Praxis II- Speech 5221
Denotative meaning
'Dictionary meaning'. The way in which a word indicates something else. A speaker must always be conscious of the denotative meanings of the words they use.
"The Jazz Singer"
(1927) The first distributed commercial film using sound
Steps of perception
1. Selecting among the stimuli to which you are exposed 2. Organizing the stimuli you have selected 3. Interpreting the meaning of those stimuli
Four basic channels of public communication
1. Speech delivery is considered a simple transmission of words by one person to a group. 2. Speaker's tone of voice indicates their attitude through the aural channel 3. Visual aids, transmit information through the pictorial channel 4. Gestures & facial expressions
Communcation Functions of touch
1. The support function 2. The power function 3. The affiliation function
Communication functions of touch
1. The support function 2. The power function 3. The affiliation function
Which three of the following are true of connectives as elements of a speech?
1. They strengthen speech organization. 2. They include transitions and signposts. 3. They help the audience understand the speech.
Which four of the following are functions of a course syllabus?
1. To inform students of the scope of the work 2. To identify the sequence the work will follow 3. To describe the tasks by which success will be determined 4. To identify the goals and objectives of the course
Which four of the following practices are considered important when preparing a manuscript for an oral interpretation?
1. Typing up a performance version of the manuscript instead of reading from the source material 2. Holding the script at a height that allows for eye contact and reading 3. Breaking pages in unique places to emphasize meaning and script sections 4. Practicing enough that the reader can look away from the manuscript often
Principles of nonverbal Communcation
1. You cannot stop sending nonverbal signals 2. nonverbal signals are highly ambigous 3. When nonverbal and verbal communcation signals seem to contradict people will ussually trust thenonverbal signals.
Art of diversion
1. ad hominem argument - the persuader diverts attention from the real issue by attacking the personality or character of his or her opponent 2. splitting hairs 3. humor
oarts of diversion
1. ad homminem argument - the persuader diverts attention from the real issue by attacking the personalty or character of his or her oppontnet. 2. splittin hairs - 3. humor
Cicero's 5 elements of persausive speaking:
1. inventing or discovering evidence and the arguments 2. organizing the arguments 3. styling them artisitcally 4. memorizing them 5. delivering them skillfully
Cicero's 5 elements of persuasive speaking
1. inventing or discovering evidence and the arguments 2. organizing the arguments 3. styling them artistically 4. memorizing them 5. delivering them skillfully
Bodily cues classification
1. level of awareness and intentionality 2. type of coding employed 3. the communicative function served
bodily cues classification
1. level of awareness and intetionality 2. type of coding employed 3. the communcative function served
Sound attributs of a voalc cue
1. loudness 2. pitch 3. rate 4. duration 5. quality 6. regularity 7. articulation 8. pronouncatin 9. silence
Sound attributes of a vocal cue
1. loudness 2. pitch 3. rate 4. duration 5. quality 6. regularity 7. articulation 8. pronunciation 9. silence
dramatic evidence
1. narratives 2. testimony 3. ancedotes 4. participation and demostration
Dramatic evidence
1. narratives 2. testimony 3. anecdotes 4. participation and demonstration
Packard's eight "hidden" needs
1. need for emotional security 2. need for reassurance of worth 3. need for ego gratification 4. need for creative outlets 5. need for love objects 6. need for a sense of power 7. need for roots 8. need for immortality
Packards eight "hidden" needs
1. need for emotional security 2.need for reassuraance of worth 3. need for ego gratification 4. need for creative outlets 5. need for love objects 6. need for a sense of power 7. need for roots 8. need for immortality
Key components of downplaying
1. omission 2. diversion 3. confusion
Keys of downplaying
1. ommision 2. diversion 3 confusion
4 different types of touch
1. positive-affective 2. playful touches 3. control touches 4. ritualistic touches
4 diffrent types of touch
1. positive-affecttouvh 2. playful touches 3. control touches 4. ritualistic touches
Functions of nonverbal cues
1. providing information 2. interaction regulations 3. expression of emotions 4. metacommunication 5. social control 6. impression formation and managment
functions of nonverbal cues
1. provinding information 2. interaction regulations 3. expression of emotions 4. metacommunication 5. social control 6. impression formation and managment
4 kinds of territories
1. public 2. home 3. interactional 4. body
4 kinds of territoties
1. public 2. home 3. interactional 4. body
Controlling facial expressions
1. qualifying 2. modulating 3. falsifying
controlling facila expresion
1. qualifying 2. modulating 3. falsifying
4 steps to improve communication by organizing remarks
1. relate your statements to preceding remarks 2. use conventional and clear syntax 3. speak concisely 4. state one point at a time
Adults
1. rely more heavily on nonverbal cues in determining "social meaning" 2. rely most heavily on nonverbal cues when meanings communicated by verbal and nonverbal systems are inconsistent or in conflict
3 parts of intensification
1. repetition 2. association 3. composition
3 part of intensification
1. repition 2. assocation 3. composition
Facial falsification may take three forms
1. simulate 2. neutralize 3. mask
Three forms of face falsification
1. simulate 2. neutralize 3. mask
4 types of privacy
1. solitude 2. intimacy 3. anonymity 4. reserve
5 interelated concepts of proximec bejavior
1. space 2. distance 3. territory 4. crowding 5. privacy
5 interrelated concepts of proximec behavior
1. space 2. distance 3. territory 4. crowding 5. privacy
Functions of Nonverbal communcation
1. supplementing the verbal 2. substituing for words 3. Contrsdicting the verbal messages 4. Expressing emotions 5. Regulating interactin. 6. Indicating status relationships
Functions of nonverbal communication
1. supplementing the verbal 2. substituting for words 3. contradicting verbal messages 4. expressing emotions 5. regulating interaction 6. indicating status relationships
Unintentional Tactile Message changes
1. temperature 2. muscular tensions 3. amount of moisture on the skin
The Toulmin Format
1. the claim 2. the date 3. the warrant
Vocal cues function in communication
1. the emotion function 2. the impression management function 3. the regulatory function
Cocal cues fuinction in communcation
1. the emotion function 2. the impression mangment function 3. the regulatory function
Proxemics are affected by
1. the need for affiliation 2. the need for privacy
proxemic or spatial behaviorstrongly affected by
1. the need for affiliation 2. the need for privacy
Influences on touching norms
1. the region of the body that is touched 2. the demographci varables that differntiate one communcator from another.
Influences on touching norms
1. the region of the body that is touched 2. the demographic variables that differentiate one communicator from another
Purposeful mass communication
1. to inform 2. to persuade 3. to amuse 4. to enlighten
Self-centered functions
1. withdrawing 2. blocking 3. status and recognition seeking
self-centered functions
1. withdrawing 2. blocking 3. status and recognition seeking
Principles of nonverbal communication
1. you cannot stop sending nonverbal signals 2. nonverbal signals are highly ambiguous 3. when nonverbal and verbal communication signals seem to contradict, people will usually trust the nonverbal signals
Personal distance
1.5 - 4 feet
How many meaningful facial expressions have been catalogued?
10,000
Public distance
12 - 25 feet
public distance
12 - 25 ft
"Oral Interpretation"
1997 book by Charlotte Lee and Timothy Gura; leading textbook in the field of oral interpretation
Social distance
4 - 12 feet
social distance
4 - 12 ft
Action, Character, Idea, Diction, Music, Spectacle
Aristotle's 6 Elements of Drama
The earliest known writing on dramatic theory
Aristotle's Poetics
The earliest known writing on dramatic theory was:
Aristotle's poetics
A student speaker who says, "The soun dint wake him up in the morning" instead of "The sounds didn't wake him up in the morning" needs to improve which of the following aspects of delivery?
Articulation
Body language in public speaking
As much as words or gestures, a speaker's posture transmits information about their attitude, credibility, and confidence. A speaker should stand up as straight and tall as possible.
Which of the following is predicted by uncertainty reduction theory?
As uncertainty decreases, liking increases.
How can a teacher best assess whether her lesson had been fully understood by students?
Ask them to explain the lesson back to her.
Contingency apporaches
Assumes that group situations vary, with different situations requiring diffrent leadership styles.
Public Forum Debate (6A)
First speaker, Team A - 4 min First speaker, Team B - 4 min Crossfire between the first speakers - 3 min Second speaker, team A - 4 min Second speaker, team B - 4 min Crossfire between the second speakers - 3 min Summary first speaker team A - 2 min Summary first speaker team b - 2 min Grand crossfire between all four speakers - 3 min Final focus Team A - 2 min Final focus Team B - 2 min
A student who experiences communication apprehension could benefit from using which of the following techniques?
Focusing attention on the audience and away from self to channel nervous energy
Domestic Tragedy
Form of British theater popular in early 1700s that showed the destruction of a good person who yields to temptation
listening defensively
Feeling vulnerable, we genrally quit listening in orderto invent ways to defend ourselves and attack the preceived threat.
CX Debate Procedure
First Affirmative Constructive - 8 min Cross examination - 3 min First Negative Constructive - 8 min Cross examination - 3 min Second Affirmative Constructive - 8 min Cross examination - 3 min Second Negative Constructive - 8 min Cross examination - 3 min First negative rebuttal - 5 First Affirmative rebuttal - 5 Second negative rebuttal - 5 Second affirmative rebuttal - 5 Teams consist of 2-3 members
L-D Debates Procedure
First affirmative constructive - 6 Cross examination - 3 min First negative constructive - 7 min Cross examination - 3 min First affirmative rebuttal - 4 min First negative rebuttal - 6 min Second affirmative rebuttal - 3 min Teams consist of 1 person only
Script analysis for the make-up designer
First do a script analysis. The make-up designer must research the characters or types presented in the production
Cross-Examination Debate
Four-person form of debate that draws from traditions and rules in the legal and policy-making fields. Two teams of two people teach debate the merits of a proposed policy.
Informing, expressing, imagining, ritualizing, and persuading are competencies indicative of which of the following approaches to communication curriculum design?
Functional
Yi's grandmother turns 90 this year. Yi has been asked to give a speech in her grandmother's honor. The grandmothers 9 living children, 32 grandchildren, and 57 great-grandchildren will be present, as well as family friends, neighbors, and members of the press. What should Yi include in her toast?
