Praxis 5622 Combined Sets 2: Classroom Management, Assessment, Diverse Learners, Special Education
I-messages
"I feel upset when students can't hear what I'm reading."
Psychomotor Objectives
"Physical" deal with the students physically learning a lesson
Affective Objectives
"attitudes" deals with the student's attitude or feelings about an idea topic presented
Cognitive Objectives
"brain work" uses Blooms Taxonomy verbs
Glaucoma
"sneak of light" Abnormally high pressure caused by disturbances of fluids that circulate in the eye
Slogan for early intervention
"the earlier the better"
"Retrieve and write"
"whatever seems important so i'll write it down"
Chief Determinants of Assessing Students
(1) the inference you want to make about those students (2) the decision that will be based on the inference.
Emotional Disturbance
(Categories of disability). general mood of depression
Child-Oriented Model
(Classroom Design). When this model is use the teacher has space to easily move from student to student as they work on their individualized assignments.
LRE
(Least Restrictive Environment) the educational setting that most closely resembles a regular school program and also meets the child's special education needs. For many students with disabilities, the general education classroom is the LR; however, the LRE is a relative concept and must be determined for each individual student with disabilities
How light travels
(chronological order) Cornea Aqueous Humor Pupil Lens Vitreous Humor Retina
Behaviorism
(theory). Seeks to reinforce behavior. Good behavior receives positive reinforcement, and poor performance receives punishment.
Handicapped
*A dated term* problem encountered with the environment Really only used to refer to parking
Discussion
,open forum where children are encouraged to speak, listen, and respond to opinions, feelings, and ideas regarding a designated topic.
Goals
- Reinforces good behavior - Target aspirations
Personal Modeling
- Reinforces good behavior - being courteous in speech, controlling emotions
Expectations
- Reinforces good behavior - students must know your expectations of both their actions and work
what is the purpose of the ACTFEL proficiency guidelines?
- are a description of what individuals can do with language in terms of speaking, writing, listening, and reading in real-world situations in a spontaneous and non-rehearsed
washback
- effect of assessment on student learning. Does assessment promote learning or vice versa?
Frequent Instruments for assessing adaptive behavior skills
-AAMR adaptive behavior scale -AAIDD adaptive behavior scale (ages 4-21) -Vineland adaptive behavior scale -Adaptive behavior assessment (birth-89)
Why is the IQ test controversial?
-Doesn't demonstrate all aspects of behavior -culturally biased -not exact science -should not be sole basis for diagnosis -should not determine IEP
Disadvantages of labeling
-Focuses on what they can't do -Low self-esteem issues -Causes educators to lower expectations
The advantages of labeling
-Funds programs -More acceptance -Improves communication -provides accommodations
Considerations for future special education
-Improve teacher training -Increase of assistive technology -Transitioning students
Two things required of teachers by Law
-Instruction (follow approved standards) -Supervision (maintaining a safe environment - 'in loco parentis'
Ecological learning
-Lorenz's theory -imprinting -adaptive & survival behaviors -survival of the fittest
IEP Team includes
-Parents -General Education Teachers -Special Education Teachers -LEA Rep -The child
The Benefits of laws: Why are they necessary?
-Segregation in the past -Separation is not equal -Ensures protection
What are some question to consider when making decision about needed transition services for a student?
-What do I want in life? -What are my talents -What are my options?
construct validity
-construct is theoretical concepts about important things in learning we are trying to measure
schizophrenia
0.5 to 1 % have this and causes hallucinations
scale scores
001 to 999- one subject across class
As a group, students with EBD perform ___ year(s) lower than their grade level
1
babies can discriminate speech sounds at _____ (how old)
1 month
Constructive Assertiveness requires
1) A clear statement of the problem 2) Unambiguous body language 3) Insistence on appropriate behavior and resolution of the problem
When creating a cooperative learning activity, you should remember...
1) Clearly define roles 2) Clearly state time limits 3) Assess each student individually
Three Chief Purposes for Portfolios
1) Documentation of student progress (wherein the major function of the assembled work samples is to provide the student, the teacher, and the student's parents with evidence about the student's growth—or lack of it. These are the working portfolios that provide meaningful opportunities for self-evaluation by students.) 2) Showcasing student accomplishments. Portfolios showcase a student's best work as celebration portfolios, Celebration portfolios are especially appropriate for the early grades. 3) Evaluation of student status—that is, the determination of whether students have met previously determined quality levels of performance. There must be greater standardization about what should be included in a portfolio and how the work samples should be appraised in rubrics.
Pros of Portfolio Assessment
1) Greatest Strength is that it can be tailored to the individual student's needs, interests, and abilities. 2) The self-evaluation it fosters in students is truly important in guiding students' learning over time. 3) The personal ownership students experience regarding their own work, and the progress they experience, makes the benefits of portfolio assessment outweigh its costs.
Five Themes of Citizenship
1) Honesty 2) Respect 3) Responsibility 4) Courage 5) Compassion
Three Steps of Problem Solving
1) Identify the problem 2) select a solution 3)Obtain a commitment - oral or written contract for changes that will be made
Praising
1) Intrinsic - focus on the process and student 2) Extrinsic - focus on the outcome
Bloom's Taxonomy
1) Knowledge - Simple Recall (rote memorization) 2) Comprehension - showing an understand of something 3) Application - applying what they know to a new situation Higher-Order 4) Analysis - looking for cause & effect Higher-Order 5) Synthesis - generating something unique Higher-Order 6) Evaluation - questions which require a value judgment. Cognitive-thinking versus Affective-feeling
Listening & Processing Two Step Process
1) Listening skills acknowledge or accept the student's feelings 2) Processing skills allow you to confirm or clarify your perception of the student's message.
2 Ways to Deter Bullying
1) Monitor student interactions closely 2) Maintaining an adult presence throughout the school.
Portfolios
1) Represents the range of reading and writing students are engaged in 2) Engages students in assessing their progress and/or accomplishments and establishing ongoing learning goals 3) Measures each student's achievement while allowing for individual differences between students 4) Represents a collaborative approach to assessment 5) Has a goal of student self-assessment 6) Addresses improvement, effort, and achievement 7) Links assessment and teaching to learning
Twin issues at the heart of performance assessments
1) Selecting appropriate tasks for students and, once the students have tackled those tasks. 2) Judging the adequacy of students' responses.
Functions of a classroom setting
1) Shelter & security 2) Social Contact 3) Symbolic Identification 4) Task Instrumentality
Goals for Managing Behavior
1) Short term- to stop the behavior immediately 2) Long Term - to stop the behavior from being repeated in the future.
Problems with use of Portfolios for Large-scale accountability assessment programs
1) Specially trained scorers and central-site scoring is that it typically costs much more than can be afforded. 2) regular teachers score scoring tends to be too unreliable for use in accountability programs. Teachers usually have not been provided with thorough training about how to score portfolios, and may be biased in favor of their own students. Portfolios do not have a place in large scale assessment.
Cons of Portfolio Assessment
1) Students' constructed responses are genuinely difficult to evaluate, particularly when those responses vary from student to student as in all constructed-response measurements. 2) It takes time—loads of time— to carry out properly. Even if you're very efficient in reviewing your students' portfolios, you'll still have to devote many hours both in class (during portfolio conferences) and outside of class.
7 Things to Remember When Talking to Parents
1) Thank parents for taking the time to see you 2) Try to minimize the 'intimidation' factor - many parents are nervous when they come to see you. 3) Don't blame the parents, if you can avoid it - remember to separate the behavior from the child 4) Approach parents as a member of the team 5) Document your concerns 6) Stick to descriptions of behavior - no interpretations 7) Respect parents' insights about their child's behavior..
What is a negative aspect of calling parents?
1) The parents are not in the room to enforce rules and it can hurt your relationship with the students. 2) Parent reluctance to become involved in schooling.
Praise should be 4 things
1) Varied 2) Specific 3) Sincere 4) Consistant
Detention
1) can take up a lot of the teacher's time 2) can penalize the parents of the student staying late or arriving early 3) records of attendance can be a drain on your time.
types of validity
1) content validity 2) Criterion validity, 3) construct validity
Assertiveness no-nos
1) hostility 2) argumentative 3) Inflexibility
2 Risks of Isolating or Removing students
1) it could be percieved as a reward 2) it identifies the student as someone who is excludable - it can lead to anger or resentment.
Referral
1)choose which types of infractions warrant this action 2) use this sparingly because students may see this as you pawning the problem off on the administration 3) understand that when you do refer a student to the office, you should have adequate documentation of the misbehavior
the 4 related pervasive developmental disabilities included under the American Psychiatric Associations definition of the autistic spectrum
1. Autistic spectrum disorder 2. Aspergers 3. Childhood disintegrative disorder 4. PDD-NOS
Criteria for Learning Disability Diagnosis (7)
1. Basic psychological processing deficit in one or more areas.(reading skills,reading comprehension, written expression, math calculation, math reasoning, listening comprehension or oral expression) 2. Behavioral characteristics identified in deficit area (s) 3. Behavioral characteristics identified by one of these procedures; behavioral observation, structured clinical task or others 4. LD adversely affects school functioning 5. Discrepancy between achievement and ability or conclusion that discrepancy is present 6. LD not caused y visual, auditory or motor deficit, BD, ED environmental, economic or cultural differences. 7. Determination of need for SE or related services.
6 items for diagnosis of Mental Retardation
1. Child performs at 2.0 standard deviations below the norm. 2. IQ is 70-55 mild 55-40 moderate 40-25 severe 25 and below profound 3. Adaptive behavior is consistent with academic ability. 4. Reduced cognitive ability and adaptive behavior adversely affect educational performance. 5. Exclusion clause, the defect is not caused by visual, auditory or motor defects, behavior or emotions disturbance or a language or learning disability. Determination of continued need for Special Education or related services.
Emotional regulation
1. Developing emotional competency takes time, and there is much for children to learn. 2. When children develop emotion regulation, they identify their feelings and verbalize them to others, they can cope with emotional highs and lows appropriately, and they can refrain from acting on their impulses when needed.
The ten guidelines for communicating with parents and families
1. Don't assume you know more than the parent 2. Speak in everyday language 3. Don't let you assumptions guide your efforts 4. Be sensitive 5. Don't be defensive 6. Refer to professionals if needed 7. Help parents strive for optimism 8. Start with tasks that result in success 9. Respect the word "no" 10. Don't be afraid to say "I don't know"
What is the structure of a morning meeting?
1. Greeting 2. Sharing 3. Activity 4. Message
Small-muscle development takes time
1. Large-muscle activity and the lack of small-muscle ability create problems in classrooms where children are expected to sit at their seats and do paperwork much of the day. A schedule like that focuses on the children's weakness and puts huge pressure on them.
IEP must include (5)
1. Levels of Performance 2. Goals annually 3. Supplementary aids/services 4. Accommodations (Ex: Meetings) 5. Placement
Key Ingredients to Classroom Portfolio Management
1. Make sure your students "own" their portfolios. 2. Decide on what kinds of work samples to collect. 3. Collect and store work samples. 4. Select criteria by which to evaluate portfolio work samples. 5. Require students to evaluate continually their own portfolio products. work product being evaluated. 6. Schedule and conduct portfolio conferences. 7. Involve parents in the portfolio assessment process.
List 4 important procedures that should be present in an Early Childhood classroom.
1. Moring procedure 2. Using classroom supplies procedure 3. Bathroom procedure 4. Dismissal procedure
A need to move around
1. Myelinization allows young children to gain control over their muscles and their sensory abilities; it also facilitates their cognitive processes. 2. Through play, children learn that help them communicate and cooperate effectively with others.
List 4 possible causes of misbehavior in young children.
1. Need to move around 2. Small-muscle development takes time 3. Needs for food and rest 4. Emotional regulation
List 3 techniques for preventing misbehavior
1. Posting classroom rules 2. Overlapping 3. Differential reinforcement
The Referral Process
1. Referral 2. Pre-Referral (Informal) 3. Evaluation 4. Program Planning 5. Placement 6. Process monitoring
9 steps in Special Education Process
1. Screening 2. Alternative Intervention Strategies 3 referral & screening review 4. Develop IEP to include areas to evaluate, at least 1 observation in area of concern, complete within 30 days of referral, notice of evaluation or reevaluation 5. Notice & Consent for Evaluation 6. Evaluation, diagnosis of disability, establish current level of functioning, completed within 45 days of parents consent for evaluation,if no disability recommend continuation of AIS, if disability found, continue with IEP process. 7. Develop IEP must be within 45 days of initial diagnostic staffing 8. LRE considerations 9. Notice of consent for placement before SE services begin. If parents deny, initiate due process
A need for food and rest
1. Too muck sugar or a lack of protein or complex carbohydrates can lead to a sugar crash. This can affect individual children differently. Some children loses all self-control, become impulsive, withdrawn or distracted. 2. Scheduled rest time at preschool level also acknowledges a physical need at that age.
The 6 main principles of IDEA are...
1. Zero Reject 2. Evaluation 3. FAPE 4. LRE 5. Due procress 6. Shared Decision Making
primary forces behind a teaching being inviting or disiniviting
1. attentiveness 2. expectancy 3. attitude 4. enthusiasm 5. evaluation
What accommodations can teachers make for students with disabilities?
1. breaking tasks into smaller steps, and 2. giving directions verbally and in writing; 3. giving the student more time to finish schoolwork or take tests; 4. letting the student with reading problems use instructional materials that are accessible to those with print disabilities; 5. letting the student with listening difficulties borrow notes from a classmate or use a tape recorder; and 6. letting the student with writing difficulties use a computer with specialized software that spell checks, grammar checks, or recognizes speech. 7. Learn about the different testing modifications that can really help a student with LD show what he or she has learned. 8. Teach organizational skills, study skills, and learning strategies. These help all students but are particularly helpful to those with LD. 9. Work with the student's parents to create an IEP tailored to meet the student's needs. 10. Establish a positive working relationship with the student's parents. Through regular communication, exchange information about the student's progress at school.
special ed. teachers (most important to least)
1. consultant: meets with class teacher and monitor students (no direct interaction) 2. resource teacher: instructs and works with class teacher 3. inclusion specialist: coordinate the service of students (tells schedule etc.) 4. Itinerant: they travel around the district (speech pathologist) 5. Transition specialist: help students prepare for life and leave school
strategies to incorporate in class to address special needs of gifted students
1. enrichment (elaboration on major concepts) 2. novelty (explore in alternative ways) 3. sophistication : ID principles underlying material 4. Acceleration : move at a quicker pace
Types of IEP services
1. general classroom 2. resource room (SPED classroom) 3. self-contained 4. separate school 5. residential facilities
seizures (2 types)
1. generalized : entire body 2. tonic-clinic / absence: blanking or spacing out
co-teaching methods
1. one teach, one observe 2. one teach, one assist 3. team teaching 4. parallel teaching 5. CWC 6. Alternative / Differentiated teaching 7. Station teaching 8. supplemental teaching
3 large problems with todays assessments
1. one-shot testing at the end of a unity or grade 2) out of context drill items 3) no user friendly feedback
IEP team members
1. parents 2. teacher 3. SPED teacher (interprets evaluation results) 4. advocate (can approve school resources)
SPED eligibility process
1. pre-referral ; document then give to counselor 2. screening : comparing to peers 3. diagnostic teaching : teaching to get evidence for a referral to a counselor 4. assessment 5. placement
research process
1. problem: what do i want to know 2. prediction: what do i think is the right answer 3. procedure: how will i solve the problem 4. data: what will i look for 5. conclusion: what do the results tell me
special services providers
1. school psychologists: can make diagnosis 2. counselors: cannot diagnose but can assess 3. speech therapists: language / vocab 4. social workers: liaisons between schools and family. most time they go to IEP meetings 5. physical therapists: gross motor skills (biggies) 6. occupational therapists: fine motor skills (smallies) 7. adaptive PE: assess physical needs 8. paraprofessionals: teacher aid
interpersonal & psychological relational skills
1. social cues 2. impulsivity 3. attention (negative) 4. rewards for inappropriate behavior 5. lack of confidence (self-efficacy) 6. learned helplessness 7. responsibility 8. anxiety
how to listen so kids will talk/how to talk so kids will listen
1. talk to your kids-alot 2. respond, dont react 3. realize your voice tone reflects your attitude 4. communicate nonthreatening 5. speak in statements, not questions (tell me what happen) 6. have a "yes" face 7. exchange ideas 8. have an "i'm open to you" attitude 9. admit your mistakes
mistakes made by teachers
1. teach as taught 2. use the latest fad, philosophy 3. do NOT use research as evidence of what is effective
Goals of assessment
1.) improve performance 2) designed to advance learning, 3) accountability
Learning disabilities students represent almost ______ of all students receiving special education
1/2
autism
1/88 children have this
Their IQ averages to about...
