students should know and be able to do, in each grade or subject area. These standards are adopted by the State Board of Education

what are the ACTFL proficiency guidelines?

description of what indivi,duals can do with lanague in terms of speaking, writing,listening, reading, in real world sits in spantanious and non-rehearsed contact.

rating scale

descriptive words like (advance, intermediate, novice)

criterion referenced assessment

designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or learning standards—i.e., concise, written descriptions of what students are expected to know and be able to do at a specific stage of their education

Curriculum for kids with emotional disabilities

developing academic and social skills

Semantics

dimension of language concerned with the meaning of words cannot understand figurative language

External behavior problems

disturbs others outwardly violent

Researchers (do/do not) support full inclusion

do not (this would eliminate special education services)

genetic

down syndrome, fragile , pkv

Examples of Formative Assessment

draw a concept map , submit one or two sentences identifying the main point of a lecture, turn in a research proposal for early feedback

early childhood intervention programs

eci

public law 94-112

education for all handicap children

ARD

educators, parents, meet to review test results and determine eligibility for special ed

induction (mentor) programs

effective districts and schools have a training or comprehensive program for all new hired teachers

Offer a Choice

either behave appropriately or you will lose recess, computer time, centers, etc.

enrichment

elaboration of concepts (for gifted kids)

disabilities

eligible to receive special services

PL 99-457

established governmental intervention for birth-5 years old for special education.

summative

evaluation at the conclusion

Traumatic brain injury IEPs should be reviewed

every 30 days

No child left behind goal

everyone reaches proficiency by 2014

2/3 cannot pass ______ for grade level

exams

public law 99-457

extended free education to ages 3-5

outliers

extremely high or low scores that differ from typical scores

IFSP is more...

family centered

Process Related Feedback

feedback that is focused on the process, not the final product

unintentionally disinviting

fell as if well-meaning, but are seen by others as condescending, patronizing, and negative

Avoidance Behavior

finding other activities to do to avoid doing what is needed to be done

IQ discrepancy model

first accepted classification system

smile

for maximum effectiveness, use with please and thank you it is a behavioral trait that is learned it can: 1. create positive climate 2. disarm an angry student or parent

formative vs summative assessment

formative is hands on engaging and summative is little hands on not engaging and lacks knowledge of student's personalities.

Graffiti Walls

free form spaces for brainstorming or communicating words, phrases, or ideas on a topic.They are often used as evolving records. A teacher may use them to facilitate brainstorming at a beginning of a unit.

BIP

frequency, duration, intensity

FBA

functional behavior assessment

Collaborative teaching

general ed and special ed teachers working together to meet the needs of special needs students

IDEA does not include

gifted children

Alternate Assessments

given to students with severe impairments

The Neuropsychological Evaluation

gives you a global picture of your child's approach to doing things, based on patterns of strengths, weaknesses and integration among a range of neurological measures. A good way to diagnose ADD, autism, PDD or specific LD issues

Learned Helplessness

giving up without trying with the knowledge that someone else will complete the task

NJCLD believes that the federal definition

has a lot of weaknesses such as: -inclusion of spelling as LD -Inclusion of hard-to-understand terms -Working of the exclusion clause (doesn't mean kids have other disabilities)

tier 1

high classroom instruction, screening, group intervention

tier 3

highly intense services and if not passed evaluated for special ed

Social/moral

how is it all playing out? self-regulation

5

how many days prior do parents need to be notified of ARD meeting

once a year

how often does IEP committee meet

lesson mastery

how well a student can demonstrate that a concept has been comprehended a. know how to design lessons that will enable students to learn the concept or skill b. know how to deliver the instruction to teach the concept or skill c. know how to assess for learning (provide corrective action) so the student can master the concept or skill.

distractor efficacy (DE)

how well other answers distracts from real answer

ADHD

hyperactivity with ADD

30

if a student has an IQ of this discrepancy student is eligible

infividualized family service plan

ifsp

Characteristics of autism

impaired social relationships communication deficits unusual responsiveness varying levels of intellectual functioning

due process

impartiality right to impartiality determines placement you treat all the students the same

Choice making does what

improves the quality of life

"In loco parentis"

in place of parents - the adult responsible for students

eye muscle disorder

inability to control eye movement / difficulty with muscle

Augmentative and Alternative Communication Device (AAC)

includes all forms of communication (other than oral speech) that are used to express thoughts, needs, wants, and ideas.

distracters

incorrect options in multiple choice items

As visual acuity decreases, the bottom number...