Funny and moving anecdotes about her grandmother and various members of the audience
Understood cultural "rules" regarding acceptable modes of expression that men and women share, those that are appropriate for men only, and those that are appropriate for women only are called:
Gender display rules
Comedy of Manners
Genre of play popular in England in the early 1600s characterized by ribald wit and fashionable characters and dealing with vices and follies of the upper class
Which of the following is the best guideline for using gestures effectively?
Gestures should be appropriate to the verbal context of the speech.
Syntactic rules
The fromal rules govering language use include sytactic and grammatical rules. Syntactic rules govern the arrangment of code units.
Which of the following is the best practice for administering an exam?
The teacher should ensure that the physical setting is quiet, well lit, and not crowded.
Which of the following is most important in planning and developing curriculum?
The teacher should follow standards adopted by the district and state.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a constructed-response test?
The test is difficult to score objectively.
Vigilant Interaction Theory
The theroty that holds problem-solving group memebers need to have expertise about the problem, they also need to know how to proceed as a group to be sure all aspects of the problem have been examined.
L-D Debate Rebuttals
The two debaters attempt to refute the others arguments and show that the or she best upheld his or her value.
Modeling
The use of highlights and shadows to create a three dimensional effect
Peking Opera
a tradition established by acting companies in the Chinese capital in the 1800s, characterized by an emphasis on the actors' performances, minimal sets and props, elaborate costumes, and stylized movements and songs
Anika considers herself a very talented athlete. After a game, Anika's coach praises her performance. However, Anika overhears some of her teammates say she is not very talented. Which of the following explains how most people would likely respond to the feedback received from the two sources?
We attend to feedback that is consistent with our own perception of identity.
Fantasy theme
What the fantasy is about
fantasy theme
What the fantasy is about.
Criticism to advance a cause
When a group of people wants to promote a particular social or political issue, they need to develop a communication strategy that will positively influence the opinion of the general public. Advocacy groups use mailing, TV ads, print ads, and speeches. Individuals advocate through letters to the editor, informal speeches, and just by talking with friends.
Bypass
When two discusants bypass each other when they have different referents for the same word or phrase but think they have the smae meanigs,or when the disagree but really do not, becuase they use different words to indicate the same referent.
Activty oreintation
Whether a culture emphasizes being or ding.
Laswell Model of Communication
Who says what? > in which channel? > to whom? > with what effect
Which of the following is the least credible source for an extemporaneous speech?
Wikipedia
emotive words
Words that evoke strong feelings in others.
The most central part of learning about another culture is understanding its
World view
Cauldron trap
a trap built into a stage floor to facilitate placing items into a prop (such as a cauldron) from beneath the stage.
Limelight
a type of light no longer used but the term has been adapted into slang for being famous, "in the limelight."
Regulators
a. Bodily cues used by people to exercise a mutual influence over initiation, length and termination of spoken messages b. nonverbal signals that control the flow of discussion
Middle Greek Comedy
a form of Greek comedy which lacked a chorus, ceased to impersonate public characters on stage, shifted to fictional characters rather than public figures
Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity Test (PONS)
a multi-channel test of accuracy in decoding affective nonverbal cues (face, body, and voice tone)
Flipper
a narrow flat of scenery that is attached by a hinge to a wider flat.
How does a newspaper defeat a libel suit?
a newspaper must demonstrate that what it printed is true and fair. Whether the information was taken from another printed source is not crucial to the question of whether the newspaper acted legally and the plaintiff in the case must prove that the statement is false
Antithesis
a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else.
premature replying
a person prepares mentally to make a remark before fully understanding the speaker's comment or question
premature replying
a person prepares mentally to make a remark before fully understanding the speaker's comment or question.
Show cloth
a piece of material that contains the logo or title of a specific show; usually travels with a company for easy display in each venue.
Amplifier
a piece of sound equipment that converts a low voltage signal into a higher current signal.
Drama
a play, film, or TV program dealing with a serious subject matter, but that does not necessarily have a disastrous ending
An oral-interpretation section that is performed before the introduction of a text — often used for establishing the mood of a selection or for capturing the attention of the audience — is called
a teaser
Dry run
a technical rehearsal that usually does not involve actors.
Johari window
a technique created in 1955 by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham used to help people better understand their relationship with self and others; it is primarily used in self-help groups and corporate settings as a problem-solving, learning, or discovering exercise
Affective memory
a technique in which an actor reactivates a past experience to gain the emotional and psychological feelings associated with those events and then transfer them to a performance; used when the actor believes the character they are portraying is undergoing an event that emotionally parallels that which the actor has experienced in real life
Places
a term called out by directors when it is time for actors to stand in their appropriate positions to begin a scene.
mimesis
a term meaning imitation, representation, mimicry, receptivity, nonsensuous similarity, the act of resembling, the act of expression, and the presentation of oneself
Half
a term that stage management shouts to actors backstage when the show will begin in thirty minutes.
Quarter
a term that stage management shouts to actors backstage when the show will start in fifteen minutes.
In the round
a theatre layout in which the acting stage is entirely encircled by audience seating
Found space
a theatre space suitable for performances but not originally designed to be a theatre
Promenade
a theatrical arrangement in which the audience moves around the acting area to see the performance from multiple locations.
Classicism
a theatrical style developed by French playwrights in the 17th century; places emphasis on society, reason and enlightenment; as a theatrical style incorporates the rules and traditions of ancient Greek and Roman theatre, embodying Aristotle's theories regarding the unity of time, place and action.
fiat power
a theoretical construct in policy debate whereby the substance of the resolution is debated, rather than the political feasibility of enactment and enforcement of a given plan allowing an affirmative team to "imagine" a plan into being
diffusion theory
a theory concerning the spread of innovation, ideas, and technology through a culture or cultures
Gobo
a think metal template with a pattern punched out attached to a lighting instrument to create patterned or textured lighting effects
Gel
a think piece of colored plastic, available in a wide array of colors, that can be cut and fitted to a light to color the beam directed onto the stage
Emotional memory
a tool used by actors in which they use their own specific memories of events in which they reacted emotionally to understand the emotions of the character they are portraying.
casual
an organizational pattern used to organize a speech from cause to effect, or effect to cause; this method is useful when identifying or tracing a condition from its causes or when trying to persuade the audience
problem-solution
an organizational pattern used to organize a speech that analyzes a problem in terms of harm, significance, cause, and then that proposes a solution that is described, feasible, and advantageous
key-word outline
an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
Paralanguage
any characteristic of voice utterance other than words themselves (i.e. pitch, rate, fluency, pronunciation, force, tonal quality and pauses)
interference
anything that impedes the communication of a message,. Interference can be external or internal to listeners
noise
anything that interferes with the accurate reception or the reception of a message
Marking out
applying tape to the stage floor during rehearsal to identify the space upon which scenery will later be placed.
Naturalism
approach to lighting that requires lanterns be placed according to where light would occur in nature.
symbols
arbitrary signals created by people to represent expereinces, objects, or concepts.
Symbols
arbitrary signals created by people to represent experiences, objects or concepts
Secondary groups
are formed for the purpose of doing work, such as completing a task, solving a problem, or making a decision
secondary groups
are fromed for the purpose of ding work, such as completing a task, solving a problem, or making a decision
Research on the implications of argumentativeness for interpersonal relationships is most accurately characterized as indicating that people who are high in argumentativeness
are perceived as more competent and likable
Output variables
are the results or prducts of the group's throughput processes, including tangible work accomplished, changes in the members, the group's affect on its environment, and the changes in the group's procedures.
Output variables
are the results or products of the group's throughput processes, including tangible work accomplished, changes in the members, the group's affect on its environments and the changes in the group's procedures
territory
area controlled by an induvidual, family, or other face-to-face collectivty, with emphasis on physical possesion, actual, or potential, as well as degense.
When a speaker slurs or mumbles, omits sounds or syllables from words, or adds sounds to words where they do not belong, the speaker is making errors that are related to
articulation
The Toulmin Model
asserts that most arguments consist of the following 6 parts: 1. grounds, reasons or evidence 2. qualifier 3. claim 4. warrant 5. rebuttal 6. backing
Contingency approaches
assumes that group situations vary, with different situations requiring different leadership styles
Children
attach greater importance on verbal communication than nonverbal communication
children
attach greater importance on verbal communication than nonverbal communication
Expert power
attributed by members for what another member knows or can do
Expert power
attributed by members for what another member knows or can do.
When a group is faced with a problem requiring immediate action, the most effective leadership style is
authoritarian
Listening
comprises the steps of hearing and interpreting
The Privacy Function
concerned with controlling access to ourselves
Imoression managment
concerned with the many aspects that make up the image one orojects to others.
Impression management
concerned with the many aspects that make up the image one projects to others
The Privacy function
conecerned with controlling access to ourselves
intergroup personal conflict
conflict that occurs between groups
intergroup conflict
conflict that occurs between members of the same group
Quality control circles
consist of workers (5 to 7) in a company who either volunteer or are selected to meet regularly on company time and recommend ways to improve the quality of finished products, efficiency, worker safety and other work-related problems
Pass door
door that is located in the wall of the proscenium arch, which acts as a passage between the auditorium and stage.
Mystery plays
dramatic works based on the Bible; performed in England, France, Spain, and Italy, among other countries; usually produced by local trade guilds for the pleasure of their villages
Diaphragmatic breathing
makes full use of the power of your diaphragm in the breathing process. It increases your air capascity and improves your breath control. Such control is vital for exhaling slowly and steadily, which allows you to sustain your breath longer and use your voice more efficiently.
Learning groups
formed as a medium for learning and growth of the participants. Members seek to understand the subject more.
learning groups
formed as a medium for learning and growth of the particpants. Members seek to understand a subject more.
Problem solving groups
formed to address some condition or problem
problem solving groups
formed to address some condition or problem. (problem reslolution, cration and innovation, and functioning)
Improvisation
making something up spontaneously as one goes along. It is not scripted or rehearsed.
Sound design
manipulate the sounds you produce by changing the tone, intensity, or balance of sound through the speakers
Prompt book
master copy of a script that details all of the actors' movements and technical cues; usually maintained by stage management.