130+
transitional services
16 years and older until 21 years. We can help kids who have disabilities, public school works w/ them and they write a transition plan.
Brown v. Board
1954 separate is inherently unequal. when a SPEd room is not in the same building it's unequal. Leads to inclusion (students pulled into main classroom). Keys: Plessy v. Ferguson , 14th Amendment
PL 94-142
1975 1. LRE 2. IEP individual education plan 3. Due process - parents are entitled to due process. They can bring a lawyer, social service, or anyone they want.
PL 99-457
1986 Individual Family Service Plan (0 - 5 years) established governmental intervention for birth
ADA
1990 Americans with Disabilities Act reasonable accommodation. Prohibits discrimination in employment, etc.
IDEA
1990 Changed name of PL 94-142; handicapped replaced with "disabled" autism, TBI added
public law 101-476
1990 reauthorization of 94-142
IDEA 105-17
1997 Classroom teachers become IEP team member
Students who read braille are introduced to it in the ______ grade
1st grade
Deaf babies can finger spell their first word at age
2
Autosomal recessive hearing loss
2 hearing parents with recessive deaf gene
dyscalculia
20% of children have this besides dyslexia
If Sarah needs to stand at a distance of 20 feet to see what a normally sighted person can see from 100 feet, what is her visual acuity?
20/100
legally blind
20/200 or less
A person whose visual acuity is ______ in the better eye after correction is considered partially sighted for legal purposes
20/70
partially sighted
20/70 - 20/200
adhd
3 to 6% of children have this and most commonly in boys
IDEA requires an IEP for all students with disabilities between what ages?
3-22
About ___-_____% of the population are gifted
3-5%
Causes (about how many)
350+ causes
____ times as many boys than girls in LD
3x as many
How many types of spina bifida are there?
4
ACTFEL: which are the main proficiency levels?
4 main proficiency levels. superior, advanced, intermediate, novice
What % of students receives special education under the specific learning disabilities category?
42.3%
about ____% of high school students with disabilities go on to college
46
What percentage of students who received special education services in high school enrolled in college in 2005?
46%
The _____th largest category
4th
More than _____% of students with a math LD have an IEP
50%
When is a child with CD eligible for services?
6-21
how many proficiency levels are identified in CEFR? which is the highest and which is the lowest?
6. highest-c2 lowest- A1
About _____% of kids with LD are in gen ed rooms
65%
How many kids are effected by disabilities?
7+ million
During the 2009-2010 school year, about _____% of all students received special education
7.8%
IQ that falls _____ and below is suspected for services
70
Social skills deficit: _____% of kids have
75%
Students with Intellectual Disability represent ____% of all school-age children in special education
8%
dyslexia
80% of children have this
A loss of _______ dB+ is more likely to struggle academically
90
Formative Assessment
A Pre-test or to "see" where students are. Its goal is to monitor student learning to provide feedback the can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. Helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses and targets areas they need to work on. Helps the teacher recognize where students are struggling and address the problem immediately(low stake assessments)
Student who is typically involved/positive and also has a shunt is all of a sudden pulled back and quiet. this can be caused by...
A blocked shunt- THIS IS LIFE THREATENING
What improves the chances of employment?
A college education (postsecondary education)
Multiple Disabilities
A combination of associated disabilities
Speech or Language Impairment (SLI):
A communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
Present Levels
A component of an individualized education program (IEP) that defines a student's strengths and weaknesses, current levels of academic achievement, and current levels of functional performance. Before 2004 this part of the IEP was called present levels of performance; the current term is present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP).
Indirect Assessment:
A component of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) that involves interviewing teachers, parents and other adults who have contact with a student, asking questions about that student's disruptive behavior and when and where it occurs
Direct Assessment:
A component of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) that involves recording objective information about a student's disruptive behavior. This can entail using a scatter plot form to show the behavior's frequency and time of day, as well as using an antecedent-behavioral-consequences chart (ABC).
Monitoring
A component of the RTI process that involves assessing, keeping accurate records of and monitoring student progress, responsiveness to instruction and intervention. The term is also used for a state's evaluation of each district's compliance with mandates of IDEA and state special education code.
Data-Based Decisions
A component of the RTI process that involves using information collected through the screening process to determine the intensity and duration of the needed intervention.
Early Intervention
A comprehensive system of therapies, education, nutritional, child care and support
Emotional or Behavioral Disturbance (EBD)
A condition exhibiting one or more specific emotional and/or behavioral difficulties over a long period of time and to a marked degree, which adversely affects educational performance.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD)
A condition that can make it hard for a person to sit still, control behavior and pay attention
Developmental Delay (DD):
A delay in one or more of the following areas of childhood development: cognitive development, physical development (including vision and hearing), communication development, social and/or emotional development and adaptive development (including eating skills, dressing and toileting skills and other areas of personal responsibility).
Profound Disability
A developmental disabilities in all in cognition, communication and social skills
Other Health Impairment (OHI)
A disability category under IDEA that lists examples of health-related conditions that may qualify a child for special education: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, heart conditions, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia and Tourette syndrome.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A disorder characterized, in varying degrees, by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors
Specific Learning Disability (SLD)
A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or to do mathematical calculations. Specific learning disabilities include conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia and developmental aphasia. The term does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance or of environmental, cultural or economic disadvantage.
IDEA definition
A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language
What happens when the parent is unsatisfied with the identification of evaluation from the school?
A due process hearing is taken place
Evaluative Criterion
A factor with which, along with other factors, we judge the quality of a student's performance.
What should be emphasized in a curriculum for students with significant disabilities?
A focus on functional communication in any mode that enables their partner to share meaning
Scatter Plot:
A form used in direct assessment to record disruptive behavior and show the behavior's frequency and the time of day at which it occurs.
Test
A formal attempt to determine a student's status with respect to an educational variable of interest. Synonyms: assessment, measurement.
Assessment
A formal attempt to determine a student's status with respect to an educational variable of interest. Synonyms: measurement, test.
Professional Learning Community (PLC)
A group of professionals that review data, create needed interventions and make decisions, with the goal of helping students learn and achieve. While the exact definition of a PLC can vary from school to school, in general, the PLC serves the entire school and members collaborate to analyze data and support student learning.
Professional Learning Community
A groups of educators who meet periodically, over an extended period of time, to enhance their competences related to one or more particular topics.
Deafness
A hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification
IDEA Definition
A hearing loss so severe that it impacts processing/educational performance
Self-Evaluations
A key concept in alternative assessment is having the student learn to recognize his/her own progress by taking time to reflect.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA):
A law that guarantees educational rights to all students with disabilities and makes it illegal for school districts to refuse to educate a student based on his or her disability.
"Stay Put" Law:
A law which states that a parent can request that a child remain in his or her current educational placement while an IEP or offer of FAPE is in dispute.
Individualized Education Program (IEP):
A legal document that defines special education services between the school district and the parents.
Affective Assessment
A measurement of a student's attitudes, interests, and/or values.
Transition Meeting
A meeting of the individualized education program (IEP) team prior to a student moving into a new program or school.
Emotional Disturbance (ED)
A mental health issue including, but not limited to, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic-depression), conduct disorders, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and psychotic disorders.
Analytic Scoring
A method of scoring a student's constructed responses involving the application of multiple evaluative criteria, One Criterion at a Time. Afterward, separate judgements may be joined into an overall final evaluation.
Student Study Team (SST)
A more common term is Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team (MET or MDT). It is a team comprised of the school psychologist, parents and the school's special education team that meets when a child continues to struggle after attempts have been made to remedy problems without special education services. The SST or MET decides if the student should be evaluated, or if he or she will continue without special education services.
What approach is gaining popularity among educators for its ability to identify gifted/talented students?
A multidimensional and multimodel assessments
Developmental and Social History
A narrative assessment formulated by a child's classroom teacher, parents, pediatrician and school specialists, focusing on issues such as the child's health history, developmental milestones,
What is an open-ended question?
A non yes/no question that provides more details Less harsh
What is the National Lekotek Center?
A non-profit that provides services through utilization through toys and play
Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale (derived from the Binet-Simon Test):
A norm-referenced individual intelligence test, administered by the school psychologist or special education team. The questions are designed to help educators differentiate between students performing below grade level because of cognitive disabilities and those who do so for other reasons.
Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
A part of applied behavioral analysis (ABA) in which a skill is broken down into its most basic components so that these components may be taught one at a time.
Woodcock Johnson, Third Edition (WJIII):
A performance-based test commonly used to help to determine a student's eligibility for special education services.
Legally Blind
A person whose visual acuity is 20/200 or less after the best possible correction with glasses/contacts is legally blind
Realia
A physical thing that can be touched - Rain Gauge
Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)
A plan that targets one to three of a student's undesirable behaviors with interventions that are linked to the functions of the behavior; each intervention specifically addresses a measurable, clearly-stated targeted behavior
Formative Assessment
A planned process in which assessment-elicited evidence of students' status is used by teachers to adjust their ongoing instructional procedures or by students to adjust their current learning tactics.
Behavior Support Plan (BSP)
A proactive action plan to address behavior(s) that are impeding learning of a student or of others in his or her classroom.
Response to Intervention (RTI):
A process used by educators to help students who are struggling with a skill or lesson. If a child does not respond to the initial interventions, more focused interventions are used to help the child master the skill. RTI strategies address both learning and behavior.
Functional Behavior Analysis (FBA)
A process which describes a student's disruptive behaviors, looks for the reasons behind the behaviors and offers interventions that teach new behaviors to replace the undesired ones.
Large-scale accountability assessment program
A program in which student performances serve as an indicator of an educational system's effectiveness.
Child Find Program
A program, mandated by IDEA, that continuously searches for and evaluates children who may have a disability
Rubrics
A scoring guide employed to evaluate the quality of a student's portfolios, or any kind of student-generated response.
The most popular placement of students with intellectual disabilities is...
A separate classroom
Learning Progression
A sequenced set of building blocks- subskills or bodies of enabling knowledge- it is thought students must master en route to mastering a more remote curricular aim.
Developmental Milestones
A set of functional skills or age-specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range.
Servere Disability
A significant impairment in intellectual, motor and or social functioning
Curricular Aim
A skill, body of knowledge, or affective outcome that teachers intend their students to acquire.
Performance Deficit
A social or academic skills deficit in which a student understands a particular skill, but fails to implement it consistently.
Co-teaching
A special educator working side-by-side with a general educator in a classroom, both teachers provide instruction to the group
Savant Syndrome (think curious incident)
A strong knowledge of math/science/calculations with ID
Interviews
A structured or unstructured dialogue with students in which the student reports his reaction or response to a single question or a series of questions. Provides opportunities for the teacher to determine the student's depth of understanding rather than if the student can provide the "correct" answer.
What is twice exceptional?
A student with a disability and gifted abilities
Responses
A student's answer to an assessment task (or test item). For matching items, Responses are the listed elements (on the right) from which matching selections to premises (on the left) are made.
Constructed responses
A student's answers to assessment tasks, such as essay items, that require a response to be generated by the student "from scratch."
Student Baseline:
A student's starting point, determined by data collected through universal screening tools. A student's baseline is used to measure his or her progress throughout the year.
Portfolio
A systematic collection of one's work. They must be updated as a person's achievements and skills grow.
Collaborative Teaching:
A teaching strategy in which two or more teachers work together, sharing responsibilities to help all students succeed in the classroom.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
A technique for correcting behavior and social skill deficits in children with special needs. It is based on the understanding that children are more likely to repeat desired behaviors when these behaviors are met with positive reinforcement, and that they are less likely to repeat undesirable behaviors that are not rewarded.
Universal Screening Tool:
A test that can correctly identify students who are struggling with grade-level concepts or skills. A universal screening tool is used as part of the RTI process.
Cognitivism
A theory of learning. The idea is that learning is a conscious, rational process. People learn by making models, maps and frameworks in their mind. ~ is the opposite of behaviorism.
Multiple Intelligences Theory
A theory which outlines students' varied approaches for processing information (known as "intelligences") and how teachers can access these pathways.
Antecedent Behavioral Consequences Chart (ABC
A tool used to create a record of disruptive behaviors that is utilized as part of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) to help to determine the triggers of and motivations behind these behaviors
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS
A type of augmentative alternative communication (AAC) originally developed for children with autism. The primary purpose of PECS is to teach individuals with autism to initiate communication. Individuals are taught to initiate by handing a picture to a communication partner in exchange for a desired item.
Fluency Deficit:
A type of instructional deficit in which a child needs to practice a skill or receive coaching in order to use a skill effectively. An example is a reading fluency deficit, where the child cannot read smoothly or does so at too slow a rate.
Acquisition Deficit
A type of social skills deficit that stems from a lack of knowledge: a child does not understand a skill, and thus cannot master it.
What is an aura?
A warning sensation before a seizure Ex: feelings, sights, sounds, smells
What is Universal Design for learning?
A way of learning that can benefit everybody (not just children with disabilities). Meant to be flexible 3 Principles (Multiple means of...) 1. Representation 2. Action 3.Engagement
Individualized Family Services Plan (IFSP):
A written treatment plan that maps out the early intervention services a child (age birth to his/her third birthday) will receive, as well as how and when these services will be administered. It details a child's current levels of functioning, specific needs and goals for treatment (referred to as outcomes).
What are some ways to meet the needs of gifted students?
Acceleration compacted curriculum tiered lessons
How is the AAIDD definition of ID different from IDEA's definition?
According to the AAIDD, ID is characterized by the significant limitation in intellectual function and adaptive behavior IDEA heavily focuses on the educational performance
What is hydrocephalus?