increases (the larger the number, the worse the vision) ex: 20/20 is better than 20/200

informal assessment

information by observation

special education

instruction designed for special persons

Content Standards

instructional objects - describes the knowledge or skills educators wan their students to learn

tier 3

intensive intervention and comprehension evaluation

Set Induction

interactive 'hook' to start the lesson

IELTS purpose?

international english language testing system. international standardised test of english proficiency for non-native english language speakers

information assessment

interviews with parents

intra-rater reliability

intra is consistency, same scorer give same scores

revocation

invalidation of any certificate held by an educator

what makes a great teacher?

involve everyone vital that you share with parents: 1. classroom management style 2. rules and procedures 3. what is happening in your classroom

Cooperative Learning Activities

involves students working together in groups(often following a teacher presented lesson), with group goals and individual accountability. Critical factors: 1) how to help another student without giving the answer 2) how to work together toward a common goal

Autism (AUT)

is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life and affects a person's ability to communicate and interact with others

teaching

is a craft that CAN BE LEARNED effective techniques can work in any classroom (k through high school) with modifications

The 504 Plan

is a plan developed to ensure that a child who has a disability identified under the Rehabilitation Act and is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment

Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)

is a problem-solving process for addressing student problem behavior. It is used to identify the purposes of specific behavior and to help IEP team select interventions to directly address the problem behavior

Action Zone - T Zone

is correlated with higher achievement & increased participation

Adaptive equipment

is designed and used to help disabled students perform a particular function

Assistive Technology (AT)

is technology used by individuals with disabilities in order to perform functions that might otherwise be difficult or impossible. Assistive technology can include mobility devices such as walkers and wheelchairs, as well as hardware, software and peripherals that assist people with disabilities in accessing computers or other information technologies.

Presentation Punishment

is the addition of an undesirable task or situation as a consequence for a student's misbehavior

Semantics

is the study of the meanings of words, phrases, etc. In addition to vocabulary usage, language usage is also a common element taught under this category

content validity

is the test over the exact information taught

address students by name

is treating students with: 1. respect 2. dignity it gives the students identity always pronounce it correctly

epilepsy

issue with brain function where there are lapses in attention and unconscious motor movements

phonemic awareness

issues identifying individual sounds that make up spoken and written words

whole group instruction

it is the most EFFICIENT (not the most effective) way to introduce material.

What is the role of the corners of the eyes?

it transmits the image to the visual cortex at the base of the brain

true-false items

items that provides a statement that the student must determine to be correct or incorrect

short-answer items

items that require students to supply short responses such as a single word, a phrase, or a few sentences

mild cognitive disability

just below average (55 to 70)

Females accounted for 30% of all...

juvenile arrests

checklist

key elements of a task organized in a logical sequence allowing confirmation of each element

Phonological awareness

knowing that language is made up of sounds

Phonemic awareness

knowing that words are make of separate sounds

conceptual understanding

knows math concepts, relations, operations

Obstacle in transitioning to adulthood

lack of support system

heterogenous

larger SD

public law 108-446

law created legal frameworks for student discipline

public law 105-17

law extended LRE requirement to assure

public law 101-476

law extended eligibility for autism and tbi

public law 101-476

law that emphasized family right rights

public law 108-446

law that has language and terminology around paras

public law 105-17

law that says mobility and orientation services for blind or deaf

LRE

least restrictive environment ( idea of mainstreaming versus inclusion)

LRE

least restrictive environment-assure access

An example of something that is NOT a life activity

leisure time

refractive disorder

light focusing ability of the eye. not receiving the light, but eye focusing on light. nearsighted/farsighted

Bloom's Taxonomy

list of verbs to help teachers write objectives for their lesson plans

TOIEC: which language skills are tested?

listening, reading, writing, speaking

low incidence disability

low occurrence; doesn't happen often... but very severe.

standards for creating matching

make the directions specific and clear options should be more than premises use capital letters to label the options in the column from which responses are to be selected

Premack Principle

makes a desirable activity contingent on first completing something less desirable

Rapid Transitions

many of the problems come from too much "down time" - to fix this- have materials ready and move into the next activity - this requires a lot of well-thought-out planning.

tier 2

match individual needs, small groups

Investigations

may be related to a specific subject area or may involve several areas, integrating curriculum. The most typical form of investigations is a collection of student writing, diagrams , graphs, tables, charts, posters, experiments. Assessment activities can be presented to students without their awareness of any difference between assessment and instructions.

achievement test

measure amount kid has learned

reliability coefficients (how to interpret them )

measure of accuracy of a test or measurively instrument obtained by measuring the same individuals twice and computing the correlation of the 2 sets of measure

Multidisciplinary assessment

members of an assessment team conduct their own independent assessments of the child's abilities that relate to their own interest areas (e.g. speech-language pathologists evaluate speech and language only, physical therapists evaluate motor abilities only, etc.). In a summary meeting, each member of the team shares their findings and recommends treatment. The emphasis is on the parts of the child rather than the whole child.