Compared to norm-referenced evaluation, criterion-referenced evaluation is preferred because the latter
gives all students the opportunity of earning a high grade (or failing to do so)
Moon box
gives the effect of a rising moon by using a shallow round box with low-wattage lamps covered by thin cloth.
active listening
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
Masking
material, neutral in color and used both to define a performance area and to hide technical areas.
The validity of a test is the degree to which the test's questions
measure student-learning concepts in the test
Demographics
measure traits that make us who we are, i.e. gender, race, etc.
Media ubiquity
media is so ubiquitous (everywhere) that we do not even think about it
House manager
member of the theatre staff who is responsible for ensuring the health and safety of audience members during a performance.
norm
informal rule, seldom written down. (general norms, role-specific roles)
Norm
informal rules, seldom written down
Rider
information sent to a venue by a theatrical company providing a detailed list of all of the technical requirements needed for a performance.
A speech that relates the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party would be classified as what type of speech?
informative
Group members' behaviors both affect and are affected by themselves, each other, and their environment. This is called
interdependence
noise
interfenece withthe participants' ability to achieve mutual understanding, can happend at anypoint in the communication process.
Noise
interference with the participants' ability to achieve mutual understanding; can happen at any point in the communication process
Leadership
interpersonal influence
Silent arguing
intrapersonal argument that occurs when a person argues internally and disagrees with hat they think they heard the speaker say
silent arguing
intrapersonal argument that occurs when a person argues internally and disagrees withwhat they think they heard the speaker say.
Moveable type printing press
invented by Johannes Gutenberg, one of the most revolutionary inventions of all time
Johannes Gutenberg
invented the first moveable type printing press in the 1440s
Interpersonal communication
involves a minimum of two people responding to eachother's signals simultaneously
substantive conflict
involves disagreements among group members about the content of the tasks being peformed or the performance itself; this type of conflict occurs when two or more social entities disagree on the recognition and solution to a task problem, including differences in viewpoints, ideas, and opinions
Fundamentals of media literacy
message form, message vs. messenger, motivation awareness, media limitation, traditions, media myths
Animation disk
metal disc with slots that can be rotated in front of a lantern to give the effect of movement in the light.
Douser
metal flag that can be moved to block a beam of light in order to eliminate the need to cut off electricity.
Describing relationships as "stormy," "battlegrounds," or "prisons" exemplifies the use of relational
metaphors
If group members are arguing about a point that has been discussed previously, the most effective way for a leader to handle the situation would be to
remind the group of the previous discussion and review the facts and reasons already mentioned
repetition
repeating the message over and over
repetition
repeating the message over nad over
Chase
repetitious sequence in which the lighting state is changed.
Mystery play
one of the principal types of medieval European drama that depicted episodes from the Bible
Miracle Play
one of the principal types of medieval European drama; a miracle play told the lives of saints and martyrs
Side lighting
involves lights that are set up on the sides of the stage above the actors' heads, allowing the actors to be seen when they are facing the sides of the stage.
Technological determination theory
maintains thst the technology of any given era is the major determinant of cultural patterns of the era
Morality play
one of the principal types of medieval European drama; a morality play presented personified virtues and vices in dramas depicting the moral struggle of the soul
ethnocentric communication
one person communicates to another person under the assumption that they share the same values and beliefs
standing committees
ongoing committees established through the constituion and bylaws of an organization to deal with recurring types of prblems or to perfrom sepcifc organiztional functions.
Show report
report provided by stage management detailing any problems from the previous performance; actors and technical staff receive copies so that problems can be addressed.
Interdependence
states that parts of a system do not operate in isolation but continuously affect each other, as well, as the system as a whole
interdependence
states that parts of a system do not operate in isolation but continuously affect each other, as well, as the system as a whole.
Legitimate power
stems from a special position or role acknowledged by the followers
After a script has been written, plans for a film or television production are usually developed through the use of
storyboards
During a lecture a teacher notices a student talking with another student. The teacher pauses, turns toward the students, lowers his reading glasses, narrows his brow, and squints. After holding the expression for a moment, the teacher returns his gaze to the class and continues to lecture. The teacher's expression is an example of
substituting
Leader-Member Exchange Model (LMX)
suggests that supervisory leaders develop different kinds of leadership relationships with members depending on leader and member characteristics
In oral interpretation, a slow tempo to suggest a serious idea may be created with
sustained vowel or certain other sounds such as "m" or "ng"
intrinsic coding
symboilc meaning and physical mnifestations are insepreabel (anger and fist shaking)
A group using the program evaluation and review technique PERT will
systematically implement a decision by determining steps and establishing a time for each step
Within a classroom setting, the reason for debate is
teaching students to research, collaborate, argue and listen
Gobos
templates that can be inserted into profile spots to cast a specific image or affect
Sociofugal
tends to keep people apart and suppress communication
Secondary tension
tension that is directly related to the task at hand
Standing committees
ongoing committees established through the constitution and bylaws of an organization to deal with recurring types of problems or to perform specific organizational functions
Cultivation Theory
oredicts the more one wathces television, the more one comes to belive that the things shown on the screen reflect realty.
Cognitive uncertainty
our uncertainty about an individual's personal qualities
Behavioral uncertainty
our uncertainty about how another person will behave
Lamp tray
part of a lantern upon which the lamp holder is set; can be hinged, removable or fixed.
Forestage
part of a stage that projects outward into the auditorium.
At a forensics tournament, the term "double entry" means
participating in two events
The best way to emphasize an important point in a public presentation
pause for a long moment before delivery the point
The purpose of a eulogy is to
pay tribute to someone who has died
listening
paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
Social Exchange Theory
people weigh the costs and rewards associated with a given situation or decision (is it "worth" it)
psychological privacy
people's ability to exercise control over both thoughts and feelings that can be expressed by them to them.
burden of proof
term for determining who made the initial claim and is thus responsible for providing evidence why his/her position merits acceptance
Alex Osborn's "brainstorming"
term popularized in 1963 meaning a group or individual creativity technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members
Beginners
term shouted by stage management to signify it is time for the actors who appear in the first scene to come onto the stage.
infomrational privacy
people's capacity to prevent the gathering and dissemination of infomration about themeslves, their group(s), or their orgainzation(s) withour their knowledgeor permission.
Preview
performances that occur prior to opening night.
Reprise
term used in musicals to refer to the repetition of a song or dance at a later point in the show.
Typecast
term used to refer to an actor who is repeatedly cast in a similar role.
On book
term used to refer to an actor who must use a script during a scene.
Group
persons who are interacting with one another in such a manner that each person influences and is influenced by each other
Luminaire
term used to refer to any type of lighting equipment.
Hitting your mark
term used when an actor is standing in the correct spot according to the stage lighting.
Dark
term used when referring to a venue that has been closed either permanently or temporarily between productions.
Concentration
the ability of an actor to be "in character" through use of dialogue, attitude, voice, costume, expressions and mannerisms
group
persons who are interacting with one another in such a manner that each person influences and is influenced by each other.
team leader
refers to a person, or sometimes to a special position occupied by a person.
Wipe
refers to a single curtain that slides across a stage to hide it from view; may also be used as a backdrop or a part of the scenery.
Small group discussion
refers to a small group of persons talking with each other (usually face to face) in order to achieve some interdependent goal
small group discussion
refers to a small group of persons talking with each toher (ussualy face to face) in order to acheive some interdepndent goal.
Check
refers to a smooth decrease in the level of light or sound.
Curtain speech
refers to a speech given by a director or theatre owner before a performance begins.
Thrust
refers to a stage that reaches forward into the auditorium and has audience seating on at least two sides; also called a theatre in the round.
Raked stage
refers to a stage that slopes upwards towards the upstage or back end.
Star trap
refers to a trap that has multiple triangular hinged doors through which an actor can enter the stage from below.
Transformation
refers to an immediate scene change that involves the use of gauze and lighting to hide or show certain areas of the stage.
Soliloquy
refers to an oration by an actor on stage when they are speaking to themselves.
Raked auditiorium
refers to audience seating that is arranged in a forward sloping manner.
Movement
refers to changes in intensity, direction, distribution, color and texture.
Cohesiveness
refers to common bonds and sentiments that hold a group together.
cohesivness
refers to common bonds and sentiments that hold a group together.
assertivness
refers to communicative behavior refelcting respect both for oneself and for other group members. Assertive people coomunicate openly as equals to other members.
Assertiveness
refers to communicative behavior reflecting respect both for oneself and for other group members. Assertive people communicate openly as equals to others
Pseudolistening
refers to faking the real thing
psudeolistening
refers to faking the real thing.
Uncertainty avoidance
refers to how well people in a particular culture tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty
Kicker lights
refers to lights that flank actors; can be used to enhance the three dimensional look of things on stage.
Treads
refers to stairs or steps connected to a stage area.
Task difficulty
refers to the amount of complexity, hence the effort, knowledge and skill needed to achieve the goal
Task Difficulty
refers to the amount of complexity, hence the effort, knowledgem and skill needed to achieve the goal.
Pit
refers to the area of a theatre in which the orchestra is seated.
Stalls
refers to the audience's seating that is just below stage level.
Acoustics
refers to the behavior of sound in certain areas and usually depends upon the size and shape of a space, as well as the presence of any soundabsorbing materials.
fixed-feature space
refers to the charactertic arrangments of rooms by function.
Come down
refers to the closing time of a show.
CMY
refers to the colors cyan, yellow and magenta, which are used to mix colors in moving lights
Fantasy
refers to the creative and imaginative shared interpretation of events that fulfill a group's psychological and rhetorical need to make sense of their experience and to anticipate their future
Fantasy
refers to the creative and imaginiative shared interpretation of events that fulfill a group's psychlogical or rehtorical need to make sense of their expereince and to anticpate their future.
Cognitive complexity
refers to the degree of development of an individual's construct system for interpreting signals: how differentiated, abstract and organized.
cognitive complexity
refers to the degree of development of an individual's construct system for interpreting signals: how differentiated, abstract, and organized.
Texture
refers to the degree of diffusion or clarity in a light source; determined by the type of light, diffusion gels and screening devices.
Self-monitoring
refers to the degree to which a person monitors and controls self-presentation on social situations
self-monitoring
refers to the degree to which a person monitors and controls self-presentation on social situations.
Throw
refers to the distance between a light source and the person or item being lit.