Accumulation of fluid in the tissues surrounding the brain
How sounds travel
Acoustical - neural - brain Sounds move through the eardrum The hairs in the ear stimulate sound
Likert Inventories
Affective assessment devices organized around a respondent's self-reported degree of agreement with a series of presented statements.
Which group is least likely to be identified as gifted and talented? Who is to blame?
African american, hispanic and native american students The educators are to blame
Development of the IEP Step (IEP Process)
After thorough completion of the pre-referral, referral, evaluation, and eligibility steps of the IEP process, it is time to develop the actual individualized program plan—an individualized family service plan (IFSP) for infants and toddlers or an IEP for preschoolers and schoolchildren
What is included in ITP?
Age-Appropriate assessment Measurable postsecondary goals Transition Services Annual IEP Goals Coordinate Transition Services with Adult agencies Summary of performance
Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP
Also known as a speech therapist, a professional who diagnoses and treats communication and swallowing disorders.
What is the least recommended?
Alternative Teaching
APO
Alternative placement options
Two horns of a classic measurement dilemma.
Although performance tests often measure the kinds of student abilities you'd prefer to assess (because those abilities are in line with really worthwhile curricular aims), the inferences you make about students on the basis of their responses to performance tests must be made with increased caution.
AAIDD
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
The ADA is..
Americans with Disabilities Act -It extends civil rights protection to provide public service
ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act 1990s
Triennial Review (Tri):
An IEP review meeting that takes place every three years. During this meeting, the IEP team meets to discuss a student's continuing eligibility for special education services. It is often combined with the IEP annual review (AR).
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):
An acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability and/or psychosocial impairment, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
Evaluation
An appraisal of the worth of an educational program or, in the case of classroom teachers, either the effectiveness of an instructional activity or the competence of the teacher.
Universal Design
An approach that makes a curriculum accessible to all students, regardless of their backgrounds, learning styles and abilities.
Positive Behavior Support (PBS
An approach to eliminate challenging behaviors and replace them with pro-social skills.
Performance Assessments
An approach to measuring a student's status based on the way the student completes a specified task. A form of testing in which a student is given a task, typically a demanding one, then asked to respond to the task orally, in writing, or by constructing a product.
Portfolio Assessment
An assessment approach centered on the systematic appraisal of a student's collected work samples.
Home Assessment
An assessment by an authorized social worker, nurse, guidance counselor teacher or psychologist. For pertinent family history and home situation factors including, with parental consent, a home visit.
Teacher Assessment/Observation
An assessment by the classroom teacher to include current information on the student's present level of performance (PLOP) in the general curriculum.
Transition Assessment (TA)
An assessment of combination of the following types: Paper and pencil tests, structured student and family interviews, community or work-based assessments (situational) and curriculum-based assessments.
Assistive Technology (AT) Assessment
An assessment to find ways to meet the needs of the student by matching the strengths and weaknesses of the student to the device
Self-Report Inventories
An assessment tool, often completed anonymously, wherein a student's responses reveal his or her values, behaviors, attitudes, and so on.
grading
An assignment of a quality-designating label (numerical or verbal) to describe the caliber of a student's work.
Occupational Therapy (OT)
An evaluation of fine and gross motor skills, visual motor integration, visual perception or visual processing, (The terms, "visual processing" and "visual perception", are often used interchangeably.
Physical Therapy (PT)
An evaluation of physical activities such as sitting, standing, crawling, walking, running, and climbing. It looks at your child's body strength, coordination, balance, and symmetry as he moves and control his body, and how he plans new motor activities
Hearing Impairment:
An impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
Visual Impairment (VI):
An impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
An individual intelligence test, usually administered by the school psychologist, which measures a student's intelligence in a variety of areas, including linguistic and spatial intelligence. This is a norm-referenced test, meaning that it has statistical validity and reliability for what it states it measures.
Asperger's Syndrome
An individual with impaired social interaction, communication, imagination, and flexible thinking, but without delays in cognitive or language development would most likely be diagnosed with which of the following?
What does functional assessment refer to?
An informal/least restrictive form of discipline in order to get the child to reduce acts of violence
Highly Qualified Teachers (HQT)
An initiative of the No Child Left Behind Act, the federal definition of a highly qualified teacher is one who meets all of the following criteria: Fully certified and/or licensed by the state; holds at least a bachelor degree from a four-year institution; demonstrates competence in each core academic subject area in which the teacher teaches.
Traumatic Brain Injury
An injury acquired by the external force resulting in total or partial functioning/psychological impairments
Active Student response
An observable response made to an instructional antecedent
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD
An out-of-date term that was previously used to describe children who have difficulty paying attention, but are not significantly impulsive or hyperactive
School-wide enrichment model
An umbrella under which many different types of enrichment services are made available
ABC recording
Antecedent (task difficulty) Behavior (duration) Consequences (ex- teacher attention)
Residential Alternatives
Apartment living Foster homes Group Homes Supported Institutions (do not exist anymore)
What teaching method is supported by scientifically validated research?
Applied Behavioral Analysis
What type of intervention for people with autism?
Applied behavior analysis
Speech Impairments
Articulation Disorder Fluency Disorder Voice Disorder (easy to identify)
A closed method assessment
Asks the parents to select a list of topics for discussion
What are similarities and differences between students with asperger syndrome and students with autism?
Aspergers does not include low IQ, language delays and they have more functions Similar: they both have social deficits
Identification Step (IEP Process)
Assessment is one foundation of the planning process. The purpose of this step in the IEP process is to determine whether a youngster has a disability, whether special education is required, and what types of services are needed
Summative Assessment
Assessment to evaluate student learning at the end of instruction, usually for a grade( high stake assessment )
Formative assessment
Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching
Augmentative and Alternative communication
Assist individuals who cannot meet their communication through speech or writing
What condition accounts for more hospitalizations than any other childhood disease and is the leading cause of absenteeism in school?
Asthma
Preventive discipline
Attempts to lesson the chances of misbehavior occurring in the classroom.
ADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Pattern of inattention/hyperactivity More severe than typically observed
Oral Attitude Surveys
Attitude surveys note In a systematic manner students' self reflections regarding group and individual performance and affective characteristics such as effort, values, and interests. Oral survey allows students to share ideas, learn from others, and deepen they way they think about the topics being discussed.
What does a student with low vision use as a primary means of learning?
Auditory learning methods
is often characterized by a regression in language skills between the ages of two and four years. Children who were previously speaking will sometimes become nonverbal at the onset of autism.
Autism
categories of disability under IDEA
Autism, Other Health Impaired, Intellectual Disabilities, Emotional Disturbance, Deafness, Hearing Impairment, Visual Impairment and Deaf-Blindness. Other categories under this act are Specific Learning Disability, Multiple Disabilities, Orthopedic Impairment, Speech or Language Impairment and Traumatic Brain Injury.
One of the common assessments / questionnaires used to assess behaviors and emotions - Behavior Assessment System for Children
BASC
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
BICS
How is an intellectual disability defined by an IQ test?
Based on a number scale
Why is autism vastly growing
Because identification is more common
Why is the number of visual impairments larger than the number reported in IDEA?
Because students with visual impairments tend to have other disabilities and are counted under those categories ex: deaf-blindness
When are most students with mild ID defined?
Before the age of 18
Higher-than-usual incidence of behavior problems in kids with LD
Behavioral problems
Difficult to compare _____ and _______ progress
Behavioral; academic
Causes of these disabilities
Biological (before/after birth) Brain disorders Chromosomal abnormalities Malnutrition
When is it ideal for a child to be provided with early intervention?
Birth - 3
Kids with phonemic awareness can..
Blend sounds to make words isolate sounds cement a word into sounds manipulate sounds within a word
Cooperative teaching
Both SpEdT and RgEdT share equally in the responsibility for planning, instructing, and evaluating all members of the regular ed. class., The SpEdT still does most of the paper work regarding students with IEPs.
Shared teaching
Both teachers deliver the lesson together
Gender who will most likely have EBD
Boys
Educational Approaches
Braille Tactile aids and manipulative Technological aids Optical devises Glasses/Contacts Magnifiers
Causes
Brain damage, genetics, biochemical imbalance
Instructional Methods: Task analysis
Breaking down complex tasks into smaller subtasks
Truncations
Breaking off an activity before it is completed
IELTS: agency administers these exams?
British council, IDP education, cambridge english language assessment
The separation of children education (A court case)
Brown vs. Board of Education
council for exceptional children
CEC
Low Vision
Can see but uses a combination of different learning methods
It's not nice to hit Miranda.
Can you remind me of our rule of keeping our hands to ourselves? Can you tell me what that means?
What is the most common cause of spinal cord injuries
Car accidents
Orientation and mobility training (examples)
Care skills Guide Dogs Sighted guides Electronic travel aids Mobility Training: the trainer of the student is very observant and sees how accessible the learning space is to the student
Assessment
Case history and physical examination Articulation Hearing Phonological awareness
Most prevalent in school age kids (physical disability)
Cerebal Palcy
Examples of Orthopedic Impairment
Cerebral Palsy Spina Bifida Muscular Dystrophy Spinal Chord Injury
How many phonemes are in the word "chips"
Ch-i-p-s 4
Adaptations
Changes in educational environments that allow students with disabilities to participate in inclusive environments by compensating for learners' weaknesses.
Environmental causes
Child abuse, neglect, drug/smoking, social deprivation
Which from the list above can be manifested as late as 10?
Childhood disintegrative disorder
National Lekotek
Children learn by play this non-profit provides toys to children with disabilities
At Risk
Children who have a greater-than-usual chance of developing a disability
We don't throw the boards or hit people with the pens.
Class, let's go over our classroom rules again. Writing supplies are only meant for writing with or on.
Behaviorism, Choice-Theory, Assertive Discipline
Classroom Management Approaches
Causes of CD
Cleft palate Paralysis of speech muscles Absence of teeth Brain damage
Visual Communication
Closed captioning, telecomunications relay services, fax machines, instant messaging, email, cochlear implants are examples of
Cataract
Cloudiness in the lens that blocks light
Cognitive knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation
Cognitive domain of Bloom's Taxonomy
Showcase Portfolios
Collections of a student's "best work"- that is, the work samples deemed to be of the highest quality. Such portfolios are typically used for celebrating student's accomplishments with parents, policy maker, and so on.
Deaf-Blindness
Combination of hearing and visual impairments
Characteristics of Autism
Communication problems (for example, with the use or comprehension of language); Difficulty relating to people, things, and events; Playing with toys and objects in unusual ways; Difficulty adjusting to changes in routine or to familiar surroundings; and Repetititive body movements or behaviors. (1)
What is the most common way to identify a severe discrepancy between expected and actual achievement? what's the drawback?
Comparing scores from an IQ test to an achievement test. the draw back is that the regulations for IDEA do not contain a specific definition of determining
Adaptive Behavior
Conceptual, social and practical skills to live everyday life that is challenging for some
Disproportionate Representation
Concerns: Children are wrongly placed in special ed programs resulting in being denied of FAPE
Types of hearing losses
Conductive hearing loss (hearing aid) Sensorineural hearing loss (cochlear implant) Mixed hearing impairment Unilateral Bilateral
Where hearing losses are (3 terms)
Conductive: outer/middle ear Sensorineural: Inner ear Bilateral: Both ears
Causes of hearing loss
Congenital (loss present at birth) -genetic -meternal rubella -CMV -Premature birth Acquired (Loss after birth) -prelingual -post-lingual
Peer Evaluations
Consists of student analysis and assessment of peer proficiency using either established or self-generated criteria.
Pica
Consumption of nonfood items such as dirt, hair, paper, etc
3 Models of Collaboration
Coordination, Consultation and Teaming
Give an example of a child using cognitive skills
Counting objects, plan and making decisions
What are natural cues?
Cues that encourage a certain behavior ex: a whistles that signify time to leave
Modifications:
Curricular adaptations that compensate for learners' weaknesses by changing or lowering expectations or standards.
Accommodations
Curricular adaptations that compensate for learners' weaknesses without modifying the curriculum
Other method of educational approaches
Curriculum compacting Tiered lessons bloom's taxonomy
Section 504 of rehabilitation act
Declared a person cannot be excluded on the basis of a handicap alone from any program or activity receiving federal funds
National Association for gifted children
Demonstrate outstanding levels of aptitude or competence
Aphasia
Describes a loss of the ability to process and use language ex: a stroke
Educational Decision
Determining whether particular students need additional instruction or, instead, whether it's time to move on to other curricular aims.
IDEA definition for autism
Developmental disabilities that are either verbal/nonverbal that affects educational performance and are generally identified before 3
Autism is defined as a
Developmental disorder
Skill Evaluation
Diagnostic measures for determining a child's gross motor skills, fine manipulative skills and hearing, sight, speech and language abilities, administered by specialists such as a school speech pathologist or general practitioner. A skills evaluation is a common element of an assessment plan.
Assessments for early intervention
Diagnostic tests Curriculum-based assessments
Non-discriminatory Assessment
Diana vs. State Board of Education, Larry P.vs Riles, and Lau vs. Nichols all addressed the issue of non-discriminatory assessment. The assessment must be multi disciplinary and cannot discriminate. Children must be assessed in all areas of suspected disability.
How often should you assess student learning?
Directly and frequently
Three Criteria
Discrepancy between intelligence and achievement Learning problems A need for special education services
Cedar Rapids vs. Garret (1999)
District said we cannot afford services that parents are requesting. Court says services that they request that are necessary must be provided irrespective of the cost. Cost cannot influence whether services are required.
Three functions of Portfolio Assessment
Documentation of student progress, Showcasing accomplishments, and Evaluation of student status.
authenticity
Does an assessment tool measure real-life skills and competencies?
Recreation and Leisure
Does not come easy for many Includes different activities of choice Ex: dance, sports, golf, painting, playing games
The two most common genetic causes of ID
Down syndrome and fragile x syndrome
Emphasized the importance of mistaken goals and dealing with the underlying causes of behavior.
Dreikurs
Early Elementary
During what school years are most children tested for learning disabilities?
TOIEC:agency administers this exam?
ETS
TOEFL: agency administers this exam?
ETS, Educational testing service
Identification
Early diagnosis is highly correlated with better outcomes typically 18 months
Ecolalia
Echoing of words/phrases of what the child hears ex- TV lines
EDGAR
EdUcational department general administration regulations
Inclusive Education is..
Educating students with disabilities in general education classrooms
Pre-alphabetic phase, Partial-alphabetic phase, Full-alphabetic phase,Consolidated- alphabetic phase,Automatic- alphabetic phase
Ehri's Phases of Word Learning
ESEA of 1965
Elementary and Secondary Education Act- civil rights law that offered grants to districts with low income students, also provided grants to state educational agencies
What areas are defined as major life activities in the ADA
Employment Public entities (agencies) Public places (Businesses open to public) Telecommunication (Ex: TTY's)
Characteristics in deaf individuals
English literacy and speaking skills Academic Achievement -Reading and math -30% graduate illiterate
Celebration Portfolios
Especially appropriate for the early grades. They showcase a student's accomplishments, students typically select their best work and reflect thoughtfully on its quality.