Aspberger's

mild autism - high functioning fewer language issues

are techniques a person can use to help them improve their ability to remember something. In other words, it's a memory technique to help your brain better encode and recall important information.

mnemonic devices

Mostly educated in what learning environments

monitoring pullout consultation separate classroom

mode

most common score

high incidence disability

most common, 80% of disabled people (50% is learning(

ADHD

most commonly diagnosed

Most common spinal chord injury cause

motor accidents

RTI

multi tiered approach to early classification and support of students wth learning needs

Selected Response

multiple choice, binary choice, true or false

FERPA

must remain confidential

About half of children with ASD are...

mute

retaining and accessing info

needs that need repetition, color code

reading

needs that need summarization, highlighting, pre and past read

writing needs

needs that need tape recorder, computer, guided notes

expressive language

needs that need visuals, cues, and music

inclusion

no more push out ; we are going to pull in. Teachers are responsible for students meeting requirements through IEP processes

IELTS: target customers?

non-native english language speakers

King-pin behavior

noncompliance

What is considered "king-pin behavior"?

noncompliance

formal assessment

norm referenced

norm-referenced vs. criterion referenced assessment

not a predetermined grading system, grades are given after everything is scored, students are ranked according to their sores, and only the best (16-20%) get excellent grades AND criterion predetermined grading system, predetermined criteria, not ranked according to scores, every student who meets the criteria gets an excellent grade.

social integration

nurturing student relationship

curriculum-based measurement

one form of general outcome measurement in which requent breief assessments are used in basic skill areas to monitor student progress and provide information for teacher decision making

alt assessment

open ended, prduce work

two types of expectations: positive and negative

optimistic belief that whoever you teach or whatever you do will result in success or achievement pessimistic belief that whoever you teach or whatever you do will not work or fail

CEC

organization committed to issues related with disabilities

OHI

other health impairment

correlation

over .5 is good

Students with disabilities who are Native American/African American

overrepresented

six ways to involve parents

parenting volunteering learning at home communicating collaborating with community decision making

Board vs. Rowley (1982)

parents sued because they wanted an individual tutor for student and school district said that we are not here to provide optimum services for students. District said the child is not entitled. Court sided with district

Extended School Year

parents thought 180 days was not enough because children with disabilities would forget the information obtained over the summer

Competitive employment includes

people with/without disabilities Minimum wage+ payment Independence

screening

performance compared to peers

The 5 dimensions of language

phonology (sounds) morphology (unfit = un fit) Syntax (word order) Semantics (meaning of words) Pragmatics (directionally challenged)

Evaluating Portfolio Assessments

portfolios are almost always evaluated by the use of a scoring rubric. The most important ingredients of such a rubric are its evaluative criteria—that is, the factors to be used in determining the quality of a particular student's portfolio.

Strategies for educational approach with severe disabilities

positive behavioral supports small group instruction

3 characteristics of an effective teacher

positive expectations classroom management lesson mastery

option

potential answers including one correct response

classroom management

practices and procedure the teacher uses to maintain an environment in which learning can occur. has very little to do with discipline the effectiveness of the environment is the result of how well the teacher learns the skill of doing this

Section 504

precedes PL94-142 part of 1973 called vocational rehab, in section 504 dealt with people with disabilities. Know that it is part of vocational rehab act of 1973. (sheltered work, finding places for employment)

Examples of at-risk children

premature babies children who are in an environment in which there is a lack of nurture

Oral Presentations

presentations include speeches, storytelling, retellings, recitations , drama, videos, debates, and oral interpretation and are evaluated according to a predetermined criterion.