Proscenium arch
refers to the frame through which the audience sees a performance; usually the wall opening between the stage and auditorium.
Principals
refers to the main actors in a production.
Key light
refers to the main source of lighting in a particular scene; often creates unintentional areas of shadow, which are lit by fill lights.
Solution multiplicity
refers to the number of conceivable or feasible alternatives for solving the problem
solution multiplicity
refers to the number of conceiveable or feasable alternatives for solving the problem.
Run
refers to the number of times a production is scheduled to show.
Upstage
refers to the part of the acting stage that is farthest away from the audience seating; may also be used to refer to the undesirable movement of one actor while on stage that causes another actor to turn their back towards the audience.
Distribution
refers to the part of the stage that will receive lighting; controlled by the type of lighting, the focus of the light, masking devices and the direction of the light source.
Communication network
refers to the pattern of message flow
coomunication network
refers to the pattern of message flow
Culture
refers to the patterns of values, beliefs, symbols, norms and behaviors that have been transmitted to and are shared by an identifiable group of individuals
Semi-fixed feature space
refers to the placement of objects in the home, office, and other proximate environments (creating boundaries with that space)
semi-fixed feature space
refers to the placement of objects in the home, office, conference room, and other proximate environments (creating boundaries with that space)
Status
refers to the relative importance, prestige and power of a member in a small group
status
refers to the relative importance, prestige, and power of a member in a small group.
Acting edition
refers to the script that contains notes for actors or technicians and may be written by the playwright or the premiere production staff.
Preproduction
refers to the time before a production in which the planning is done.
Tilt
refers to the up-and-down movement of a lantern.
Color temperature
refers to warmness or coolness of lighting; high-color temperature lights appear whiter or cool.
participant-observer
regular member of the group who engages actively in its discussions, but at the same time obesrves, evalutes, and adpts to the group's processes and needs.
Participant-observer
regular member of the group who engages actively in its discussions, but at the same time, observes, evaluates and adapts to the group's processes and needs
adults
rely more heavily on nonverbal cues in determining "social meaning" rely most heavily on nonverbal cues when meanings communicated by verbal and nlnverbal systems are inconsitent or in conflict
Feedback
a. channel through which a portion of the group's outputs are recycled as system inputs b. the process by which the receiver responds to the listener
spatial
an organizational pattern used to organize a speech according to the geography or physical structure of the subject; this method is best for topics dealing with parts of an object or place
chronological
an organizational pattern used to organize a speech according to time sequence; typically used to historical, process, or procedure topics
communication competence
the ability to choose a communication behavior that is both appropriate and effective for a given situation; it allows one to achieve their communication goals without causing the other party to lose face
Articulation
the ability to clearly pronounce words while acting or performing.
perception
the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses; the way of regarding, understanding, or interpreting something; a mental impression
Decision making
the act of choosing among options that already exist
Lighting key
the angle and color for each lighting area can be shown in a simple diagram
Direction
the angle of the light, determines the size and direction of shadows.
Group hate
the antipathy many people feel about working in groups
grouphate
the antipathy many people feel about working in groups
Iris
the aperture device placed in a profile lantern to change the size of the light beam; common in followspots.
Personification
the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.
It is a generally accepted principle of oral interpretation that the reader must be true to
the author
Exposition
the beginning part of a plot that provides important background information
egalitariamism
the beleif in the equal importance of all persons; this is a tenet of the US Declaration of Independence
Egalitarianism
the belief in the equal importance of all persons; a tenet of the US Declaration of Independence
ethnocentricity
the belief in the superiority of your personal native culture and interpreting the behavior of all people by the norms of that culture
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
Hot spot
the brightest part of a light beam; certain lanterns have controls to eliminate these
empathy
the capacity to recognize emotions that are being experienced by another sentient or fictional being; the ability to understand and share feelings of another
centerstage
the center of the acting area
A-1 code
the code used by the Lighting Industry Forum to identify the recommended usage of various lamps. A1 lamps are recommended for projection.
Color
the color of the light reflected by the actor and background. It can be controlled through use of colored gels, lamp temperatures and dimmers.
sender
the communicator or the person who intiates a message
Crowding
the condition that exists when an individual's attempts to achieve a desired level of privacy are unsuccessful (more social contact than is desired)
Costume list
the costume plot will help you organize your thoughts and develop this which should list every character and all of his or her clothing and accessories
Identification
the degree to which persuadees feel that they are being spoken to in their "own language"
identification
the degree to which persuadees feel that they are being spoken to in thier "own language"
Power distance
the degree to which power or status are minimized or maximized
Intrinsic interest
the degree to which the task in and of itself is interesting, motivating and attractive to group members
Narrow casting
the design of electronic messages for specific clusters of people who have certain interested, hobbies or activities
Individualistic cultures
the development of the individual is foremost
Blocking
the development of the movements of actors on stage in relation to other actors and scenery/props.
Yo-yo
the device used by lighting technicians to remotely adjust a gobo while it is set in a lantern.
spare 'brain time'
the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 - 800 wpm)
Strike
the disassembling of stage sets.
Key light
the dominant source of light for a performance, the direction of which can change as the play progresses in order to simulate, for example, the rising and setting of the sun.
George Gerbner is known for developing cultivation analysis theory, which seeks to explain
the effects of long-term media consumption on individuals' beliefs about the world
Cumulative Effects Theory
the effects of the media are not immediate, but build up over time
Intonation
the emphasis of certain words during any oral recitation.
communication process
the exchange of information between two or more people
social capital
the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups; "social networks have value," and this can affect the productivity of individuals and groups
Multiple causation
the fact that whatever happens in a system is not the result of a single, simple cause, but is produced by complex interrelationships among multiple forces
multiple causation
the fact that whatever happens in a system is not the result of a single, ssimple cause, butis produced by complex interrelationships aming multiple forces.
Denouement
the final resolution of the conflict in a plot
Stagger through
the first run-through of a performance.
Syntactic rules
the formal rules governing language use; syntactic rules govern the arrangement of code units
Dissolve
the gradual disappearing of a picture or scene while the succeeding picture or scene slowly appears
Level
the height of an actor's head in a performance while carrying out certain actions.
CL
the imaginary centerline running down the middle of the stage.
Fourth wall
the imaginary wall that separates the audience and actors.
tragic (or comic) relief
the inclusion of a humorous character, scene, or witty dialogue in an otherwise serious work, often to relieve tension
Sex
the inherent biological characteristics with which we were born with, determining male or female
Fit up
the initial assembly of stage hardware for a production, including setting up scenery.
receiver
the interpreter or the person to whom a message is directed
Lux
the level of illumination appearing on a surface.
Intensity
the light that is reflected by a performer and the background. It can be controlled by use of dimmers, colored gels and the type of light source used.
Ballyhoo
the lighting effect produced when swinging a spot beam in a figure eight patter.
Color Call
the list that specifies all of the colors that will be needed for a specific lighting plan.
Array
the loudspeakers that are used in a performance.
Protagonist
the main character of a play and the character with which the audience identifies most strongly
Proxemic Communcation
the meaning of a culture are commincated by the way people handle space.
Cultural diversity and public speaking
the meanings attached to gestures, facial expressions, and other nonverbal signals also vary from culture to culture.
channel
the means by which a message is communicated
Agenda setting
the media tells you what to think about
channel
the medium by which the message is delivered and receieved
feedback
the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
Denouement
the moments in a performance when the point of the plot is revealed or explained.
Pitch
the musical note of the voice
pitch
the musical note of the voice
catachresis
the name given to many different types of figure of speech in which a word or phrase is being applied in a way that significantly departs from conventional or traditional usage
Affiliation function
the need for closer affiliation with other human beings is a strong one
Affiliation function
the need for closer affiliation with other human beingsos a stong one.
Collectivist cultures
the needs of the group are ore important, with individuals expected to confomr the the group.
Collectivist cultures
the needs of the groups are more important, with individuals expected to conform to the group
When a nonverbal cue contradicts an accompanying verbal message, people normally believe
the nonverbal cue
Referenct
the object or experience to which a symbol refers is called a referent
Doublespeak
the opposite of language -- it tries not to communicate, it tries to conceal the truth and confuse
doublespeak
the opposte of language. It tries not to communcate, it tries to conceal the truth and confuse.
Attribute
the parameters of moving light that can be controlled, such as pan, tilt and gobos.
Role
the part a person plays in a certain group (i.e. son, daughter, boss, employee, etc)
role
the part a person plays in a certina group. (son, duaghter, boss, employee, etc,)
Crossover
the path an actor takes from one side of the stage to the other.
gatekeeper
the person in a group that expedites attempts to keep communication channels open by encouraging or facilitating the participation of others or by proposing regulation of the flow of communication
speaker
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
listener
the person who receives the speaker's message
Proscenium stage areas
the perspective is that of an actor facing the audience from such a stage
Downstage
the physical location on the stage that is closest to the audience.
Hearing
the physiological process that involves the reception of sound waves by the ear
Persuasion
the precise goals are dependent on the particular cause promoted by the speaker. Can be an argument or as more indirect, even subversive, suggestion.
High-context culture
the primary meaning is conveyed by certain features of the situation
Discussion
the primary verbal exchange among members through which the work of the group is accomplished
deductive reasoning
the process of reasoning from one or more general statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion; top-down logic
Catharsis
the purging of an emotion, such as fear or grief, which can occur while performing on stage.
catharsis
the purification and purgation of emotions--especially pity and fear--through art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration; it is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the "Poetics" to describe the effects of tragedy on the spectator
The communication process of decoding refers to
the receiver's interpretation of the sender's message
Focus chart
the record created by the lighting designer that reveals the exact focus of each lantern in a rig.
burden of rejoinder
the responsibility to respond to arguments the other team introduces in a debate
Trap room
the room directly under the trap door of a stage.
discussion
the rpimary verbal exchange among members through which the work of the group is accomplished.
retaining
the second step in the listening process that makes memory an essential part of the listening process; to achieve this step, one should avoid cramming and mindless listening
Apron
the section of a stage that projects into the auditorium.
Message
the set of signals from one person to others
context
the setting and situation in which communication takes place
Wings
the sides of the stage that are not in the audience's line of sight; may also refer to scenery that is set up at the point where the acting area meets the technical area.