Oberti vs. Board (1993)
Established inclusion
Prevalence and causes
Estimates vary but from 3% - 6% 40% of students with behavior problems have a disability
Performance-Based Tests
Evaluations, such as the Woodcock Johnson, Third Edition (WJIII) or the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT), that are used to help determine a child's eligibility for special education services.
ESSA of 2016
Every Student Succeeds Act- good educators get rewarded, adapted from ESEA, provides protection for disadvantaged students, requires that all students be taught to high academic standards
What does the NCLBA put a special emphasis on in regards to special education programs?
Evidence-based teaching methods
reduce the number of items per page o per line
Example of presentation accommodation
Folklore of the blind
Examples of this are the beliefs that blind people are evil, contagious or have special powers that deserve attention
Federal Definition
Exhibit high performance capacity Demonstrates intellectual achievement Excels in specific academic field Needs services typically not offered by the school
Kids with emotional disabilities require what type of instruction
Explicit and systematic instruction
Two primary examples
Externalizing behaviors Internalizing behaviors
Graphic organizers/note taking
Extremely helpful for those with LD especially those who are visual learners
true/false: LRE are permanent
FALSE
family education rights and agency
FERPA
Why were IQ tests used in the Industrial Era?
Factories gave the test to try and determine who could be in management and who be be a factory worker
FERPA
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
PL 94-142 (1975)
First special education law, 1975, EHA was abbreviation for handicapped act, no longer called that, now called IDEA. LRE was defined in this law. 1. LRE 2. IEP Individual education plan 3. Due process-parents are entitled to due process, parents can bring a lawyer, social services, anyone they want that is to help their child
Three common sources of error scoring student performance.
First, there is the scoring scale. Second, there are the scorers themselves who may bring a number of bothersome biases to the enterprise. Finally, there are errors in the scoring procedure—that is, the process by which the scorers employ the scoring scale.
What is the prevailing outcome of the education of academically talented young children in most schools today? Why?
Found across gender, cultural, linguistic and disability groups. About 3-5% of the population
What are some different types of assessment tools for gifted and talented identification?
Frasier method renzulli revolving door method quota method case study method portfolios performance assessments
FAPE
Free Appropriate Public Education - one of the major principles of IDEA - states all children with disabilities, regardless of the type or severity of their disability, shall receive a free appropriate public education provided at public's expense - IEP must be developed to meet each child's unique needs
FAPE
Free appropriate public education
FBA
Functional Behavioral Assessment
The curriculum for severe disabilities
Functional skills (adaptive, motor, social, etc)
Educational Approaches for severe disabilities
Functioning skills age-appropriate skills communication skills literacy recreation and leisure skills making choices** general education
Educational placement options
Gen ed class Consultant teacher Resource Room Separate Classroom
Educational placement alternatives
Gen ed room (about 65% of those with LD) Consultant teacher
Half of deaf children are in (what learning environment)
General education room
40% of students with EBD received their education in..
General education rooms
Visual impaired students are the first ones with disabilities to be placed in ______
General education rooms
Educational placements (most common)
General education rooms or separate classrooms
GEPA
General educational provisional Act
Selecting performance-assessment tasks
Generally speaking, classroom teachers will either have to (1) generate their own performance test tasks or (2) select performance test tasks from the increasing number of tasks available from educators elsewhere.
The look
Giving a student a look to let them know to stop.
Created a plan that teaches the importance of I-messages in conflict resolution.
Gordon
Transfer of stimulus control
Gradually withdrawing response prompts
People with intellectual disabilities are often housed in these establishments
Group homes
What is the most common living arrangement for adults with intellectual disabilities?
Group homes
Response Groups
Groups that are opportunities for small number of students to discuss books or events in depth with one another. Often these groups are organized and run by the students themselves because they have all read the same book or experienced the same event and want to discuss it.
To pass the audiogram test, they must detect sound ______ the time
Half
Believes a well-managed classrooms are task-oriented and predictable.
Harry & Rosemary Wong
Technology to aid people with hearing losses
Hearing Aids Cochlear Implants
P- (Item difficulty):
Higher means more difficult
The most restrictive LRE?
Homebound/Hospital
__________ are a common place to administer services for children with significant disabilities
Hospitals
13
How many categories of disability are covered under the Individuals with Disabilities Education ACT (IDEA)
3 venues, 3 people, 3 activities
How should behavior transfers be taught?
Mixed
How should teachers light their classrooms?
Causes of language disorder
ID ASD Hearing loss Genetics
What is Public Law 105-17
IDEA
Evaluation and Reviews step (IEP Process)
IDEA '04 requires accountability for each IEP developed. In most states, students' IEPs are reviewed annually. Under an IDEA '04 pilot program, which is attempting to reduce paperwork and administrative burdens on educators, 15 states conduct these reviews every three years
What is the difference between IEP and IFSP goals?
IFSP looks at the whole household while IEP looks at the child's performance
Changes in assessments
IOT - informative(to track and categorize), ongoing( not just summative), Triangulation ( using more than one type of assessment)
Method for Identifying intellectual disability
IQ tests
Quantitive assessments include
IQ tests (numbers)
Assessments
IQ tets portfolios teacher/parent nomination extracurricular activities state tests
FBA
Identifies specific interventions to eliminate behavior
10 days
If a disciplinary action results in an exclusion that is classified as a change of placement, how many days does the IEP team have to meet for a manifestation determination meeting?
Give an example of an inappropriate behavior and its "related consequences"
If a student isn't listening after the first two warnings, the student must write a cause reflection to have them think of what they did wrong and what to do next time.
What clause appears in both the IDEA definition of orthopedic impairments and other health impairments?
If it affects educational performance
Referral Step (IEP Process)
If pre-referral interventions are unsuccessful, an individual is referred for special education services
Disability
Impairment limits the ability to perform tasks
DSM definition
Impairments in social interaction and communication
Environmental causes
Impoverished living conditions Early development problems Remediated by direct/intensive instruction
1986
In what year was the EHA amended to include services to infants and toddlers?
Strabismus
Inability to focus on an object with both eyes
Station teaching
Incorporated stations or centers in learning, Advantage: individual instruction Don't always split by ability level Vary the groups Split class up: half with special education teacher and half with general education teacher Switch groups-both work with all students-don't always stay with group Don't let them know high vs. low group
Embedded learning opportunities
Incorporating intentional instruction into typical preschool activities
Functional curriculum
Independence, enjoyment in school/home
IEE
Individual Educational Evaluation
IFSP
Individual Family Service Plan Addresses the needs of the child AND family by multidisciplinary teams
IFSP stands for
Individual Family Services Plan They are agencies within a state that work together to provide medical and educational assessment
IEP
Individualized Education Program
ITP
Individualized Transition Plan
IFSP
Individualized family service plan
Causes of ADHD
Individuals with ADHD have structural or biochemical differences in their brains
IDEA stands for
Individuals with Disabilities improvements of Education Act (IDEA)
Observational Records:
Information about a child's academic performance provided by anyone who works with a child. Observational records are a common element of an assessment plan.
Systematic Feedback
Information provided to students about their performance
One-on-one
Instructional strategy for the students with cognitive disabilities
AAIDD definition (Takes into consideration...)
Intellectual abilities Adaptive Behavior Participation Health Content
*Start of Chapter 4*
Intellectual disabilities
Individual Intelligence Tests
Intelligence tests that are administered to a student one on one. These tests are often part of the assessment process. Two common individual intelligence tests are the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale.
Educational approaches for kids with ADHD
Intensive instruction in a "parallel curriculum" -adaptive methods -assistive technology -Independence in special health care routines -Environmental modifications
inter-rater reliability
Inter more than one scorer then correlated to establish the coefficient of agreement between scorers.
How has self-advocacy in adults with ID been enhanced in the past 30 years?
Internet
Curriculum differentiation outside the classroom
Internships and mentor programs special courses junior great books summer programs
Services for Culturally Diverse Families
Interpreters Transportation Meetings in family-friendly environments
Replacements of sound
Interpreting Speech-Text translation Closed Captions TTY/Text Phones
Qualitative assessments include
Interview, portfolios, interviews (more personal)
Which assessment is considered quantitative?
Interviews, portfolios, performance methods (NOT IQ TESTS)
Enrichment
Investigating a topic of interest in detail
Learning Logs
Is a kind of journal that enables the student to write across the curriculum . The major reason to use them is to encourage students to be in control of their own learning and to promote thinking through writing
KWLs
Is a technique used by teachers to assess what students know, wish to know, and have learned about a particular topic, using a sheet divided into 3 columns labeled KWL. At the beginning of a lesson, the KWL serves as a written record of the students prior knowledge.
Scientifically based research
Is defined as research that draws on observation or experiment, test the stated hypothesis and justifies the general conclusion
What is the purpose of a classroom meeting?
It encourages reflection and sharing about their experiences, needs, concerns, problems and triumphs. It gives the opportunity to build trust and respect, self-esteem, and self-empowerment. It increases language skills, merges social, emotional, and intellectual learning, and builds a closer relationship.
What is the purpose of IDEA?
It ensures that all children have available, free appropriate public education Ensures rights are protected To assist state/local agencies in providing education
Why is immediate feedback important to students with severe disabilities?
It gives the student positive reinforcement and corrective feedback for errors
Why are leisure activities considered an extremely important part of their curriculum?
It helps them participate with their peers and to enjoy themselves
Why is it important to provide choice to students with severe disabilities?
It indicates to the instructor is the child wants to participate in the activity and helps reduce disagreements
Dismissal procedure
It is important to have this procedure because it gets a little crazy at the end of the day. If students have a procedure they would know to: 1. Gather their belongings. 2. Stand in the correct line of car pool, bus, or after care. 3. Walk quietly down the hall.
Why is it that you should never rely on written messages as the sole method of communicating with parents?
It is not always clear Only 4%-8% is written at the parent's understanding level
Know what the apgar scale is
It is the scale 0-10 of the color and breathing rate for babies who were just born
Morning procedure
It will help the teacher get ready for the day. The teacher can set up for her lessons while students come in and work.
Why don't researchers support full inclusion?
It would eliminate special ed services
Interpretation of item difficulty and item discrimination values
Item difficulty-.9+=very easy .2-=very difficult. Item disc. - .4+very good items .3-.2 good items, below .19=poor items
item difficulty vs item discriminaton item
Item disc. Is more important no real connection between the two, except when the item is very easy or very difficult
What is assistive technology
Items of technology that expand the performance levels of a children with disabilities EX: using an iPad to communicate
List some common feelings of siblings of children with disabilities
Jealousy, low self-esteem (from RAT: they do not feel abandonment from the sibling)
Identification for hearing losses
Join committee screens infants at 1 month (auditory brainstem response and otoacoustic) Pure-tone audiometry Speech reception test
Wrote a management theory that focuses on structures that are taught to students to assist in learned responsibility. The emphasis is on cooperative learning within the classroom
Kagan
Internal behavior problems
Keeps to themselves are in danger of not being identified Can learn to self harm/injury more girls affected
Teachers most often ask questions at which level of Blooms' Taxonomy?
Knowledge and comprehension questions
What are functional academic skills?
Knowledge skills that improve independence, skills, health and enjoyment
Functionally Blind
Learn primarily through auditory learning methods but can see a little
Expecting Failure from past experiences
Learned Helplessness
*Chapter 5*
Learning Disabilities
Whats the largest disability category?
Learning Disabilities
What is the LRE?
Least Restrictive Environment
Sheltered employment
Least desirable Pays below minimum wage
Created "Assertive Discipline" which focuses on teaching students how to behave responsibly, using rules and rights of students and teachers.
Lee & Marlene Canter
Empathic Responding
Listen to the student's perspective and react in ways that maintain a positive relationship and encourage further discussion - DON'T EVER SAY "I DON'T CARE."
May manifest itself in an imperfect ability to
Listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, calculate
Hearing Loss
Loss in hearing that affects performance but is not included in the definition of deafness
What gender is more likely to receive special ed?
Males
IDEA definition for early childhood special education
Mandates early intervention services for any child under 3 who developmental delays
Public Law
Mandates preschool services for children with disabilities ages 3-5 and provided a voluntary incentive grand program for early intervention services
achievement vs aptitude tests
Meant to test on specific testing material to measure students' knowledge on said subjects, apt. is more general in knowing where students lack and predict success or failure in leering a second language.
Duration
Measures the total length of time which a targeted behavior occurs
Cognitive Function
Memory: bad short, good long term Learning Rate Attention Motivation (learned helplessness)
Holistic Scoring
Method of scoring a student's constructed responses that calls for the synthesized application of multiple evaluative criteria- that is , Simultaneously using several distinguishable factors to arrive at an overall judgement about the quality of a student's response.
Spina Bifida characterized by a sac that protrudes through a hole in the vertabrae
Miningocele
MSIP
Missouri school improvement program
What kind of recreation and leisure activities should you encourage in a student with severe disabilities?
Modified game materials and picture prompts
Acceleration
Modifying the pace at which the student moves through the curriculum
Competitive Employment
Most desirable for people with disabilities Minimum wage +
The normal curve
Most of the populations falls less than or equal to 2 AAIDD calls "significantly subaverage" (2.3%)
5 developmental domains
Motor (fine and gross) Cognitive Communicative Social & Emotional Adaptive
Other deficits
Motor development, mobility and social interaction
3 Models for Teaming
Multi-, Inter- and trans- disciplinary
Assessments for gifted children
Multi-dimensional assessments
MFE
Multi-factored evaluation is a test given if a child is suspected to have a disability and provides information to meet their needs
What are the requirements of a nondiscriminatory evaluation?
Must be a non biased and have multi factored methods of evaluation
NJCLD
National Join Committee on Learning Disabilities
First parent group to advocate for children with disabilities
National Society for crippled children
Gardner Intelligences
Naturalistic,linguistic,logical,visual,musical,kinesthetic,inter-personal,intra-personal
Proximity
Nearness to the students.
Rett syndrome
Neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood characterized by normal early development followed by loss of purposeful use of the hands, distinctive hand movements, slowed brain and head growth, gait abnormalities, seizures, and mental retardation; affects females almost exclusively; included in autism spectrum disorders.
NCLB of 2002
No Child Left Behind ( obsolete since 2016) put in place measures that exposed achievement gaps among students and peers, accountability ,
Direct and frequent measurement
Objective and frequent recording the performance behavior
What are some obstacles to successful transition to adulthood for students with disabilities?
Obtaining and holding a job Having independence Social skills
Ripple effect
Occurs when the teacher corrects a misbehavior in one student, and this positivity influences the behavior of others nearby students.
Discrepancy Model
Old way of identifying students for services (The gap between intelligence and performance) -"the performance gap isn't that wide now so we won't provide services" but the gap gets bigger over time (the wait-to-fail approach)
How often are IFSP plans reviewed?
Once a year and reviewed at 6 months intervals
Implementation of the IEP step (IEP Process)
Once the IEP is developed, the student's services and individualized program begin
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
One of the measures used to determine eligibility for special education services
Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC)
One of the two state assessment consortia established with the substantial federal funding to create "next generation" tests to assess students' mastery of the Common Core Standards.
Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (SBAC)
One of the two state assessment consortia formed to generate assessments suitable for measuring students' mastery of the Common Core State Standards.
Alternative teaching
One teacher works with majority of class Other teacher pulls out individual or small group of students
What is the most common form of co-teaching?
One teaching/One helping
Co-teaching (5 types)
One teaching/One helping Parallel Station Alternative Team
Autosomal dominant hearing loss
One/both parent has a dominant deaf gene
Working Portfolios
Ongoing collections of a student's work samples focused chiefly on the improvement, over time, and in student's self-evaluated skills. Providing the student, the teacher, and the student's parents with evidence about the student's growth—or lack of it.
A ___________ head injury penetrates the skull
Open
O.D.D.
Opposition Defiance Disorder - behavior must be exhibited for 6+ months
Educational approaches (3)
Oral approach Total communication American Sign Language
Two types of physical disabilities
Orthopedic Impairment Other Health Impairments
present level of performance
PLOP
pre school programs for child with disabilities
PPCD
Split the class evenly, one teacher may take students with IEPS and the other teacher takes other students what type of teaching method is this?
Parallel teaching
Home-school communication method
Parent-Teacher Conferences
Of all the people needed to make early intervention work, who is the most important?
Parents and families
A closed head injury does NOT __________ the skull
Penetrates
Review: an exceptionality
People who differ above/below the norm In this case, these gifted students are above the norm
They often struggle with
Perfectionism
Authentic Assessment
Performance assessment in which the student's tasks resemble real-life tasks.
PII
Personal Identifying Information - only available to those who have VALID EDUCATIONAL INTEREST
childhood disintegrative disorder
Pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a 2- to 4-year period of normal development.
Voice Disorders
Phonation (not enough air) Resonance (too much air)
Telephone communication
Phone calls Emails
3 Forms of Bullying
Physical Aggression (common with males) Verbal Aggression Relational Aggression (common with females)
What are some common leisure activities for adults with disabilities?
Physical activities such as sports/dance (if permits), golf, playing games, etc
*Start Of chapter 2*
Planning and Providing Special Ed Services
Major Consideration of Portfolio Assessment
Portfolio assessment as an integral aspect of the instructional process. Because portfolios can be tailored to a specific student's evolving growth, the ongoing diagnostic value of portfolios for teachers is immense.
Criterion validity
Predicts performance - ACT, SAT, placement test
PLOP (IEP)
Present Level of Performance : statement of current levels of academic and functional performance and goals based on data (tests) and observations
PLEP
Present Levels of Educational Performance. You can't know how far you have come if you don't know where you started Describes in language that the parent and all professionals can understand, where the student is functioning so that a year from now the parent and educators can determine if progress has been made.
Characteristics of LD
Problems in listening, reasoning, memory, attention, focusing
a deficiency in a person's ability to effectively use the information gathered by the senses
Processing disorders, like auditory processing disorder, visual processing disorder, and sensory processing disorder are caused by________
Physical Therapist (PT
Professionals who help people who have injuries or illnesses improve their movement and manage their pain. They are often an important part of rehabilitation and treatment of patients with chronic conditions or injuries.
What do Procedural Safeguards do?
Protect Rights *Think*: PRocedural safeguards Protect Rights
What is the least restrictive LRE?
Public General Ed
Regardless of where spec ed services are delivered, the most crucial variable is the ___________ of instruction
Quality
Which Method is more effective: Choral Responding or Responding Cards?
RC's These result in better test scores/promotes better behavior and increases student response
response to intervention model
RTI
What tier of the RTI model is considered the final tier before a student should be referred to special education
RTI - Tier III
Nystagmus
Rapid-eye movements that prevent focusing
5 Dimensions of behavior
Rate Duration Latency Topography Magnitude
Screening
Rating scales and checklists
What academic area is the most problematic for students with LD?
Reading
Characteristics
Reading Problems (80% of children with LD) Writing deficits Math problems Poor social skills Attention deficits Behavior Low self-esteem
JAWS
Reading Software Program for vision disabilities
The most common learning disability
Reading problems (Dyslexia)
Academic Curriculum
Reading, writing and math
Conferences
Reading, writing, goal-setting, evaluation, and coaching are several different types of conferences. The major purposes are to collaborate , asses, and guide.
Totally Blind
Receive no visual information (auditory methods only)
If you are color-blind, what colors are the most difficult to distinguish?
Red-Green
Benefits of social stories
Reduces anxiety and behavioral problems its also held at the student's understanding
Benefits of RTI
Reduction in the number of students referred Reduction in the over-identification of minorities Kids are exposed to higher-quality instructions
Satiation
Refers to overexposure to materials which leads to boredom.
Momentum
Refers to teachers' starting lessons with dispatch, keeping lessons moving ahead, making transitions among activities efficiently, and bringing lessons to a satisfactory close.
Supportive discipline
Refers to techniques used to help students maintain self-control and warn them when they're starting to misbehave
Causes (3) of visual impairments
Refractive -The size and shape of eye Structural -Malfunction in eyes or muscular systems Cortical -Injury in the brain that can affect vision
Examples of APO
Regular Ed- modified (use of para or modification of assignments or parallel curriculum to include same subject but at a different level 2. Resource- removed from regular Ed 21-59% of the day. 3. Self contained - more than 60% of the day not in regular ed 4. Separate school 5. Home/hospital instruction 6. Institution/ residential where SE services are provided.
Continuum of services
Regular classroom (full day) Regular classroom with consultation, Regular classroom with supplementary instruction and services, Resource room, Separate classroom, Separate school, Residential school, Homebound or hospital
School-wide behavior supports
Reinforcing positive behavior through RESEARCH-BASED INTERVENTION
Emotional Objectivity
Remaining objective and level headed
Children who "differ from the norm"
Require special ed programs
Hard of hearing
Requires the use of a hearing aid
Principles of effective communication
Respect Parent's POV Listen Ask questions Show the positives Stay focused
Behavior Management
Responding to, preventing and de-escalating disruptive behavior.
RTI
Response to Intervention -Pre-referral intervention that measures student response and looking for progress
Socially Desirable Responses
Responses of a student that do not represent the student's actual sentiments but, instead, reflect how the student believes he or she should respond.
Disadvantages of home-based programs
Responsibility on parents Hard on single parents Not getting fullest potential Lack of social interaction
benefits of RTI
Results in early identification and prevention
An inherited disorder that is a progressive loss of vision With this disorder, individuals lose their light receptors. It begins with night blindness, which leads to light sensitivity
Retinitis pigmentosa
How must rules be stated?
Rules must always be stated positively
Cut Point, Cut Scores
Scores on screening tools, usually selected by a school district, that are used to determine whether or not a student needs additional testing or intervention.
Skill-Focused Rubrics
Scoring guides whose evaluative criteria are applicable for judging a student's responses to any suitable skill-measuring task.
Hypergeneral Rubrics
Scoring guides whose evaluative criteria are described in excessively general- hence dysfunctional- terms.
Task-Specific Rubrics
Scoring guides whose evaluative criteria deal only with scoring a student's responses to a particular task, not the full range of tasks that might represent the skill being measured.
Identification for EBD
Screening tests Direct observation and measurement Functional and behavioral assessment
This is the ______ largest disability under IDEA
Second
Related Legislation
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Extends civil rights to people with disabilities
Examples of Other Health Impairments
Seizure disorder Asthma Cystic Fibrosis HIV/AIDS
is about enabling and empowering students to direct their own lives
Self-advocacy
Adaptive Behavior
Self-care Social Development Behaviors
What is adaptive development?
Self-care, dressing self and overall functioning in the environment
Educational approaches
Self-wroth, self-sufficiency
Aura
Sensations before a seizure
What service option provides the most support but is generally the most restrictive for students with LD?
Separate Classroom
brown vs. board (1954)
Separate is inherently unequal. Leads to inclusion of special education in the classroom
Early Intervention (EI)
Services for at-risk children from birth to their third birthdays, as mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
Interventions
Sets of teaching procedures used by educators to help students who are struggling with a skill or lesson succeed in the classroom
Goal Setting
Setting goals with children provides the basis for monitoring student performance through collaboration and self reflection
Initial reactions of family when they find out their child has a disability
Shock, disbelief, denial
What are the initial reactions of parents who learn that their child has a disability?
Shock/Disbelief/Denial
Outcomes
Short-term goals that are a critical component of an individualized family service plan (IFSP). They must be relevant, specific and measurable
Intellectual Disability (ID)
Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing simultaneously with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
Appraising Portfolios
Simply ask yourself whether your students' portfolios have substantially increased the accuracy of the inferences you make regarding your student's' skills and knowledge.
Deaf-Blindness (DB)
Simultaneous hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness.
Multiple Disabilities
Simultaneous impairments (such as intellectual disability-blindness, intellectual disability-orthopedic impairment, etc.), the combination of which causes such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in a special education program solely for one of the impairments
Created "Behavior Modification" where students behavior is changed by rewards and punishment.
Skinner
Classification
Slight, mild, moderate, severe, profound
Whats their IQ?
Slightly below average
Curriculum-Based Measurements (CBM)
Small, regular evaluations used to determine how well a student is learning in various subject areas
Pragmatics
Social conversation
What are some ways to teach children with autism?
Social stories Picture activities Provide early services
Other provisions of IDEA
Special Ed for preschoolers Early Intervention for toddlers Assistive technology Scientifically based instruction Universal Design for learning
Center-based programs
Special daycare centers or preschool (not in hospital or home)
Individual with Disabilities Education Law Report
Special education law, case of studies,
Vygotsky Theory
Special education should have same social and cultural goals. The way these are achieved may contrast in procedure, but they are needed for both types of learners to succeed as adults.
Most Important Dividend from Portfolio Assessment
Specialists consider portfolio assessment's best benefit is the increased abilities of students to evaluate their own work.
SD
Standard Deviation-- the square root of the resulting score is calculated to remove inflation, higher SD= good test -1 to 1= average
Identification test
Standardized intelligence and achievement test Curriculum-Based measurement Direct daily measurement Criterion-references test RTI
SP
State plan for part b of IDEA
Who decides the assessment timelines
States
Pre-referral,Referral,Identification,Eligibility,Development of the IEP, Implementation of the IEP,Evaluation and reviews
Steps in the IEP Process:
What type of medication is prescribed in an attempt to control hyperactivity and attention deficits in children with attention-defict hyperactivity disorder
Stimulants
Employment after schooling
Stress functional skills Social Skills Community-work as early as ages 10-13
Environment
Student work is displayed, classroom is decorated, desks are arranged in appropriate manner, students are sitting near others who allow them to work to their best ability.
Constructivism
Students and teachers work together to construct meaning
Banking Education
Students are treated as passive recepticals
Posting classroom rules
Students know what is expected of them when clear rules are posted and reviewed.
Problem Solving Activities
Students must search for a means to find a solution, as well as for a solution to the problem.
Peer aides
Students who help other students in the class due to a wide range of reasons.
Problem-Based Learning
Students with cooperatively in groups to seek solutions to real-world problems
Payoff of Portfolio Assessment
Students' self-evaluation capabilities are enhanced. Teachers encourage students toward personal appraisals of their work progress by comparative assessments of their own work over time.
Developmental disability
Substantial handicap of indefinite duration with onset before the age of 18 years; attributable to mental retardation, autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, or other incurable neuropathy
What does assistive technology not include?
Surgical implants
What types of learning strategies are taught?
Systematic learning strategies
tramatic brain injury
TBI
Texas State Curriculum Standards
TEKS
TRUE/FALSE: There is no universally agreed-on definition of learning disabilities
TRUE
3rd Tenet of Brain-Based Learning
Teachers should create a high challenge/low threat environment
4th Tenet of Brain-Based Learning
Teachers should focus on higher-order thinking when teaching students
Disadvantages of full inclusion
Teachers tend to give up on deaf student Deaf student often feels isolated from other hearing students
The wait to fail approach
Teachers would think the gap of IQ and performance is not that far off and not apply services. However, over time the gap becomes more significantly larger and failure is more inevitable. (This method is replaced by RTI)
Whats the most recommended?
Team Teaching
Respite Care
Temporary aid to a child with disabilities who is a non family member
Special Education (SPED):
Term used in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) that is defined as specially designed instruction to increase the student's chances for success.
Summative Assessment
Tests used to make final judgments about students or the quality of a teacher's instruction.
Group Intelligence Tests:
Tests, often administered in the general education classroom, that measure academic ability as well as a child's cognitive level. It is through these types of tests that a teacher might first suspect that a student has a learning disability.
What does TEKS stand for
Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills
Assistive technology
Text Magnifier is an example of
Primary Premise of Portfolio Assessment
That a particularized collection of a student's evolving work will allow both the student and teacher to determine the student's progress.
What must teachers be aware of when having students with hydrocephalus in their classroom?
That any blockage of the shunt can be life threatening from pressure being caused
What is the most effective way to teach a child with EBD?
The 4 strategy approach: -teacher praise -active response -clear instruction -positive behavior
The history of special education is closely related with what movement?
The Civil rights movement (14th amendement)
Pre-referral Step (IEP Process)
The IEP process is initiated through a series of pre-referral interventions. The interventions implemented vary depending on the kind of problem the student is exhibiting
Withitness
The ability of a teacher to be aware of activities taking place in the classroom.
Overlapping
The ability of the teacher to do more than one thing at a time.
Visual acuity
The ability to distinguish details/forms
Instruction
The activities carried out by teachers with their students intended to help students achieve teacher's curricular aims.
What is the blame to under identification in gifted children of multiple races?
The biased testing
Ist Tenet of Brain-Based Learning
The brain learns best through repetition
Grain Size
The breadth of a curricular aim,(Small or Large). Typically, the breadth of a curricular aim- its grain size- is directly linked to the amount of instructional time it is thought will be required for students to master the curricular aim.
Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE):
The education to which every student is entitled under IDEA. Every student is entitled to an education that is appropriate for his or her unique needs and that is provided free of charge.
2nd Tenet of Brain-Based Learning
The emotionality of an experience affects retention
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
The environment in which students with disabilities must be educated, as mandated by The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). Students with disabilities must be educated in a classroom setting that is as close to the general education setting as possible.
Evaluative Criteria
The factors to be used in determining the quality of a particular student's portfolio.
Language Impairments
The form The content The function of the language (difficult to identify)
Language Impairments (3)
The form of language Ex: pear vs. bear The content Ex: cool person vs. cool weather The function of language Ex: the social use of language
Widening Gap:
The gap between what a child with a disability knows and what his or her peers know, which widens as he or she advances to higher grades.
Norm Samples
The grade norms of selected students is used to create:
Eligibility Step (IEP Process)
The information from the assessment step is used to identify students who actually have a disability and qualify for special education services
Self-Advocacy has improved the past 30 years due to
The internet/ today's technology
5
The mean of a stanine
Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)
The measure by which schools, districts and states are held accountable for student performance under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
Apgar scale
The measure of oxygen deprivation of a baby during birth
Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team (MET or MDT)
The name used for the group of trained professionals that conduct eligibility and review assessments. These members are often the same as the IEP Team, but the law does not define a MET or MDT, simply calls them a group of qualified professionals
Who has the most powerful influence on the life of a child?