What are some advantages in using the RTI?

prevents the "wait-to-fail" approach

pregnancy

problems during this causes fetal alcohol syndrome, rubella, etc

birth

problems during this when baby doesn't get enough oxygen

intentionally inviting

professional attitude, consistent, sincere, very hard working

School wide positive behavior support

promoting a framework for social and academic behavior that focuses on positivity

essay items

prompts that present students with a question or task that require a paragraph or more in response

88% of children with visual impairments are in...

public school

formative assessment

purpose is not only to measure achievement, but also to facilitate and promote learning. Students are given extensive feedback and additional practice. Engaging

what is the purpose of CEFR or CEF?

put together by the Council of Europe as a way of standardizing the levels of language exams in different regions

performance standard

quality of a students work

design standard

quality of the task itself

monitoring

quarterly appraisal of the educators conduct by the PSC through contact with the educator and his or her employer. as a condition of monitoring, an educator may be required to submit a criminal background check. the commission specifies the length of the monitoring period.

Characteristics of Gifted Children

quickly retains information can relate ideas make sound judgements perceive larger systems of info

IELTS: which language skills are tested?

reading, writing, listening, and speaking

TOEFL: which languages skills are tested?

reading, writing, listening, and speaking

functional curriculum (j)

real life skills

public law 99-457

reauthorization of 94-142

reading assistive tech

recorded books

practicality

refers to factors such as budget, time needed for administration and scoring, human resources (raters), etc.

Assessment bias

refers to qualities of an assessment instrument that offend or unfairly penalizes a group of students because of their gender, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, etc.

Momentum

refers to the avoidance of interruptions or slowdowns in instruction. Momentum is strongly related to total time on task, and studies have found strong correlations between momentum and student achievement.

reliability

refers to the consistency and precision of an assessment tool in measuring a particular construct.

denial

refusal to grant initial certification to an applicant for a certificate

Reliability ( of tests)

reliable, can give the test more than 3 different times and have the same results, reliable, dependable

Redirect Behavior

remind the whole class of the appropriate "right now everyone should be seated and working on" - or you can praise students who are behaving appropriately.

Bullying

repeating acts of aggression directed toward a victim who often appears isolated or vulnerable

cognitive disability

replaced the phrase "mentally retarded"

Products

represent completed student work in a variety of forms: writing, slide shows, videotapes, audiotapes, computer demonstrations, dramatic performances, bulletins boards, debates, etc. Students can demonstrate understanding and what they learned

public law 99-457

required states to establish early inter programs for 0-2 age

public law 105-17

requires assistive tech to be considered on IEP'S

performance assessments

requires students to construct a response to a task or prompt to demonstrate their achievement of a learning goal

what is the difference?

research

achievement gap

research indicates that school teachers can close it if they maintain the following characteristics: 1. keep focus on learning for all students 2. "no excuse" attitude 3. use research to improve practices 4. *involve everyone* 5. persist through difficult times and setbacks 6. celebrate accomplishments

student achievement

research shows that of all factors school can control, the effective teacher has the greatest impact on it

Temporary care of a child

respite care

formal assessment

results compare

Test Items

same as test questions

physical integration

same classroom

facts about struggling teachers

school education student teaching district

median

score that falls on the middle line (middle score)

benchmark

scores against an establish standard

1-3-6 model

screen at 1 month diagnosed at 3 months early intervention at 6 months

RTI

second accepted classification system

complex multiple choice

selected response item with stem followed by choices grouped into more than one set

alternate-choice item

selected-response item with only two options

disaggregation of scores

separating the scores of a large group of students into smaller groups to determine whether differences among these groups exist

brown vs. board (1954)

separation is inherently unequal foundation point to SPED law how we treat diverse learners

Self-Determination

setting goals, evaluating performances, make adjustments

multiple true-false items

several choices follow a scenario or question and the student indicates whether each choice is correct or incorrect

Passive Learning

shifts the responsibility of learning to the student

SEE

signed exact english

Book Response Journals

similar to a learning log, it is a place for students express personal reactions and to wonder about events, themes, and ideas in a book. Students are encouraged to react to everything they read. Teachers use these journals to respond to each student.

how to evaluate statistics

skewed. mean. mode. median. ID. DE. SD. heterogenous. homogeneous. correlation

homogeneous

smaller SD

Morphemes

smallest possible word that carries meaning but cannot stand on its own ex: unpleasantly un and ly are morphemes

autism

socially unresponsive

expressive language

speaking so that others can understand you

SEM

standard error of measurement- the percentage of inaccuracies

TOEFL purpose?

standarized test used to measure the English language ability of non -native speakers wishing to ennroll in english speaking universities.