Least-sized groups
the smallest groups in which it is possible to have represented at a functional level all the social and achievement skills required for the particular activity
Formation phase
the socioemotional dimension predominates as members attempt to work out the kinds of relationships they will have with each other
formation phase
the socioemotional dimension predominates as members attempt to work out the kinds of relationships they willhave with each other.
Ambient noise
the sound that exists in a room when no sound sources are present.
Acting area
the space on a stage or in another performance space in which an actor can move while remaining in full view of the audience.
responding
the step in the listening process that adds actions to a normally passive process; it provides an interaction between the speaker and the listener
proxemics
the study of how indivudals use space to communicate.
frame of reference
the sum of a person' knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference
Cue light
the system of giving actors and other staff cues by light.
conversational narcissism
the tendency of listeners to turn the topic of conversations to themselves without showing sustained interest in others listening
Proletcult
the term given to the Russian movement of 1917, which aimed to create a form of art that was devoid of bourgeois influence; the intent was to create productions in which political propaganda was not the sole content and purpose
Vigilant Interaction Theory
the theory holds that problem-solving group members need to have expertise about the problem; they also need to know how to proceed as a group to be sure all aspects of the problem have been examined
William Ridgeway's theory
the theory that tragedy originated not from the worship of the god Dionysus but from the worship of the dead
situation
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
Tab track
the track that holds a moveable horizontal curtain that can be used to hide the stage or used as a backdrop for scenery.
Theme
the underlying meaning of a literary work
Refutation
the undermining or defeat, by argument, of someone's point or position
Communication
the verbal and nonverbal process by which individuals forge themselves in a group, maintain the group, share information, reach agreements and coordinate their efforts.
message
the verbal or nonverbal content that must be encoded by the sender and decoded by the receiver
Hearing
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
Loudness
the volume of the voice
ludness
the volume of the voice
Nonsummativity
the whole system is not the sum of its parts -- it may be greater or less than the sum of its parts, with either positive or negative synergy
nonsummativity
the whole system is not the sum of its parts. It may be greater or less than the sum of its parts, with either positive synergy or negative synergy operating.
Overlay
the wider spot when there are two followspots on the same performer.
Traverse
theatre set-up in which the audience is seated on either side of the acting area.
Ushers
theatre staff members who lead audience to their seats; ushers are often seated in the auditorium during performances in case of an emergency.
Prompter
theatre's staff member who follows the script as the play is performed, standing ready to remind an actor of a line in the event they forget during a performance.
Repertoire
theatrical company organization in which two or more productions are alternated throughout the performing season.
internal interference
thoughts going on inside their head, feeling ill, worried about an upcoming test, etc.
Maintaining eye contact
to be perceived as credible in persuasion
maintain eye contact
to be pereceived as creible in persuasian
Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the parliamentary procedures adopted to govern legislative debate in student congresses
to guarantee majority rule while respecting the rights of speakers representing the minority
Lighting plot
to help you keep track of the lighting configuration you have designed
Costume plot
to keep track of the costume items for each character you need this
pull/rent/buy/borrow/build list
to organize the sewing or acquisition of each costume. This list should identify the actor, character, and pieces required, as well as size information. Copy the list 5 times
Mind raping
to refer to a listener insisting that hat the speaker meant by a particular statement is what the listener says the speaker meant
Improvise
to speak or to act without a script
Projection
to use your voice in such a way that it fills the performing space so that every member of the audience can hear and understand you
downstage
toward the audience
external interference
traffic, clatter of a radiator, students conversing in the hall, a room being too hot or cold, etc.
Blank verse
unrhymed poetry in which each line has five accented syllables; the verse pattern in which Shakespeare wrote many of his plays
Segue
used in musicals to refer to the act or scene that immediately follows another.
Noise gate
used to decrease background noise, maintaining a specific sound level by muting or increasing a signal in response to the noise level.
prima facie
used to signify that on first examination, a matter appears to be evident from the facts; it denotes evidence that--unless rebutted--would be sufficient to prove a particular proposition or face
Par can
used when an intense and fixed beam of light is needed; can be compared to the headlights of a car.
antithesis
used when two opposites are introduced in the same sentence for contrasting effect
confusion
uses jargon, techincal terminaolgy, and faulty logic to consue the listener
Confusion
uses jargon, technical terminology and faulty logic to confuse the listener
object adaptors
using the hands to touch or hold obkect's in one's immediate environemnt.
adaptors
usually not intnetial and not controled by the communcator.
Upper circle
usually raked seating in a theatre, located at the highest level in the auditorium.
Platform stage
usually refers to an acting stage that is lifted from the floor in a space that was not created as a theatre.
nonfixed-feature space
varies on size, sex, status, and emotion. (the space iimediately surrounding our body)
Receiving house
venue that hosts incoming touring companies.
According to the diffusion theory, opinion leaders are
very likely to make themselves available to the media
Nonverbal communication systems
visual, auditory, and invisible
Straw polls
voluntary polling and statistically meaningless
Passarelle
walkway that allows actors to get close to audience via a path beyond the proscenium arch into the orchestra pit.
Flagging
waving one's hand in and out of a beam of light in order to determine where it is focused on stage.
upstage
way from the audience
Motivation awareness
what is behind the message we are receiving from the media?
Media limitations
what the media can and cannot do
message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
Exposition
when one must provide information regarding the facts of the plot, usually to the audience either before or during a performance.
Opening house
when stage management alerts the FOH staff that the stage is set and the audience can begin taking their seats.
Production phase
when the group has reached socioemotional maturity, task behaviors will predominate
production phase
when the group has reached soicioemotional matuirty task behaviors will predominate.
Bypass
when two discussants bypass each other when they have different referents for the same word or phrase but think they have the same meanings
Sidetracking
where you allow something another member of the conversation said to send you off into your on private reverie
sidetracking
where you allow something another member said to send you off into your own private reverie.
Psychological context
who you are and what you bring to any communication situation
Emotive words
words that evoke strong feelings in others
signpost
words that indicate that you are going to make a point (initially, finally, next)
Proscenium stage
(most common today) the audience sits in front of a stage framed by the acting space. This form is very common in drama, opera, and musical presentations.
Compact iodide daylight
CID; a light with a high-intensity lamp that simulates the look of daylight.
Black hole
a part of the stage that was left unlit intentionally or accidentally.
Dead room
a room that dulls sound because of its thick sound absorbents.
Bit part
a very small role in a performance.
Dead
adjective describing an article of equipment or scenery that is no longer being used.
ASM
an acronym for Assistant Stage Manager.
Calling the show
giving verbal cues to lighting-, sound- and fly- operators, as well as stage crew throughout a performance.
Book
may refer to a prompt book or to the unsung parts of a musical.
Subtractive color
occurs when two colors of gels are placed in front of a lantern.
Bump
sudden flash of light often used as a cue.
Border
a piece of cloth used to mask lighting rigs or flown scenery from the audience.
Breakaway
a prop or a part of the set that is made to break upon impact.
Call
a request that an actor come to stage to prepare for entrance into a scene.
Dramaturg
a specialist in theatre who may be called upon to advise actors, directors and producers in certain aspects of theatrical productions.
Theatre in the round/arena stage
allows the audience to surround the stage, which provides a much different dramatic experience for both players and audiences alike. Originally, this form of stage was used in classical theatre in Greece and Rome, and is widely used today in smaller experimental theaters around the world.
Cheat
an actor's movement without the audience's knowledge.
Artic
an articulated lorry used to transport sets, costumes, props and technical equipment between venues.
Atmosphere
defined by Michael Chekhov as the inherent energy within a specific place. Actors may imagine they are in a specific location while performing in order to depict the corresponding emotions and actions that would best suit that environment
Curtain line
either the imaginary line across the stage where the curtain would be if it were closed or to the final spoken line in a play.
Book flat
free standing piece of scenery that can be folded in half for quick scene changes.
Cans
headsets, earpieces and headphones used to communicate between technical departments.
Barndoors
hinged metal flaps that are attached to the front of Fresnel spotlights, which can be opened or closed to control the light beam.
Diction
is the choice of words that actors use to express themselves.
Blinders
lamps that are set up around a stage facing the audience to prevent them from seeing backstage.
Baffle
material that is used to prevent light from spilling over from one area into another. It may also refer to a panel used in an auditorium to reduce the reflection of sound
Boom arm
mechanical structure which is mounted on a microphone to facilitate movement.
Clearance
message to stage management from house manager to let them know that the house is ready for the performance to begin.
Boss plate
metal plate in stage floor that is used to bolt down scenery.
Catharsis
occurs at the emotional climax of the play when the characters and the audience can achieve emotional cleansing.
Character acting
occurs when an actor must make a change to their physical person in order to perform a role. This may include the use of dialect or accents that are not part of the actor's real persona or using stage makeup to create a specific facial disfigurement.
Aside
occurs when an actor speaks directly to the audience, though the other characters are not privy to the information being shared.
Color filter
piece of colored plastic that blocks passing of the light of any color but its own.
Chain pocket tab
pocket sewed into the bottom of a cloth to weigh the cloth down.
Blacks
the clothing worn by stage management to visually minimize their presence on stage, or the drapes affixed to the set to hide technical equipment.
Context
the conditions or climate in which a play was written or meant to be performed.
Acting Process
this term refers to the methods and materials from which an actor draws the ability to perform. Actors should be able to verbalize the tools they use in this.
Blues
used backstage as working lights; usually remain on even when blackouts occur to help actors and technicians see what they are doing.
Bastard prompt
used in situations where the prompt corner must be stage right instead of stage left.
Starcloth
usually black fabric with several small lamps sewn on to give the effect of a starry sky.
Bleeding
when dimmers are not trimmed correctly, allowing the lantern to glow even when the dimmer control is at a minimum.
Dim out
when lighting is reduced, but not completely blocked out, during scene changes.
Bleed through
when lighting is slowly cross-faded from a scene occurring downstage to one occurring upstage; the two scenes are separated by a piece of gauze which can be lit to appear either opaque or invisible.
Battens
floodlights set up in compartments allowing the mixing of light colors.
Compact source iodide
CSI; light used in followspots.
Digital light curtain
DLC; a remote-controlled batten with color changers.