The parents
Assessment Task
The part of an essay item or performance test that describes what it is the student should do to complete the assignment.
Inference-Illuminating Works
The portfolio works that allow teachers to derive valid inferences about the skills and/or knowledge you're trying to have your students master.
What is emphasized in the IDEA definition of visual impairment?
The relationship between vision and learning
Audition
The sense of hearing
Curriculum
The set of educational aims- for instance, goals or objectives- teachers wish their students to achieve
Informed Consent:
The signed consent of a parent that describes what the parent is consenting to; informed consent must be obtained before a district assesses, makes a major revision to a child's program, continues, or stops service for a child's disability.
Anonymity-Enhanced Procedures
The steps a teacher takes so that a student accurately perceives his or her responses to self-report affective assessment inventories are truly untraceable.
Problems for Portfolio Assessment
The teacher must determine if portfolio assessment is developmentally appropriate for their students. Some students may not be ready for the task such as early primary grade levels.
IEP Team
The team of qualified professionals made up of the parent, special education teacher, interpreter of test data, district representative, and general education teacher at a minimum
Inclusion, Inclusive Classroom:
The term inclusion communicates an all-embracing societal ideology. Regarding individuals with disabilities and special education, inclusion secures opportunities for students with disabilities to learn inside mainstream classrooms. Mainstream classrooms in which students with disabilities learn are known as inclusive classrooms.
Explicit instruction
The use of content enhancements and teaches students to be strategic learners -clear and direct feedback
Generalization and maintenance
The use of what is learned across setting and over time
Classroom Management:
The way in which a class is arranged. This involves planning every aspect of a lesson, routines, procedures, interactions and the discipline in the classroom
Why does the prevalence of intellectual disabilities vary greatly from state to state?
The wide range of criteria taught in schools differs from each state
How do the IEPs of students with traumatic brain injury differ from other student's IEPs?
Their IEPs are revised/modified more frequently As often as 30 days
IDEA definition of gifted and talented
There is none. This category is not labeled as a disability, but an exceptionality
Characteristics of EBD (IDEA DEF)
These characteristics displayed over a long period of time that affects educational performance (long-term) -inability to learn not related to other factors -inability to maintain peer relationships -sad/depressed -develops fears associated with personal/school problems -does not apply to children who are "socially maladjusted"
What is an IEP?
They are special services to those who qualify EX: More test taking time, read aloud, tests in a different room
Why do children who are blind often have difficulty than sighted children on cognitive tasks?
They do not have the visual connections/experiences like people with normal sight do
"I learned" Statements
They may be either oral or in writing form. They give students a chance to self-select one or more things they learned during a class session.
How can tiered lessons be used to modify instructional activities for gifted/talented students?
They provide different extensions of the same basic knowledge
What is a resource teacher? What is their role?
They work closely with the general education teacher but in a different classroom setting than the gen ed room. Their role is to teach social skills, academic and learning strategies.
Conflict Resolution
Think RERUN Reflect Explain Reason Understand Negotiate
Partial participation
This does not force participation on the student (hence the word "partial"
Bathroom procedure
This is important and useful when a student needs to go, you can give him a sign without interrupting your lesson.
Using classroom supplies procedure
This is important for safety reasons. There needs to be a procedure so that students don't accidently leave out scissors for someone to sit on or spill glue on important papers. This procedure is useful for organizational reasons as well. When students are finish with supplies, they will know where to put it back properly.
Constructivist Theory
This perspective says learning is active and takes place when students develop their own knowledge rather than having it developed for them.
The Callier Asuza Test
This test is designed specifically for the deaf-blind child and what skills he or she should be able to master at different levels of education. This scale is based on the ongoing observation. It should be conducted by someone who is very familiar with the child
How can an education maximize the effectiveness of on-the-job training for a high school student with disabilities while in the school setting?
To help learn academic work, problem-solving and social skills
What does the National Lekotek Center recommend?
To keep these things in mind: -multisensory appeal -activation -adjustability -safety -where the toy is used -interaction use -self expression
Ultimate goal
To provide a better quality of life A lot of people with disabilities want to be teachers Continue to face a lack of acceptance in society
What is the goal of No Child Left Behind?
To provide scientifically based instruction, assessments and implicants for students with disabilities (*highly controversial* and not used today)
is an inherited disorder characterized by involuntary motor and vocal tics which are present for at least one year and begin before the age of 21 years. Individuals with Tourette syndrome may be able to control their impulses for a short period of time, but this is generally followed by an uncontrollable outburst of tics.
Tourette syndrome
_______ is a process involving the coordination, deliver and transfer of services from school to adulthood
Transition
Transition/Transition Plan:
Transition is a general term used to describe a change in a student's school or program. A transition plan is specific to an IEP: a student who will turn 16 within the life of his or her individualized education program must have a transition goal and plan that outlines how he or she will transition to life beyond high school.
What is the leading cause of death in children?
Traumatic brain injury
Written communication
Two-way home school reporting forms
The increase in the number of obese children has cause an increase in what disorder among children?
Type 2 diabetes
IDEA
Under what act is the period of intervention required?
*Start of Chapter 3*
Understanding Families with Disabilities
What are the elements of positive behavioral support?
Understanding the meaning of the behavior teach the students a positive alternate behavior providing a comfortable environment teaching socially acceptable behaviors
Components of RTI(Response to Intervention)
Universal screening Progress monitoring Data based decision making
Sane messages
Use verbal responses that address the behavior, not the student 's character.
Stanine (standard nine 1-9)
Used to indicate a performance level on a psychological or educational test
Hot Questions
Using select questions (easy, medium, hard) to streamline grading
What is there no link to when looking at causes of autism?
Vaccines with autism
Stimulus Variation
Varying instruction to better engage students on different levels
Differential reinforcement
Verbal praise of appropriate students and behaviors.
Hearing
Vibrotactile systems assit students with which disability
How children with physical disabilities think about themselves and the dress to which others accept them are affected by what variable? (there are 2 variables)
Visibility (The other is of age)
Section 504
Vocational Rehab (1973) Fed funds insure opportunity. Precedes PL 94-142 ; part of 1973. Dealt with people with disabilities.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (16 years and older)
WAIS
The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence 3 - 7 1/4 years
WPPSI
Muscular Dystrophy
Weakends muscles Most importantly: The heart
Math, verbal language, written language and reasoning
What are the four major categories by which learning disabilities are classified
Document class modification
What is the first step that teachers must take in the pre-referal stage?
problem-based learning
What learning theory promotes the collaboration of students of solve problems and reflect upon experience
It must be need - specific.
What must a special education lesson plan be in order to work in the classroom?
Build on strengths
What should teachers focus on when working with at-risk students?
muscular dystrophy
What term is used to describe a group of inherited disabilities marked by a progressive atrophy of the body's muscles?
Accommodation
What term refers to using something such an electronic reader to help a student?
Conflict resolution
When a neutral third party actively intervenes in a conflict between parents and faculty, what is being practiced?
What is self-monitoring?
When a person observes a child with ADHD and systematically records the occurrence/nonoccurence of a specific behavior
When are short-term objectives required on an IEP?
When children with disabilities participate in functional skills programs
Consequence
When evaluating behavior, what does the "C" in the "ABC" approach stand for?
Lidcombe Program
When parents ignore the child's stutter and replaces with praise
What is a closed head injury and what are some possible causes
When the head hits/is hit by an object with such force that the brain slams against the inside of the cranium. Any impact to the head causes them like a car crash
OCR - The Office of Civil Rights
Which agency responds to complaints from parents and students?
Closed-captioned television
Which assistive technology is useful for both deaf and autistic student.
Kinesthetic
Which intelligence do teachers need to include in their lesson plans to keep the attention of ADD students?
memory impairment
Which of the following characteristics or symptoms is a concern for students with epilepsy?
Formative Evaluation
Which type of evaluation is used to guide a student to improve?
School board
Who pay a student with learning disability to attend a private school?
Hearing loss vs. Deaf
With a hearing loss, you can hear some sounds but for deafness, you can hear little to none
Supported employment
With life-coach
How is hydrocephalus treated?
With surgical insertion of a shunt that is inserted in the stomach A tube from the brain leads down to the stomach so fluid can be released once the child goes to the bathroom
Perspicacity
Withitness - being actively aware and engaged with the environment to know what is happening in the classroom at all times
How does the federal law define competitive employment?
Work in a competitive labor market on a full/part time basis
If you don't stop acting up, you're going to suffer the consequence.
You have a choice of getting a consequence or paying attention.
Why should you never ask rhetorical questions?
You never know what the response will be and you will have to deal with the outcome.
According to the NLTS2, which adults with disabilities were least likely to participate in social activities in social activities?
Young adults
What principle of IDEA states that no child can be excluded from FAPE
Zero reject
Impairment
a LOSS
A Smart and Balanced Approach to Testing
a bill that maintains important statewide assessments to ensure that teachers and parents can mark the progress and performance of their children every year. provisions to reduce amount of classroom time spent on standardized testing
persuasive writing
a composition that attempts to influence the reader to take action or create change
narrative writing
a composition that relates a story or a personal experience
informative writing
a compostion that describes ideas, conveys messages, or provides instructions.
no probable clause
a determination by the PSC that after a preliminary investigation, either no further action need to be taken or no cause exists to recommend disciplinary action
benmark
a developmentally appropriate standard. States use benmarks to set specific standards for a particular grade
autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
frequency distribution
a display of the number of student s how attained each sore in order from highest to lowest
selected response
a form of assessment that has multiple choice, true-false, and essays
performance assessments
a form of assessment that has science experiments, music auditions, and speeches.
constructed-response
a form of assessment that has short answer and essays
Measurable goal
a goal in which we know how long and exactly when we have completed it
Comparison Charts
a graphic organizer that involves the examinations of similarities and differences among ideas, events, characteristics, etc. Can engage students individually or in a group as they see to focus on characters, events, or themes in a single story or book.
dyscalcula
a learning disability that results in difficulty in math
dysgraphia
a learning disability that results in difficulty in writing
Dyslexia
a learning disability that results in difficulty reading and writing
frequency polygon
a line graph that plots the frequencies of each score
mean
a measure of central tendencies that is the average of all scores in a distribution
median
a measure of central tendency that is the midpoint of a set of scores
skewness
a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable about its mean. positive(goes Low to high, median mode mean), negative(opposite of positive goes Low to high, mean mode median), normal (1 to -1,mean median and mode are VERY similar)
mastery monitoring
a method of monitoring progress by tracking student completion of different tasks, that when completed, indicate achievement of the learning goal
general outcome measurement
a method of monitoring progress that uses several brief yet similar tasks (ex reading aloud in grade level stories for one minute) that can indicate achievement of the learning goal
Nonverbal Cues
a physical touch can be effective at redirecting behavior but NEVER touch a student when you or the student is angry.
OCD
a preoccupation with dirt, germs, or contamination are symptoms of
content-based essay
a prompt that presents students with a question or task requiring one or more paragraphs about a subject area
analytic ruberic
a scoring guide that contains one or more performance criteria for evaluating a task with proficiency levels fore ach criterion
holistic rubric
a scoring guide that provides a single score representing overall quality across several criteria
interpretive excercise
a selected response item preceded by material the student must analyze or interpret to answer the question
desired result
a specific educational goal or achievement target
item discrimination (ID)
a statistic that shows how well an item disccriminates between high scorers on the test and low scorers on the same student.Formula- p=# of students who chose the correct answer/total # of students who took the test.
5 significant concepts
a students journey through life can be influenced by significant people whom they make connections (relationships) significant people use 5 concepts: 1. address students by name 2. use word please 3. use word thank you 4. smile 5. give out love
educator
a teacher, school or school system administrator or other education personnel who holds a certificate issued by the PSC and persons who have applied for but have not yet received a certificate. for the purposed of code of ethics for educators also refers to para, aids, and subs.
Developmental delay
a term often used to encompass a variety of disabilities of infants or young children indicating that they are significantly behind the norm for development in one or more areas such as motor, cognitive, or language
face validity
a type of consequential validity which reflects the perceptions of the test takers-it directly affects the moral of the students
norm-referenced assessment
a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured.
8 components of an IEP
a. Describes a child's current skill levels b. statement of measurable goals c. describes how child's progress will be tracked. d. describes the SPED services child should receive e. how the child should participate in mainstream classroom f. provides testing alternatives/ accommodations g. amount and duration of services required h. statement of independence
guidelines for using questioning in classroom
a. clearly phrased b. balanced higher and lower c. adapt to classroom level to be challenging d. wait time e. have all students involved
Adaptions to be used before a test to help students
a. study guide b. practice test c. tutor d. analyze common mistakes e. mnemonics: memory devices f. test-taking skills
LD: learning disabled
about 50% of SPED students (average cognitive)
public law 105-17
access for all the general education curriculum
IQ achievement dis
accesses whether there is a sig difference between students scores on a test of general intelligence
placement vs achievement tests
achiev. Used to measure students' knowledge of specifics placement is to place a student at a certain level because of their overall knowledge
transition
achievement to facilitate movement from school to past school activities
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Panic Attacks
acute, short-lived, extreme anxiety with physical symptoms such as as chest pain, cholking, dissiness, nausea a shortness of breath.