Thrusts

starting an activity without paying attention to whether or not the students are ready

standards for creating true-false

statements should be stated clearly and unabiguously. there should be no set pattern randomized options. T or F items have lower level of reliability than multiple choice because they inherently carry a 50% change of guessing

Boys are mostly...

stereotyped for artistic talents

Identification does not count if... (it must be...)

student is involved in a sudden event that upsets them (ex: divorce, death, moving) MUST be long term

Traditional Authority

students are expected to follow directions because the adult is 'in charge' - much like their parents

inclusion

students are placed in regular classes (pulled in)

mainstreaming

students meet requirements (push out of class)

tier 1

students receive high quality instruction to ensure difficulties aren't due to bad instruction

research of expectations

students tend to learn as little or as much as their teachers expect teachers who set and communicate high expectations to all their students obtain greater academic performance from these students than teachers who set low expectations

TOEFL: target customers?

students that plan to study higher education, english programs, scholarships and certifications candidates, english learners who want to track their progress, and students and workers applying for visas

holistic scoring

subjective assessment, type of scoring over the quality of a performance or product

ACTFEL: what is the total number of sublevels? which are they?

sublevels: superior;0, advanced;3, intermediate;3, novice;3 (total sublevels 9)

This is NOT an example of assistive technology

surgical implants (ex: cochlear implants)

Biological causes

syndromes, disorders, maternal illness

testing

take measures to check the quality, performance, or reliability of (something), especially before putting it into widespread use or practice.

product

tangible result of a performance

tier 2

targeted inter and comprehensive evaluation

postitive expectations

teacher believes in the learner and that the learner can learn. should be shown to ALL students

Empirical Approaches

teacher can decided to throw one question out because the majority failed it , also to examine the assessment results to see if it is biased

Charismatic Authority

teacher's authority comes from the fact that students like and are attracted to

Recitation

teacher-led, question and answer sequence-- remember to be equitable with questions

Criterion-Referenced Measurement

teachers interpret the students performance based on exactly how many questions he actually got right

IEP

teams select interventions to eliminate behavior and tries to determine reasons for behavior

mode

teh score attained by more students than any other

suspension

temporary invalidation of any certificate for a period of time as specified by the PSC

TOIEC purpose?

test of english for international communication. an english language test designed specifically to measure the everyday english skills of people working in an international environmetal

Judgemental Approaches

test reviewers scrutinize potential assessments for bias

percentile

testers standing relative to the norm

Construct Response

tests with short answers or essay questions

percentile ranking

the %of scores in its frequency distribution that are equal to or lower than it. for example, a test score that is greater than or equal to 75% of the scores of people taking the test is said to be at the 75th percentile rank.

What do we use if a student is suspected of having an EBD

the RTI for EBD

proficiency levels

the description of each level of quality of a performance criterion.

The difference in the prevalence rates of intellectual disability is due to

the differences in criteria used for identification

prompt

the directions for an essay

range

the distance between the lowest and highest scores attained on an assessment

deliberately inviting

the effective teacher is like this in personality and classroom expectations the basis for being inviting it build relationships build relationships

assessment

the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something.

performance criteria

the key elements of a performance specified in a scoring guide

Performance Standards

the level of proficiency at which educators want a content standard mastered

teacher unreliablity

the most common criticism of essays because of the inconsistency of teacher's scoring

Sequence

the order in which you teach it (be able to explain why this is important)

Wait Time 2

the pause after the answer that allows students to dive deeper into the explanation

Wait Time 1

the pause directly after you ask a question increases participation and gives students time to think

stem

the premise of a multiple choice item, usually a question or an incomplete statement

process

the procedure a student uses to complete a performance task

criteria

the qualities that must be met for work to measure up to a standard

criterion validity (predictive)

the relationship between 2 assessment measures. -results performance on another test or in a program of study

criterion validity (concurrent)

the relationship between 2 assessment measures. -shows positive correlation with the results of another assessment tool

Who must determine the learning style of the student

the school

summative assessment

the sole purpose is to measure achievement and assign grades. Students receive a grade with very little or no feedback. Often not given the tests or papers back. Limited.

Active Learning

the students are actively engaged in a meaningful experience

Independent Practice

the students use what they've learned to work by themselves - "I do, we do, you do"

product

the tangible outcome or end result of a performance task

Professional Authority

the teacher authority comes from his or her knowledge or skills.