Floorcloth
fabric designating the acting area or a part of a set.
Black cloth
fabric hung at rear of scene.
Frontcloth
fabric hung downstage to hide scene changes.
Mise-en-scene
a French term that translates as "put in the scene." The term refers to everything that is placed upon a stage to be filmed or shown as part of a performance. The term can refer to actors, scenery, lighting and costumes. It can refer to the manner in which the performance space is utilized or to the movements of the actors in relation to the scenery.
Burnout
a colored gel that has lost its color or has melted with use.
Ground plan
a drawing of the set design from above the stage looking directly down. This allows the designer to gauge the space between items on the stage.
Beamlight
a flood lantern that uses a parabolic reflector to create a highintensity parallel beam.
Rendering
a free-hand drawing of a set based on the first impressions of the designer or director.
Bellboard
a live sound effects board that can play sound effects such as doorbells, ringing phones and sirens.
Birdie
a low-volt light that can be used as uplighting or to conceal set pieces.
Breakup
abstract Gobo that is used to provide a textured light with no distinctive pattern
The purposes of oratory are to:
Inform, entertain, influence
public forum debate format
(also known as PF Debate, Pub4, or PFD) a style of debate practiced in forensic competitions that can be compared to a nationally-televised debate in which the debaters argue a topic of national importance, typically one involving foreign or domestic policy as opposed to Lincoln-Douglass; the debate consists of teams of two people alternating speeches for their side, either affirming or negating their topic while focusing on both logical and research based arguments
Linoln-Douglass debate format
(commonly abbreviated as LD Debate, or simply LD) a type of one-on-one debate practiced mainly in the United States at the high school level; the format traditionally places a heavy emphasis on logic, ethical values, and philosophy; the format alternatives with the affirmative given 6 minutes, with the rebuttal recieving 7 minutes
Sense of responsibility for a group's success
1. No memebr has a right to act in a way that would be disatourous if done by all members. 2. No one has a right to expect more effort from other members than he or she makes for the group. 3. Every memeber should be faithful in carrying out assignemnts for the group, and if prevented from doing so, should immeidatly notify the group and explain what went wrong. 4. A member should share any relevant information and ideas for the group to use in solving problems.
fallacies in presuasion
1. Post Hoc Ergo Popter Hoc - after this before this 2. Ad Hominem - against the man 3. Ad Populum - what is popular at the time 4. The undistributed middle - guilt by association 5. The straw man argument -
Fallacies in persuasion
1. Post hoc ergo popter hoc - after this, before this 2. Ad hominem - against the man 3. Ad populum - what is popular at the time 4. The undistributed middle - guilt by association 5. The straw man argument
The five contexts of communication
1. Psychological context 2. Relational context 3. Situational context 4. Environmental context 5. Cultural context
4 steps ti improve commincation by organizing remarks
1. Relate your staements to preceding remarks 2. use conventional and clear sytax (word arrangement) 3. Speak concisely 4. State one point at a time
intimate distance
0 - 18 inches
Intimate distance
0-18 inches
Broadly speaking, in our culture personal space is typically ________, while social space is _______. Of these types of spaces, ______ is more likely to affect how communication is shaped.
1 1/2 - 4 feet; 4-12 feet; personal space
personal distance
1 1/2 - 4 ft
a "share" in media
1% of all viewers or listeners watching or listening at that time; used when ratings are low, this statistic is generally higer than ratings for audience measurement
Myths about communication
1. "I understand communication. I've been communicating all my life!" 2. All human problems are communication problems 3. If communicators use good communication techniques, they will automatically have good communication 4. "I didn't misunderstand him, he misunderstood me." 5. Good communication achieves perfect understanding among participants
Which four of the following are standard parliamentary procedures that require a second as written in Robert's Rules of Order?
1. Amendment 2. Main motion 3. Subsidiary motion 4. Reconsider
Effective Group Leaders
1. Are active communcators who encode ideas cleaerly and concisly. 2. Effective leaders communcate a good grasp of the group's task. 3. Are skilled at mediating information and ideas supplied by members 4. express their opions provisinally 5. express group-centerd concern 6. respect others when they speak 7. share rewards and credit with the group.
Which three of the following interpersonal communication tactics are intended to avoid face-threatening situations?
1. Changing a humiliating topic 2. Pretending not to notice when a degrading statement is made 3. Conveying complaints
Four Perspectives on Human Communication
1. Communication is a process a. not static b. continually changing c. irreversible d. nonrepeatable e. cumulative 2. Communication involves presenting an image of your "self" that you wish to have valued and confirmed 3. We often evaluate communication in terms of rewards and costs Communication provides information that reduces uncertainty
Logical syllogisms
1. Conditonal syllogisms - If A then B 2. Disjunctive Syllogism - Either A or B is true 3. Categorical Syllogisms - major premis, moniro premise, conclusion
Which four of the following strategies can be used by a person arguing the negative side in a policy debate?
1. Counterplan 2. Defense of the present system 3. Repair of the status quo 4. Denial of affirmative solution
4 Rules for Osborn's Brainstorming
1. Focus on quantity 2. Withhold criticism 3. Welcome unusual ideas 4. Combine and improve ideas
Which three of the following are factors in demographic audience analysis?
1. Gender ratio of the audience 2. Age of the audience 3. Educational level of the audience
Myths about communcation
1. I understand communcation. I've been communcating all my life! 2. All human problems are communcation problems. 3. If communcators use good coomuncation techniques, they will automatically have good communcation. 4. I didn't misundertand him, he misunderstood me. 5. Good communcation acheives perfect understanding among particpants.
Four dimensions of culture difference
1. Individualism/collectivism 2. Uncertainty avoidance (makes lots of rules as a result) 3. Masculinity/feminity 4. Power distance (how a culture distributes power amongst its members)
Leadership comes from power (power types)
1. Leaders can reward 2. Leaders can punish
Power types
1. Leaders can reward 2. Leaders can punish
Which four of the following are roles of a judge during a debate tournament?
1. Making at least one written suggestion for improvement 2. Making at least one positive comment 3. Focusing the critique on exploration of alternatives 4. Ranking, rating, and signing the ballot
Sense of responsibility for a group's success
1. No member has a right to act in a way that would be disastrous if done by all members 2. No one has a right to expect more effort from other members than he or she makes for the group. 3. Every member should be faithful in carrying out assignments for the group, and if prevented from doing so, should immediately notify the group and explain what went wrong. 4. A member should share any relevant information and ideas for the group to use in solving problems
Which three of the following are considered folklore or folklife?
1. Riddles 2. Figures of Speech 3. Proverbs
Effective group leaders
1. are active communicators who encode ideas clearly and concisely 2. communicate a good grasp of the group's task 3. are skilled at mediating information and ideas supplied by members 4. express their opinions provisionally 5. express group-centered concern 6. respect others when they speak 7. share rewards and credit with the group
Maslow's Pyramid of needs
1. basic needs 2. safety and scurity needs 3. belonging and love needs 4. esteem needs 5. sel-actualization needs
Maslow's Pyramid of Needs
1. basic needs 2. safety and security needs 3. belonging and love needs 4. esteem needs 5. self-actualization needs
Criteria for responsible persuasion
1. both sides have equality (equal time and access to media) 2. revelation of agendas 3. presence of critical receivers
Criteria for repsonsible persuasion
1. both sides have equality (equal time and access to media) 2. there should be a revelation of agendas 3. presence of critical receivers
TYpes of reasonins
1. cause to effect 2. effect to cause 3. reasoning from symptoms 4. criteria to application 5. reaoning from comparison or analogy 6. deductive reasoning (general to sepcific) 7. inductive reasoning (specifc to general)
Types of reasonings
1. cause to effect 2. effect to cause 3. reasoning from symptoms 4. criteria to application 5. reasoning from comparison or analogy 6. deductive reasoning (general to specific) 7. inductive reasoning (specific to general)
Unintetiinal Tactile Message
1. changes in temperature 2. changes in muscular tensions 3. changes in the maount of moisture on the skin.
5 conclusion of facial communication
1. communcates evaluative judgements through either pleasure or unpleasant expressions 2. communicates interest or disinterest 3. intensity, hence the degree of invovlment 4. the amount of control and individual has over their own expressions 5. probably communicates the intellectual factor of understanding or lack of it.
5 conclusions of facial communication
1. communicates evaluative judgements through either pleasure or unpleasant expressions 2. communicates interest or disinterest 3. intensity, hence the degree of involvement 4. the amount of control and individual has over their own expressions 5. probably communicates the intellectual factor of understanding or lack of it
Tools to enhance group cohesivness
1. develop a group identity 2, build a group tradition 3. stress teamwork 4. get the group to recignize good work 5. set clear, attainable goals 6. give the group rewards. 7. treat members like people, not machines 8. support both disagreement and agreement
Tools to enhance group cohesiveness
1. develop a group identity 2. build a group tradition 3. stress teamwork 4. get the group to recognize good work 5. set clear, attainable goals 6. give the group rewards 7. treat members like people, not machines 8. support disagreements and agreements
Types of Evidence:
1. dramatic evidence 2. rational evidence 3. reasoning
Types of evidence
1. dramatic evidence 2. rational evidence 3. reasoning
5 categoires of nonverbal behavior (Ekman & Freisen)
1. emblems 2. illustrations 3. affect displays 4. regulators 5. adaptors
5 categories of nonverbal behavior (Ekman & Freisen)
1. emblems 2. illustrations 3. affect displays 4. regulators 5. adaptors
maintenance functions
1. establishing norms 2. gatekeeping 3. supporting 4. harmonizing 5. tension-releiving 6. dramitizing 7. showing solidarity
Maintenance functions
1. establishing norms 2. gatekeeping 3. supporting 4. harmonizing 5. tension-relieving 6. dramatizing 7. showing solidarity
Aristorles factors of persuasion
1. ethos - speaker's credibility 2. pathos - emotional appeal 3. logos - logical appeal
Aristotle's factors of persuasion
1. ethos - speaker's credibility 2. pathos - emotional appeal 3. logos - loigical appeal
3 types of space
1. fixed-feature space 2. semi-fixed feature space 3. non-fixed feature space
3 types of space
1. fixed-feature space 2. semifixed-feature space 3. nonfixed feature space
Principles of communcation
1. human communcation is symbolic 2. communcation is personal 3. communcation is a transactional process 4. communcation is not always intentional 5. communcation involves content, relationship, and affective levels.