ARD
admission review dismissal
reprimand
admonishes the certificate holder for his or her conduct. it cautions that further unethical conduct will lead to a more severe action
public law 94-112
all student received free funding
Massed practice (cramming)
allows for fast initial learning of information. However, much of the information learned through massed practice will probably not be transferred into long term memory, and it will be forgotten
writing assistive tech
alt keyboards, graphic organize speech to text
Assessment Accommodations
altering the conditions for test administration for students with a disability
argumentative communication (p)
alternative form of communication that helps students convey messages (ex: thumbs up / thumb down)
ACTFL stands for?
american council of the teaching of foreign languages. proficiency exam
pkv
amino acid build up
responsiveness to intervention
an approach in general education that involves collecting data to determine the degree to which underachieving students profit from specific instruction targeting their needs
Behaviorism
an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior
Speech and Language Evaluation
an assessment of receptive language (the ability to understand spoken language), expressive language (the ability to formulate and organize oral language and written language), phonological processing (the ability to manipulate individual sounds within words), articulation, voice, auditory memory, pragmatics (the ability to use language effectively to interact with people)
scoring guide
an instrument that specifies the criteria for rating responses
Many school children with visual impairments also have
another disability
Examples of emotional disturbances
anxiety disorders; bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic-depression); conduct disorders; eating disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); and psychotic disorders.
student
any individual enrolled in the states public or private schools from preschool through grade 12 or any individual under the age of 18. for the purposes of the code of ethics and standards of professional conduct for educators, the enrollment period for a graduating student end on aug. 31 of the year of graduation
certificate
any teaching, service or leadership certificate, license or permit issued by authority go the PSC
assistive tech
any tech that assists
complaint
any written and signed statement from a local board, the state board or one or more individual residents of this state filed with the PSC alleging that an educator has breached one or more of the standards in the code of ethics for educator. it also will be deemed a request to investigate
standards
are not expectations they equal level of achievement teachers who practice positive expectations will help their students to reach high things
1/3 of students are ______ during school years
arrested
talented
artistic / athletic abilities
construct validity
assessment over math using word problems can assess and infer student's Readng capabilities
assessment vs. testing
assessment reaches a broad amount of information while testing is a specific set of knowledge
27-33 months
at what age of child when IFSP work with parents to develop plan
ADD
attention deficit disorder
What are the five Autism spectrum disorders classified under the umbrella category officially known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders, or PDD?
autism; Asperger syndrome; Rett syndrome; childhood disintegrative disorder; and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (often referred to as PDDNOS). (2)
mean
average scores
autism
avoid eye contact
which proficiency levels of CEFR can be linked to TOEFL scores?
b1, 2 c1
which proficiency levels of CEFR can be linked to IELTS scores?
b1, 2 c1, 2
Isolate or remove student
be careful with this.
the biggest secret to teaching success
beg, borrow, steal
BIP
behavior intervention plan
Emotional disturbance
behavioral or emotional responses differ from what is age appropriate and they adversely affect educational performance in such areas as self-care, relationships, adjustment, academic progress, classroom behavior
Overlappingness
being able to do two things at once - multi-tasking
_________________ causes are identified for about 2/3 of individuals
biomedical
Early intervention services age range
birth-5
Mandates preschool for children with disabilities ages...
birth-5
fluency
building sight word achievement through repetition, sight word, oral, practice, repetition
People with mild intellectual disabilities are identified
by 2nd or 3rd grade
strategic competence
can formulate, represent, and solve math
dyscalculia
can't process numbers and math facts
auditory and visual
can't process sounds and images
hearing impairments
can't use hearing as a primary source for learning
visual impairments
can't use vision as primary source for learning
dysgraphia
can't white legibly and for proper letters
use word "thank you"
cannot use "please" without using it acknowledging something someone did for you out of kindness, not because you ordered most effective use: use with the persons name
adaptive reasoning
capacity for logical thoughts, explanation, justification
procedural fluency
carries out procedures appropriately
CAP
central auditory processing
CP
cerebral palsy
IDEA 1990
changed PL 94142 replaced word handicapped for word disabled.
at-risk
characteristics making students likely to fail (parents going through a divorce)
zero reject
child find - find children that aren't being educated and accounted for.
down syndrome
chromosomal defect; cognitive problems
gifted
cognitive abilities (higher level students)
Twice exceptional
combo of having a disability and being gifted
what does CEFR or CEF stand for?
common european framework of reference for language
10 core attributes
communication skils imagination humor inquiry insight interest memory motivation problem solving reasoning
how is CEFR linked to standardized English language tests?
comparison to their levels of the scores of toefl of ielts
Memory depends on four essential models
comprehension, organization, repetition, association
negative suggestion effect
concern that appearance in print lends plausibility to erroneous information
Dysphagia
condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful
moral turpitude
conduct that is considered contrary to community standards of justice, honesty or good morals
Whole Class Discussion
consider the 'community' that you are trying to create. What are some of the considerations? What are some of the responsibilities of citizenship?
standards for creating multiple choice
consist of a stem (question or statement) stems need to be concise and clear stems should be free of grammatical, lexical, or punctuation errors stems should not tell-tale signs negatives should be avoided . dont use all of the above of the above
curriculum
content and performance standards set by the district/state
content validity
content revers to how completely an assessment tool measures a constructs.
use word please
courtesy and respect convey a message that "i am paying attention to you" neglecting to use it is giving the message that it is ok to "bark" orders thoughts about it 1. kindness begins with it 2. repetitive use of it is important if a child is to learn to use the word 3. most effective use: priced word it with the childs name
effective teachers
creative critical thinkers can think and adapt look at resources available complex problem solver analyze create materials innovative planner exceptional classroom manager
formal assessment
criterion referenced
sensor neural disorder
damaged auditory nerve. NOT surgically correctable
receptive disorder
deals with the eye. Inability to receive signals from light
diagnosis
decision on eligibility on SPED
dyslexia
decoding issue w/ reading. can only refer
Double-deficit hypothesis
deficit in phonological awareness and rapid naming speed
intentionally disinviting
deliberately mean, discourage, defeat
Constructive Assertiveness
describe your concerns, insist that misbehavior be corrected, and resist being coerced or manipulated
Definition of TEKS
describes what students should know and be able to do, in each grade or subject area. These standards are adopted by the State Board of Education
what are the ACTFL proficiency guidelines?
description of what indivi,duals can do with lanague in terms of speaking, writing,listening, reading, in real world sits in spantanious and non-rehearsed contact.
rating scale
descriptive words like (advance, intermediate, novice)
criterion referenced assessment
designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or learning standards—i.e., concise, written descriptions of what students are expected to know and be able to do at a specific stage of their education
Curriculum for kids with emotional disabilities
developing academic and social skills
Semantics
dimension of language concerned with the meaning of words cannot understand figurative language
External behavior problems
disturbs others outwardly violent
Researchers (do/do not) support full inclusion
do not (this would eliminate special education services)
genetic
down syndrome, fragile , pkv
Examples of Formative Assessment
draw a concept map , submit one or two sentences identifying the main point of a lecture, turn in a research proposal for early feedback
early childhood intervention programs
eci
public law 94-112
education for all handicap children
ARD
educators, parents, meet to review test results and determine eligibility for special ed
induction (mentor) programs
effective districts and schools have a training or comprehensive program for all new hired teachers
Offer a Choice
either behave appropriately or you will lose recess, computer time, centers, etc.
enrichment
elaboration of concepts (for gifted kids)
disabilities
eligible to receive special services
PL 99-457
established governmental intervention for birth-5 years old for special education.
summative
evaluation at the conclusion
Traumatic brain injury IEPs should be reviewed
every 30 days
No child left behind goal
everyone reaches proficiency by 2014
2/3 cannot pass ______ for grade level
exams
public law 99-457
extended free education to ages 3-5
outliers
extremely high or low scores that differ from typical scores
IFSP is more...
family centered
Process Related Feedback
feedback that is focused on the process, not the final product
unintentionally disinviting
fell as if well-meaning, but are seen by others as condescending, patronizing, and negative
Avoidance Behavior
finding other activities to do to avoid doing what is needed to be done
IQ discrepancy model
first accepted classification system
smile
for maximum effectiveness, use with please and thank you it is a behavioral trait that is learned it can: 1. create positive climate 2. disarm an angry student or parent
formative vs summative assessment
formative is hands on engaging and summative is little hands on not engaging and lacks knowledge of student's personalities.
Graffiti Walls
free form spaces for brainstorming or communicating words, phrases, or ideas on a topic.They are often used as evolving records. A teacher may use them to facilitate brainstorming at a beginning of a unit.
BIP
frequency, duration, intensity
FBA
functional behavior assessment
Collaborative teaching
general ed and special ed teachers working together to meet the needs of special needs students
IDEA does not include
gifted children
Alternate Assessments
given to students with severe impairments
The Neuropsychological Evaluation
gives you a global picture of your child's approach to doing things, based on patterns of strengths, weaknesses and integration among a range of neurological measures. A good way to diagnose ADD, autism, PDD or specific LD issues
Learned Helplessness
giving up without trying with the knowledge that someone else will complete the task
NJCLD believes that the federal definition
has a lot of weaknesses such as: -inclusion of spelling as LD -Inclusion of hard-to-understand terms -Working of the exclusion clause (doesn't mean kids have other disabilities)
tier 1
high classroom instruction, screening, group intervention
tier 3
highly intense services and if not passed evaluated for special ed
Social/moral
how is it all playing out? self-regulation
5
how many days prior do parents need to be notified of ARD meeting
once a year
how often does IEP committee meet
lesson mastery
how well a student can demonstrate that a concept has been comprehended a. know how to design lessons that will enable students to learn the concept or skill b. know how to deliver the instruction to teach the concept or skill c. know how to assess for learning (provide corrective action) so the student can master the concept or skill.
distractor efficacy (DE)
how well other answers distracts from real answer
ADHD
hyperactivity with ADD
30
if a student has an IQ of this discrepancy student is eligible
infividualized family service plan
ifsp
Characteristics of autism
impaired social relationships communication deficits unusual responsiveness varying levels of intellectual functioning
due process
impartiality right to impartiality determines placement you treat all the students the same
Choice making does what
improves the quality of life
"In loco parentis"
in place of parents - the adult responsible for students
eye muscle disorder
inability to control eye movement / difficulty with muscle
Augmentative and Alternative Communication Device (AAC)
includes all forms of communication (other than oral speech) that are used to express thoughts, needs, wants, and ideas.
distracters
incorrect options in multiple choice items
As visual acuity decreases, the bottom number...
increases (the larger the number, the worse the vision) ex: 20/20 is better than 20/200
informal assessment
information by observation
special education
instruction designed for special persons
Content Standards
instructional objects - describes the knowledge or skills educators wan their students to learn
tier 3
intensive intervention and comprehension evaluation
Set Induction
interactive 'hook' to start the lesson
IELTS purpose?
international english language testing system. international standardised test of english proficiency for non-native english language speakers
information assessment
interviews with parents
intra-rater reliability
intra is consistency, same scorer give same scores
revocation
invalidation of any certificate held by an educator
what makes a great teacher?
involve everyone vital that you share with parents: 1. classroom management style 2. rules and procedures 3. what is happening in your classroom
Cooperative Learning Activities
involves students working together in groups(often following a teacher presented lesson), with group goals and individual accountability. Critical factors: 1) how to help another student without giving the answer 2) how to work together toward a common goal
Autism (AUT)
is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life and affects a person's ability to communicate and interact with others
teaching
is a craft that CAN BE LEARNED effective techniques can work in any classroom (k through high school) with modifications
The 504 Plan
is a plan developed to ensure that a child who has a disability identified under the Rehabilitation Act and is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment
Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)
is a problem-solving process for addressing student problem behavior. It is used to identify the purposes of specific behavior and to help IEP team select interventions to directly address the problem behavior
Action Zone - T Zone
is correlated with higher achievement & increased participation
Adaptive equipment
is designed and used to help disabled students perform a particular function
Assistive Technology (AT)
is technology used by individuals with disabilities in order to perform functions that might otherwise be difficult or impossible. Assistive technology can include mobility devices such as walkers and wheelchairs, as well as hardware, software and peripherals that assist people with disabilities in accessing computers or other information technologies.
Presentation Punishment
is the addition of an undesirable task or situation as a consequence for a student's misbehavior
Semantics
is the study of the meanings of words, phrases, etc. In addition to vocabulary usage, language usage is also a common element taught under this category
content validity
is the test over the exact information taught
address students by name
is treating students with: 1. respect 2. dignity it gives the students identity always pronounce it correctly
epilepsy
issue with brain function where there are lapses in attention and unconscious motor movements
phonemic awareness
issues identifying individual sounds that make up spoken and written words
whole group instruction
it is the most EFFICIENT (not the most effective) way to introduce material.
What is the role of the corners of the eyes?
it transmits the image to the visual cortex at the base of the brain
true-false items
items that provides a statement that the student must determine to be correct or incorrect
short-answer items
items that require students to supply short responses such as a single word, a phrase, or a few sentences
mild cognitive disability
just below average (55 to 70)
Females accounted for 30% of all...
juvenile arrests
checklist
key elements of a task organized in a logical sequence allowing confirmation of each element
Phonological awareness
knowing that language is made up of sounds
Phonemic awareness
knowing that words are make of separate sounds
conceptual understanding
knows math concepts, relations, operations
Obstacle in transitioning to adulthood
lack of support system
heterogenous
larger SD
public law 108-446
law created legal frameworks for student discipline
public law 105-17
law extended LRE requirement to assure
public law 101-476
law extended eligibility for autism and tbi
public law 101-476
law that emphasized family right rights
public law 108-446
law that has language and terminology around paras
public law 105-17
law that says mobility and orientation services for blind or deaf
LRE
least restrictive environment ( idea of mainstreaming versus inclusion)
LRE
least restrictive environment-assure access
An example of something that is NOT a life activity
leisure time
refractive disorder
light focusing ability of the eye. not receiving the light, but eye focusing on light. nearsighted/farsighted
Bloom's Taxonomy
list of verbs to help teachers write objectives for their lesson plans
TOIEC: which language skills are tested?
listening, reading, writing, speaking
low incidence disability
low occurrence; doesn't happen often... but very severe.
standards for creating matching
make the directions specific and clear options should be more than premises use capital letters to label the options in the column from which responses are to be selected
Premack Principle
makes a desirable activity contingent on first completing something less desirable
Rapid Transitions
many of the problems come from too much "down time" - to fix this- have materials ready and move into the next activity - this requires a lot of well-thought-out planning.
tier 2
match individual needs, small groups
Investigations
may be related to a specific subject area or may involve several areas, integrating curriculum. The most typical form of investigations is a collection of student writing, diagrams , graphs, tables, charts, posters, experiments. Assessment activities can be presented to students without their awareness of any difference between assessment and instructions.
achievement test
measure amount kid has learned
reliability coefficients (how to interpret them )
measure of accuracy of a test or measurively instrument obtained by measuring the same individuals twice and computing the correlation of the 2 sets of measure
Multidisciplinary assessment
members of an assessment team conduct their own independent assessments of the child's abilities that relate to their own interest areas (e.g. speech-language pathologists evaluate speech and language only, physical therapists evaluate motor abilities only, etc.). In a summary meeting, each member of the team shares their findings and recommends treatment. The emphasis is on the parts of the child rather than the whole child.
Aspberger's
mild autism - high functioning fewer language issues
are techniques a person can use to help them improve their ability to remember something. In other words, it's a memory technique to help your brain better encode and recall important information.
mnemonic devices
Mostly educated in what learning environments
monitoring pullout consultation separate classroom
mode
most common score
high incidence disability
most common, 80% of disabled people (50% is learning(
ADHD
most commonly diagnosed
Most common spinal chord injury cause
motor accidents
RTI
multi tiered approach to early classification and support of students wth learning needs
Selected Response
multiple choice, binary choice, true or false
FERPA
must remain confidential
About half of children with ASD are...
mute
retaining and accessing info
needs that need repetition, color code
reading
needs that need summarization, highlighting, pre and past read
writing needs
needs that need tape recorder, computer, guided notes
expressive language
needs that need visuals, cues, and music
inclusion
no more push out ; we are going to pull in. Teachers are responsible for students meeting requirements through IEP processes
IELTS: target customers?
non-native english language speakers
King-pin behavior
noncompliance
What is considered "king-pin behavior"?
noncompliance
formal assessment
norm referenced
norm-referenced vs. criterion referenced assessment
not a predetermined grading system, grades are given after everything is scored, students are ranked according to their sores, and only the best (16-20%) get excellent grades AND criterion predetermined grading system, predetermined criteria, not ranked according to scores, every student who meets the criteria gets an excellent grade.
social integration
nurturing student relationship
curriculum-based measurement
one form of general outcome measurement in which requent breief assessments are used in basic skill areas to monitor student progress and provide information for teacher decision making
alt assessment
open ended, prduce work
two types of expectations: positive and negative
optimistic belief that whoever you teach or whatever you do will result in success or achievement pessimistic belief that whoever you teach or whatever you do will not work or fail
CEC
organization committed to issues related with disabilities
OHI
other health impairment
correlation
over .5 is good
Students with disabilities who are Native American/African American
overrepresented
six ways to involve parents
parenting volunteering learning at home communicating collaborating with community decision making
Board vs. Rowley (1982)
parents sued because they wanted an individual tutor for student and school district said that we are not here to provide optimum services for students. District said the child is not entitled. Court sided with district
Extended School Year
parents thought 180 days was not enough because children with disabilities would forget the information obtained over the summer
Competitive employment includes
people with/without disabilities Minimum wage+ payment Independence
screening
performance compared to peers
The 5 dimensions of language
phonology (sounds) morphology (unfit = un fit) Syntax (word order) Semantics (meaning of words) Pragmatics (directionally challenged)
Evaluating Portfolio Assessments
portfolios are almost always evaluated by the use of a scoring rubric. The most important ingredients of such a rubric are its evaluative criteria—that is, the factors to be used in determining the quality of a particular student's portfolio.