Guided Practice

the teacher models how to do some specific task

Content Presentation

the teacher teaches material and students are expected to learn

Bureaucratic Authority

the teacher's authority comes from the teacher's ability to use grades to reward or punish behavior

halo effect

the teacher's scoring depends on their opinion on the student and their intelligence

Scope

the total amount of content covered during the year

conductive disorder

the transmission impairment which IS surgically repairable

research

the use of the human mind to seek answers or search for the truth

Who gives the diagnosis?

their pediatrician

expectations

there is no research correlation between success and family background, race, national origin, financial status or even educational accomplishments one correlation with success= ATTITUDE knowing what you can or cannot achieve; what you believe will or will not happen.

Problem Solving

this component requires the teacher to work with students to develop a plan for change

Girls are not likely...

to be identified

Flip-Flops

toggling between two activities at once (can be both positive and negative)

Demonstrations

transforms ideas into something concrete and observable through visual, audio, art, drama, movement, and/or music. It can also include opportunities to demonstrate science experiments or solutions to a non-routine math problem

Leading cause of death in children

traumatic brain injury

give out love

truly effective teachers are: 1. caring 2. warm 3. lovable the effective teacher must demonstrate care and love implicitly through body language and explicitly through actions and words

matching format

two parallel columns of items are listed and the student indicates which items from each column belong together in pairs

analytical scoring

type of scoring that uses several distinct criteria to evaluate a student's work, objective assessment

Prevailing outcome of for gifted students

underachievement

Students with disabilities who are Asian are...

underrepresented

receptive language

understanding what others are saying

Bias assessment

unfair to one group and penalizes

it is _______ if behavior problems and academic struggles are linked

unknown

transition

updated every year

ineffective teachers

use busywork simply survive whine wait for other tell them what to do complain

Individual work

used best when consolidating or extending prior learning rather than for acquiring new content.

Assessment

used to measure student understanding - Valid & Reliable.

Norm-Referenced Measurement

using a bell curve. Teacher interprets students performance in relation to other students that took the test

Proximity

using your location to monitor/control students' behavior

What have reduced the chances of ID?

vaccines, genetic counseling and early screening

Validity

valid test, over the content taught

Brief Desist

verbally telling the student(s) to stop the behavior---KEEP IT BRIEF....don't let it disrupt your instruction.

rubella

viral infection

Children with dyslexia show deficits in...

visual naming speed

They are viewed as socially inept.

w are special education students typically perceived by peers and society in general?

Procrastination

waiting until the last minute to complete a task

warning

warns the certificate holder that his or her conduct is unethical. it cautions that further unethical conduct will lead to a more sever action

unintentionally inviting

well-liked and effective; "natural born teachers"

rehab act

what act say you can not deny children with dis

individuals with disabilities education act

what does IDEA stand for

purpose time and place

what does the letter notifying parents of ARD need to have

Predictive validity

what is the ability to distinguish future actions based on certain behavioral standards?

16

what is the age IDEA 04 says to start transition planning

reading

what is the most difficulty in learning for special ed

public law 94-142

what law expanded to include children ages 0-5

BIP

what plan checks to see what behaviors are being targeted for change and how school staff will implement these changed

Oral

what type of directions work well for visual impaired

IDEA

what was public law 94-112 renamed to

results of positive expectations

what you want to happen WILL happen if you expend energy to make it happen

Intellectual disabilities are classified by...

when it occurs

test-to-test carryover

when the teacher compares the essay to the previous essays they read from other students while grading.

1975

when was public law 94-112 passed by congress

item-to-item carryover

when you compare the students responses from their previous responses. If the student has a really good answer, and then an answer that just meets the expectations teachers may give that answer a bad grade.

program placement

where students' SPED will occur

IFSP

who has a service coordinator

IFSP

who pulls services together

IEP

who reviews annualy

IFSP

who reviews quaterly

IFSP

who's greater focus focuses on family routines

IEP

who's greater focus focuses on school routines

national dissemination center

whose definition says having significant limitations in mental functioning, communication, social skills, and independent living skills

section 504

why was law ignored becuase no funding and no monitoring

relationships

why? effective teaching is all about teacher-student relationships how? the easiest way to build relationships is to use a well-manages classroom where students are on task rules without relationships= REBELLION

Grouped basic instruction

working with small groups while the rest of the class works independently

TOIEC: target customers?

workplace; people working in an international environmental

what is the reality?

you are in a community of EQUALS, not a community of EXPERTS

stem guidelines

• Questions or statements • Concise and clear • Free of errors (grammatical, punctuation, lexical) • No tell-tale signs of answer • Negatives should be avoided, if used underlines or bolded or capitalized