Principles of communication
1. human communication is symbolic 2. communication is personal 3. communication is a transactional process 4. communication is not always intentional 5. communication involves content, relationship and affective levels
Functions of eye behaviors
1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2. help initiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and persuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression management
Functons of eye behaviors
1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2. help intiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and presuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression managment
Task functions
1. initiating and organizing 2. information giving 3. information seeking 4. opinion giving 5. clarifying 6. elaborating 7. evaluating 8. summarizing 9. coordinating 10. consensus testing 11. recording 12. suggesting procedures
Task functions
1. intiating and organizing 2. infomration giving 3. infomration seeking 4. opinion giving 5. clarifying 6. elaborating 7. evaluating 8. summarizing 9. coordinating 10. consensus testing 11. recording 12. suggesting procedures
4 types of informal distance
1. intimate 2. personal 3. social-consultative 4. public
Agony
A Greek word for struggle or conflict
Public speaking is ultimately always about:
A and B (Achieving the speakers objective, Meeting the audience needs)
Foil
A character whose personality and physical appearance contrast with those of the protagonist
Speech tournament competitions are preferably held in which of the following?
A classroom
Symbol
A concrete image used to represent an abstract concept or idea
Trait
A consistent pattern of behavior or other observable characteristic.
Trait
A consistent pattern of behavior or other observable characteristics
Low-context culture
A culture where the primary meaning of a message is carried by the verbal, or explicit, part of the message.
Fight Director
A directing specialist who choreographs both armed and unarmed fight scenes and stunts onstage
Problem
A discrepancy between what actually is happening and what should be going on.
fantasy chain
A fantasy that is picked up and elaborated by the group members.
Fantasy chain
A fantasy that is picked up and elaborated on by group members
New Greek Comedy
A form of Greek comedy which largely focused on the idea of unrequited or unattainable love and introduced the character of the mercenary soldier returning home from war; common people faced every day problems
Which of the following lists the three major elements of a problem?
A goal, barriers to that goal, and approaches to the barriers
Which of the following is a benefit that synergy provides for members of a small group?
A level of accomplishment that is greater than the members could have achieved working alone
Comedy
A light and amusing play that typically has a happy ending
Problem Solving
A more comprehsive, multistep procedure through which a group develops a plan to move from an unsatifactory state to a desired goal.
Narratives in a speech
A narrative is simply a story. They can be fiction or nonfiction. Narratives tend to have more impact on a audience when they are true.
Improving voice and articulation problems
A person can record themselves and listen to the way they speak, practice in producing the correct sound every day should result in almost immediate progress.
Designated leader
A person elected or appointed to a leadership position
designated leader
A person elected or appointed to a leadership postion.
Numerical data should be:
All of the above (Presented visually as well as orally, Presented in the context of an image, Repeated throughout the speech, Translated into something the audience can relate to)
Antagonist
A person, situation, or the protagonist's own inner conflict, that is in opposition to the protectionist's goals
Values
A personal belief about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom, or object that sets standard that influence behavior
Warren Lamb
A pioneer in the field of nonverbal behavior. Significant work in Laban Movement Analysis. Created Movement Pattern Analysis, a motivational assessment tool based on movement observation
Which of the following forensics competition speeches would be more rehearsed than the others at a typical speech tournament?
A prose reading of Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart
Gestures
A public speaker should make sure that their gestures are in harmony with the subject matter of the speech and the expectation of the audience
Verbal feedback
A receiver needs to be able to ask pertinent questions if they do not understand a particular aspect of the delivered message. In education, this is known as the Socratic Method. A receiver's most important function is to continually indicate their level of understanding of the delivered message.
The Simple Model of Communications (SMCR)
A source, a message, a channel and a receiver
The Simple Modep of Communcatin (SMCR)
A source...A messsage, A channel, and A Receiver
Eulogy
A speech that praises a particular individual and highlights their best qualities. Often given at funerals as the speaker remembers the deceased in a positive light.
Function approach
A subtype of contingency theories that assumes groups are most productive when specifc functions are perfromed by leaders.
Function approach
A subtype of contingency theory that assumes groups are most productive when specific functions are performed by leaders
When selecting a text for a public speaking course at the high school level, the teacher should look for:
A text written at a level slightly above the students' abilities
Which of the following are effective listening techniques?
A. Interrupt to ask questions; paraphrase B. Focus; don't form opinions too soon D. Make eye contact; avoid being defensive
Association of lighting designers
ALD
Symbolic Convergence
Acknowledges that humas are storytelling creatures who creat and share meaning through talk.
Making a strong argument in a speech, conversation, or debate requires:
Acknowledging the opposing point of view with respect
Pantomime
Acting without words by using facial expressions and gestures, expressive movements of the body or limbs. The term is used to cover several different types of movement: movement that tells the audience something significant, that tells a story through silent action alone; movement that portrays an activity without using the actual objects involved in the activity
Which of the following ways of speaking is disrespectful to diverse audiences?
Addressing issues only from one's own point of view
Before writing a speech, the writer needs to do an audience analysis, which considers which of the these factors:
All of the above (Age, Gender, culture, Nationality, religious affiliation, skills and experiences with the topic, audiences needs and interests)
Which of the following criteria might a teacher use to assess a student's public speaking project?
All of the above (Chooses and fine tunes a topic for a specific audience, Communicates the thesis sufficiently, Ideas progress logically, Selects appropriate and quality support material)
How might intrapersonal communication enhance interpersonal communication?
All of the above (Daydreaming is a type of personal rehearsal for a potential intercommunication, Reflecting upon a conversation can lead to deeper understanding of the communication's meaning, Keeping a journal creates self-awareness, Gesturing, a type of self-talk, adds to a message's meaning)
Which of the following methods of assessment are useful for student presentations?
All of the above (Dialogue with the audience, Audience feedback with a rubric, Videotape, Self-assessment with rubrics)
Videoconferencing, the Internet, mobile phones, and intranets and other information and communication technologies:
All of the above (Have changed the face of business, Have created a global marketplace, Have changed the face of politics, Have negatively affected economies)
Interpersonal communications can be unclear due to:
All of the above (Misinterpretation, Assumptions, Environmental context, Relational context)
A teacher wants to give her public speaking students exciting topics so they will get involved with their material. Where can she find appropriate topics?
All of the above (Online, From other teachers, From books, From her students)
How does an actor best develop a character?
All of the above (Read the play to understand how the character relates to others, Learn lines quickly to internalize them, Find commonality with the character, Avoid obvious or stereotypical responses)
which of the following are negative outcomes associated with a group that has fallen under the influence of groupthink?
All of the above (Seeking only information that supports pre-existing positions, failure to consider a number of alternatives, failure to examine one anthers ideas thoroughly, failure to have a contingency plan to fall back on)
Expressive language competency requires:
All of the above (oral language, gesture, tone, context)
The study of aesthetics in literature and drama is not concerned with which of the following?
All of the above (practical concerns, moral concerns, political concerns, ethical concerns)
Rehearsing a speech by videotaping it will help a speaker:
All of the above( Recognize effective nonverbal information, Recognize confusing nonverbal information, Recognize effective speech patterns, Recognize where the speech loses focus)
The uses and gratifications model holds that motivations for attending to media include:
All of the above. (The audience identifies with values or roles expressed, thereby reinforcing their behaviors and beliefs., The audience seeks a sense of relationship and security., The audience seeks information or knowledge., The audience wants to escape through entertainment.)
Eye contact
An effective speaker will often shift his or her gaze around the room, making eye contact with as many 0people as possible. Under no circumstances should a speaker look up in the air, stare a their notes, or fix their eyes on some point in the distance. Movements should be calm, regular, and smooth
Identity achievement occurs when:
An individual makes a commitment to a single identity.
To what degree is effective listening natural to all people?
An innate ability to listen effectively is not a natural skill.
Dithyrambs
Ancient Greek songs which were sung in honor of the fertility god Dionysus
During a speech in class, a student recounts that the actor James Dean once competed in a national speech tournament but did not advance to the finals because he exceeded the time limit. The student is using the story as which of the following supporting materials?
Anecdote
Which of the following terms refers to a published collection of full literary works organized by genre or subject matter?
Anthology
President John F. Kennedy's famous quotation, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" is an example of which of the following language devices?
Antithesis
paralanguage
Any charactritics of voice utternace other than words themselves. Such as pitch, rate, fleuncy, prnounciation, force, tonal quality, and pauses.
Connotative meaning
Any implication or a suggestion connected to a word that extends beyond the denotative meaning of the word. These meanings are often quite emotional in character.
Expert testimony in speeches
Any time a speaker can quote a well-known authority who agrees with their point of view, they will be eager to do so. Testimony is only expert and appropriate when it comes from an expert in that particular field.
A startling introductory statement is most useful in establishing contact with which kind of audience?
Apathetic
Territory
Area controlled by an individual, family or other face-to-face collectivity, with emphasis on physical possession, actual, or potential
CX Debate Negative
Argues against the specific policy by articulating drawbacks and disadvantages that would result from enacting the affirmative's policy. It also refutes the affirmative's claimed advantages
Which of the following statements regarding eye contact is false?
Audience members are drawn into the presentation if the speaker makes repeated eye contact that lasts long enough to suggest emotional intimacy.
Four common leadership styles are:
Autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, abdicratic
Avoiding ethnocentrism
Avoiding this does not mean that you must agree with the values and practices of all groups and cultures. You must show respect for the cultures of the people you address and adapt your message to the values and expectations of your listeners.
when is avoidance an appropriate strategy for a leader or member of business team?
B and C (When the individual has little influence or will likely be ignored, when more important things must be dealt with)
Which four of the following principles should a teacher follow when giving feedback on student speeches?
B. Be specific C. Be sensitive D. Be descriptive E. Be timely
Referent Power
Based on attraction or identification with another person
Communicative competincies
Based on the assumtions that leadership involves behaviors that help a group overcome obstacles to goal achievement, that leadership occurs through the process of communcation, and that communcation skills are the means used by individuals to lead small groups.
Which of the following is an important point that teachers should convey to their students about the ethics surrounding blogging?