Strategies for educational approach with severe disabilities
positive behavioral supports small group instruction
3 characteristics of an effective teacher
positive expectations classroom management lesson mastery
option
potential answers including one correct response
classroom management
practices and procedure the teacher uses to maintain an environment in which learning can occur. has very little to do with discipline the effectiveness of the environment is the result of how well the teacher learns the skill of doing this
Section 504
precedes PL94-142 part of 1973 called vocational rehab, in section 504 dealt with people with disabilities. Know that it is part of vocational rehab act of 1973. (sheltered work, finding places for employment)
Examples of at-risk children
premature babies children who are in an environment in which there is a lack of nurture
Oral Presentations
presentations include speeches, storytelling, retellings, recitations , drama, videos, debates, and oral interpretation and are evaluated according to a predetermined criterion.
What are some advantages in using the RTI?
prevents the "wait-to-fail" approach
pregnancy
problems during this causes fetal alcohol syndrome, rubella, etc
birth
problems during this when baby doesn't get enough oxygen
intentionally inviting
professional attitude, consistent, sincere, very hard working
School wide positive behavior support
promoting a framework for social and academic behavior that focuses on positivity
essay items
prompts that present students with a question or task that require a paragraph or more in response
88% of children with visual impairments are in...
public school
formative assessment
purpose is not only to measure achievement, but also to facilitate and promote learning. Students are given extensive feedback and additional practice. Engaging
what is the purpose of CEFR or CEF?
put together by the Council of Europe as a way of standardizing the levels of language exams in different regions
performance standard
quality of a students work
design standard
quality of the task itself
monitoring
quarterly appraisal of the educators conduct by the PSC through contact with the educator and his or her employer. as a condition of monitoring, an educator may be required to submit a criminal background check. the commission specifies the length of the monitoring period.
Characteristics of Gifted Children
quickly retains information can relate ideas make sound judgements perceive larger systems of info
IELTS: which language skills are tested?
reading, writing, listening, and speaking
TOEFL: which languages skills are tested?
reading, writing, listening, and speaking
functional curriculum (j)
real life skills
public law 99-457
reauthorization of 94-142
reading assistive tech
recorded books
practicality
refers to factors such as budget, time needed for administration and scoring, human resources (raters), etc.
Assessment bias
refers to qualities of an assessment instrument that offend or unfairly penalizes a group of students because of their gender, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, etc.
Momentum
refers to the avoidance of interruptions or slowdowns in instruction. Momentum is strongly related to total time on task, and studies have found strong correlations between momentum and student achievement.
reliability
refers to the consistency and precision of an assessment tool in measuring a particular construct.
denial
refusal to grant initial certification to an applicant for a certificate
Reliability ( of tests)
reliable, can give the test more than 3 different times and have the same results, reliable, dependable
Redirect Behavior
remind the whole class of the appropriate "right now everyone should be seated and working on" - or you can praise students who are behaving appropriately.
Bullying
repeating acts of aggression directed toward a victim who often appears isolated or vulnerable
cognitive disability
replaced the phrase "mentally retarded"
Products
represent completed student work in a variety of forms: writing, slide shows, videotapes, audiotapes, computer demonstrations, dramatic performances, bulletins boards, debates, etc. Students can demonstrate understanding and what they learned
public law 99-457
required states to establish early inter programs for 0-2 age
public law 105-17
requires assistive tech to be considered on IEP'S
performance assessments
requires students to construct a response to a task or prompt to demonstrate their achievement of a learning goal
what is the difference?
research
achievement gap
research indicates that school teachers can close it if they maintain the following characteristics: 1. keep focus on learning for all students 2. "no excuse" attitude 3. use research to improve practices 4. *involve everyone* 5. persist through difficult times and setbacks 6. celebrate accomplishments
student achievement
research shows that of all factors school can control, the effective teacher has the greatest impact on it
Temporary care of a child
respite care
formal assessment
results compare
Test Items
same as test questions
physical integration
same classroom
facts about struggling teachers
school education student teaching district
median
score that falls on the middle line (middle score)
benchmark
scores against an establish standard
1-3-6 model
screen at 1 month diagnosed at 3 months early intervention at 6 months
RTI
second accepted classification system
complex multiple choice
selected response item with stem followed by choices grouped into more than one set
alternate-choice item
selected-response item with only two options
disaggregation of scores
separating the scores of a large group of students into smaller groups to determine whether differences among these groups exist
brown vs. board (1954)
separation is inherently unequal foundation point to SPED law how we treat diverse learners
Self-Determination
setting goals, evaluating performances, make adjustments
multiple true-false items
several choices follow a scenario or question and the student indicates whether each choice is correct or incorrect
Passive Learning
shifts the responsibility of learning to the student
SEE
signed exact english
Book Response Journals
similar to a learning log, it is a place for students express personal reactions and to wonder about events, themes, and ideas in a book. Students are encouraged to react to everything they read. Teachers use these journals to respond to each student.
how to evaluate statistics
skewed. mean. mode. median. ID. DE. SD. heterogenous. homogeneous. correlation
homogeneous
smaller SD
Morphemes
smallest possible word that carries meaning but cannot stand on its own ex: unpleasantly un and ly are morphemes
autism
socially unresponsive
expressive language
speaking so that others can understand you
SEM
standard error of measurement- the percentage of inaccuracies
TOEFL purpose?
standarized test used to measure the English language ability of non -native speakers wishing to ennroll in english speaking universities.
Thrusts
starting an activity without paying attention to whether or not the students are ready
standards for creating true-false
statements should be stated clearly and unabiguously. there should be no set pattern randomized options. T or F items have lower level of reliability than multiple choice because they inherently carry a 50% change of guessing
Boys are mostly...
stereotyped for artistic talents
Identification does not count if... (it must be...)
student is involved in a sudden event that upsets them (ex: divorce, death, moving) MUST be long term
Traditional Authority
students are expected to follow directions because the adult is 'in charge' - much like their parents
inclusion
students are placed in regular classes (pulled in)
mainstreaming
students meet requirements (push out of class)
tier 1
students receive high quality instruction to ensure difficulties aren't due to bad instruction
research of expectations
students tend to learn as little or as much as their teachers expect teachers who set and communicate high expectations to all their students obtain greater academic performance from these students than teachers who set low expectations
TOEFL: target customers?
students that plan to study higher education, english programs, scholarships and certifications candidates, english learners who want to track their progress, and students and workers applying for visas
holistic scoring
subjective assessment, type of scoring over the quality of a performance or product
ACTFEL: what is the total number of sublevels? which are they?
sublevels: superior;0, advanced;3, intermediate;3, novice;3 (total sublevels 9)
This is NOT an example of assistive technology
surgical implants (ex: cochlear implants)
Biological causes
syndromes, disorders, maternal illness
testing
take measures to check the quality, performance, or reliability of (something), especially before putting it into widespread use or practice.
product
tangible result of a performance
tier 2
targeted inter and comprehensive evaluation
postitive expectations
teacher believes in the learner and that the learner can learn. should be shown to ALL students
Empirical Approaches
teacher can decided to throw one question out because the majority failed it , also to examine the assessment results to see if it is biased
Charismatic Authority
teacher's authority comes from the fact that students like and are attracted to
Recitation
teacher-led, question and answer sequence-- remember to be equitable with questions
Criterion-Referenced Measurement
teachers interpret the students performance based on exactly how many questions he actually got right
IEP
teams select interventions to eliminate behavior and tries to determine reasons for behavior
mode
teh score attained by more students than any other
suspension
temporary invalidation of any certificate for a period of time as specified by the PSC
TOIEC purpose?
test of english for international communication. an english language test designed specifically to measure the everyday english skills of people working in an international environmetal
Judgemental Approaches
test reviewers scrutinize potential assessments for bias
percentile
testers standing relative to the norm
Construct Response
tests with short answers or essay questions
percentile ranking
the %of scores in its frequency distribution that are equal to or lower than it. for example, a test score that is greater than or equal to 75% of the scores of people taking the test is said to be at the 75th percentile rank.
What do we use if a student is suspected of having an EBD
the RTI for EBD
proficiency levels
the description of each level of quality of a performance criterion.
The difference in the prevalence rates of intellectual disability is due to
the differences in criteria used for identification
prompt
the directions for an essay
range
the distance between the lowest and highest scores attained on an assessment
deliberately inviting
the effective teacher is like this in personality and classroom expectations the basis for being inviting it build relationships build relationships
assessment
the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something.
performance criteria
the key elements of a performance specified in a scoring guide
Performance Standards
the level of proficiency at which educators want a content standard mastered
teacher unreliablity
the most common criticism of essays because of the inconsistency of teacher's scoring
Sequence
the order in which you teach it (be able to explain why this is important)
Wait Time 2
the pause after the answer that allows students to dive deeper into the explanation
Wait Time 1
the pause directly after you ask a question increases participation and gives students time to think
stem
the premise of a multiple choice item, usually a question or an incomplete statement
process
the procedure a student uses to complete a performance task
criteria
the qualities that must be met for work to measure up to a standard
criterion validity (predictive)
the relationship between 2 assessment measures. -results performance on another test or in a program of study
criterion validity (concurrent)
the relationship between 2 assessment measures. -shows positive correlation with the results of another assessment tool
Who must determine the learning style of the student
the school
summative assessment
the sole purpose is to measure achievement and assign grades. Students receive a grade with very little or no feedback. Often not given the tests or papers back. Limited.
Active Learning
the students are actively engaged in a meaningful experience
Independent Practice
the students use what they've learned to work by themselves - "I do, we do, you do"
product
the tangible outcome or end result of a performance task
Professional Authority
the teacher authority comes from his or her knowledge or skills.
Guided Practice
the teacher models how to do some specific task
Content Presentation
the teacher teaches material and students are expected to learn
Bureaucratic Authority
the teacher's authority comes from the teacher's ability to use grades to reward or punish behavior
halo effect
the teacher's scoring depends on their opinion on the student and their intelligence
Scope
the total amount of content covered during the year
conductive disorder
the transmission impairment which IS surgically repairable
research
the use of the human mind to seek answers or search for the truth
Who gives the diagnosis?
their pediatrician
expectations
there is no research correlation between success and family background, race, national origin, financial status or even educational accomplishments one correlation with success= ATTITUDE knowing what you can or cannot achieve; what you believe will or will not happen.
Problem Solving
this component requires the teacher to work with students to develop a plan for change
Girls are not likely...
to be identified
Flip-Flops
toggling between two activities at once (can be both positive and negative)
Demonstrations
transforms ideas into something concrete and observable through visual, audio, art, drama, movement, and/or music. It can also include opportunities to demonstrate science experiments or solutions to a non-routine math problem
Leading cause of death in children
traumatic brain injury
give out love
truly effective teachers are: 1. caring 2. warm 3. lovable the effective teacher must demonstrate care and love implicitly through body language and explicitly through actions and words
matching format
two parallel columns of items are listed and the student indicates which items from each column belong together in pairs
analytical scoring
type of scoring that uses several distinct criteria to evaluate a student's work, objective assessment
Prevailing outcome of for gifted students
underachievement
Students with disabilities who are Asian are...
underrepresented
receptive language
understanding what others are saying
Bias assessment
unfair to one group and penalizes
it is _______ if behavior problems and academic struggles are linked
unknown
transition
updated every year
ineffective teachers
use busywork simply survive whine wait for other tell them what to do complain
Individual work
used best when consolidating or extending prior learning rather than for acquiring new content.
Assessment
used to measure student understanding - Valid & Reliable.
Norm-Referenced Measurement
using a bell curve. Teacher interprets students performance in relation to other students that took the test
Proximity
using your location to monitor/control students' behavior
What have reduced the chances of ID?
vaccines, genetic counseling and early screening
Validity
valid test, over the content taught
Brief Desist
verbally telling the student(s) to stop the behavior---KEEP IT BRIEF....don't let it disrupt your instruction.
rubella
viral infection
Children with dyslexia show deficits in...
visual naming speed
They are viewed as socially inept.
w are special education students typically perceived by peers and society in general?
Procrastination
waiting until the last minute to complete a task
warning
warns the certificate holder that his or her conduct is unethical. it cautions that further unethical conduct will lead to a more sever action
unintentionally inviting
well-liked and effective; "natural born teachers"
rehab act
what act say you can not deny children with dis
individuals with disabilities education act
what does IDEA stand for
purpose time and place
what does the letter notifying parents of ARD need to have
Predictive validity
what is the ability to distinguish future actions based on certain behavioral standards?
16
what is the age IDEA 04 says to start transition planning
reading
what is the most difficulty in learning for special ed
public law 94-142
what law expanded to include children ages 0-5
BIP
what plan checks to see what behaviors are being targeted for change and how school staff will implement these changed
Oral
what type of directions work well for visual impaired
IDEA
what was public law 94-112 renamed to
results of positive expectations
what you want to happen WILL happen if you expend energy to make it happen
Intellectual disabilities are classified by...
when it occurs
test-to-test carryover
when the teacher compares the essay to the previous essays they read from other students while grading.
1975
when was public law 94-112 passed by congress
item-to-item carryover
when you compare the students responses from their previous responses. If the student has a really good answer, and then an answer that just meets the expectations teachers may give that answer a bad grade.
program placement
where students' SPED will occur
IFSP
who has a service coordinator
IFSP
who pulls services together
IEP
who reviews annualy
IFSP
who reviews quaterly
IFSP
who's greater focus focuses on family routines
IEP
who's greater focus focuses on school routines
national dissemination center
whose definition says having significant limitations in mental functioning, communication, social skills, and independent living skills
section 504
why was law ignored becuase no funding and no monitoring
relationships
why? effective teaching is all about teacher-student relationships how? the easiest way to build relationships is to use a well-manages classroom where students are on task rules without relationships= REBELLION
Grouped basic instruction
working with small groups while the rest of the class works independently
TOIEC: target customers?
workplace; people working in an international environmental
what is the reality?
you are in a community of EQUALS, not a community of EXPERTS
stem guidelines
• Questions or statements • Concise and clear • Free of errors (grammatical, punctuation, lexical) • No tell-tale signs of answer • Negatives should be avoided, if used underlines or bolded or capitalized