Bloggers are rarely held to the same editorial scrutiny as journalists.
Emblems
Bodily cues that have direct verbal translation consisting of a word or two, and that have a precise meaning that is known to most members of a given culture
A marketing group has assigned a team to a new ad campaign. The team is having their initial meeting. Someone suggests that everyone throw out as many ideas as possible without editing or suppressing any that may seem off the mark. Chaos erupts, yet by the end of the meeting the team has a clear idea of the direction they would like to go. This is called:
Brainstorming
Nonverbal communication in establishing the credibility
By making assertive and forceful gestures, a speaker can create an image of credibility and confidence. By making easy gestures, a speaker can promote an image of relaxation and expansiveness. The volume and pitch of the speakers voice in accordance with the requirements of the speech should also be modulated.
Which of the following mass media theories explains why a person who watches a lot of reality television programs featuring the police and other law enforcement agents in the line of duty believes that crimes rates are higher than they actually are?
Cultivation analysis
David is preparing a speech about why Hollywood became the center of the motion picture industry and the impact that its development as the center had on filmmaking. David's speech should be organized using which of the following methods?
Cause-effect
An informative speech that explains the history of genetics would most likely follow which of the following methods of organization?
Chronological
What is the first step in the reflective thinking or standard agenda approach to group decision making?
Clarifying the issue or problem
Among the types of debate formats used in high school and college debates are:
Classical, extemporaneous, impromptu, moot court, and mock trial
Which of the following strategies for managing conflict within a group is a win/win?
Collaborate
Which of the following management strategies is designed to give a win-win solution?
Collaborating
Extemporaneous speech
Combines elebents of preparation and improvisation. This type is more conversational and informal than a written speech and is therefore more appropriate for casual gatherings.
Farce
Comedy with exaggerated characterizations, abundant physical or visual humor, and often an improbable plot
In 1994 scholar Jean Baudrillard observed, "In a world where there is more and more information, there is less and less meaning." Baudrillard's critical view of advertising is most reflective of which of the following?
Commodification of communication
Factors that impact world view
Common experience, common languages, physical environments, political environments, economic development, etc.
Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the process of communication?
Communication involves encoding and decoding messages.
Interpersonal Communication
Communication that occurs simultaneously between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships.
Which of the following is most applicable to the communicative management of conflict in a business setting?
Conflict style theory by Putnam and Wilson
Which of the following terms refers to the implied meanings or connected associations of words in texts?
Connotation
Extemporaneous Speaking (Foreign and Domestic)
Contestants will be expected to prepare on all significant topics that have received emphasis in the major magazines and newspapers since September 1 of the current school year. Speakers have a 30 min prep time Participant is to speak not more than 7 minutes. Speech may be followed by a questioning period during which each judge or panel of judges may ask 1 relevant question
Which of the following actions does the gatekeeper perform in a small group?
Controlling channels of communication and the flow of information
Self-Disclosure
Conversations work best when both parties are as honest and forthcoming about themselves as possible. When engaged in a conversation, a person should strive to be as accurate as possible in revealing their self-image. Propriety, pride, and fear are the most common reasons for hiding information about oneself.
A detective and a therapist are working with a young child who was kidnapped to determine what occurred and in what order. They have provided stuffed animals, a toy car, some puppets, and various daily objects such as kitchen utensils, books, clothing, some toy buildings, etc. Following the child's lead, the detective "plays" with the child as she dramatically enacts her version of what happened. What theatrical element is being used?
Creative dramatics
Brainstorming is a technique developed by Alex Osborn that is designed to produce imaginative approaches to a specific problem. Which of the following is a basic rule inherent in the successful use of brainstorming?
Criticism of ideas is not allowed
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 allowed for an increase in which of the following?
Cross-ownership of media industries
Lincoln-Douglas Debate
Debate taking place between two individuals who debate the moral and ethical value of a resolution, a statement that proposes a policy action.
"Excessive consumption of caffeine can lead to high blood pressure. Therefore, people seeking to improve their health whose caffeine exceeds a safe level should reduce their caffeine intake." The argument above illustrates which of the following?
Deductive reasoning
Cookie Baker is excited about her new job with the cookware company. She will appear at cooking shows, county fairs, exhibitions, and culinary schools to acquaint the audience with a new line of cookware. What type of speech should she employ?
Demonstration
Esteban has been asked to speak to a group of music students about his work as a professional musician. He wants to talk about his instrument, the bass, and how he must make adjustments for the various sound systems and acoustics he must deal with. What type of speech should he present?
Demonstration.
Research and experience have proven that abdicratic groups typically:
Disintegrate quickly
Mr. Diallo feels that his speech is going very well. His audience seems engrossed.; several have closed their eyes to concentrate, and a number of others are scribbling notes like crazy. A few are checking the conference materials. Mr. Diallo's audience is:
Disinterested in his position.
Melodrama
Dramatic form from 1800, characterized by cliff-hanging plots, heart-tugging emotional appeals, the celebration of virtue, and a strongly moralistic tone
Which of the following is a speech competition event where a student portrays one or more characters in a serious situation or setting?
Dramatic interpretation
A teacher with an inattentive class can use which of the following dramatic techniques to gain their attention?
Drop a book or slam a drawer, lean forward on her desk, and speak slowly and deliberately in a low voice.
Humorous & Dramatic Duet
Duet teams must qualify together Event shall consist of a cutting from a single work of published, worthwhile literature containing two or more characters using the same diction the author has used in the original manuscript Maximum time includes 10 minutes This is a memorized event
Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight.
ERS; provides a hard-edged beam of light; offer a beam that has a fixed size with a high intensity and very little stray light;
Fill light
Each lighting area should be lit by at least two lighting instruments at 90 degree angles toward each other. This fills in shadows created by the key light. Often one of these two instruments will have a warmer-colored gel and one will have a cooler-colored gel
Key light
Each lighting area should be lit by at least two lighting instruments at 90 degree angles toward each other. This is the brightest of the two. Often one of these two instruments will have a warmer-colored gel and one will have a cooler-colored gel
Formative assessment is also called:
Educative assessment
The theory concerned with the effect advertising and voter campaigns have on behavior is called:
Effects theory
What do microexpressions communicate?
Emotions that are being suppressed
Democratic Leaders
Encourage members to particapte in group decisions, including policy making decisions.
William Blake
English poet, strongly influenced by the French Revolution
William Wordsworth
English poet, strongly influenced by the French Revolution
active listening
Ensure slistenr pays attention by requiring them to paraphrase what they understood the previous speaker to mean, then ask for a confirmation or correction of your paraphrase.
Active listening
Ensures listener pays attention by requiring them to paraphrase what they understood the previous speaker to mean, then ask for a confirmation or correction of the paraphrase
Dialects
Entails regional and social variations in pronounciation, vocabulary, and grammar of a language.
Which of the following statements about the effects of the perception of space on communication behavior is accurate?
Environmental qualities can affect how people send and interpret messages.
Compared to recorded history, is oral history more or less accurate?
Equally accurate in its own way
What are the drawbacks of compromise?
Essential principles and goals can get lost.
In the introduction to his persuasive speech on the advantages of becoming an avid gardener, John tells his audience that he is a strict vegetarian. Which of the following functions does the statement serve?
Establishing credibility
A teacher presents a new concept that her students find hard to believe. When they question her, she is able to persuade them by citing her status as a former state teacher of the year. Which of the following persuasion techniques has the teacher used?
Ethos
Which of the following best describes what a teacher should do with a completed unit plan?
Evaluate the unit plan and the associated lessons, adjust items that need modification, and file the plan away so it is available for use when the course is taught in the future
Which of the following uses the bandwagon advertising technique?
Everybody eats at Joe's.
Distributed Leadership
Explicitly acknowledges that leadership of a group is spread among members, with each member is expected to perfrom the commmuncation behaviors needed to move the group toward its goals.
Which of the following describes a prepared speech for which the speaker uses brief notes?
Extemporaneous
The week-long National Speech and debate tournament offers Supplemental Events in which of the following categories?
Extemporaneous Commentary, Expository Speaking, Prose Interpretation, Poetic Interpretation
Fade to blackout
FBO
Front of house
FOH
A civic group wants to convert a vacant lot into something useful for the community and begins the process by asking who owns the land. Verifying the ownership of the land involves which of the following types of question?
Fact
In small-group decision making, which of the following is unique to the nominal group technique?
Group members do not talk and sometimes do not even meet.
boundary spanners
Group members who constanly monotor the group's environemnt to bring and take out information relevant to the group's success.
To determine whether groupthink is taking place, group leaders should watch for which of the following symptoms?
Group rationalizing ("We know there are problems, but it's all good.")
Another word for "tragic flaw" is
Hamartia
A teacher has an English language learner in her speech class. His English is excellent, but his accent is pronounced. When he presents his class project, a speech about folk tales from his native country, the class is confused. It is difficult to understand what he is saying. This is probably because:
He is stressing words incorrectly.
Differences between hearing and listening
Hearing is a physiological process; listening involves understanding meaning
Which of the following quadrants from the Johari window would be the largest for a person who keeps to herself and does not disclose much information to others?
Hidden
Which of the following most accurately describes the research on self-monitoring in interpersonal communication?
High self-monitors are more motivated than low self-monitors to manage conversation.
International alliance of theatrical stage employees
IATSE; the union for stage employees.
Which of the following statements about discussions held to resolve an issue is/are true?
III and IV (Individuals with greater knowledge should contribute more., Individuals with greater knowledge should not be resented.)
Which of the following is true of a debate coach?
III, IV, VI (A debate coach nurtures and develops mental skills, A debate coach questions and responds instead of leading and ordering, A debate coach wears many hats; she raises money, reads arguments, and does administrative paperwork)
What strategies might be useful for a leader who wants to introduce a change in a company's culture?
III, IV, VI (Create a vision, ensure senior management members show enthusiasm., Have senior management members change their behaviors to align with new ideals, modify the structure of the organization to facilitate the changes., Remove employees who don't fit the new ideal; integrate new hires into the company's culture.
Which of the following is true about an informational speech?
III. (Non-verbal communication should be incorporated)
Cultural identity
Idenitifcation with and preceived acceptance into a group that has shared systmes of symbols and meanings as well as norms/rules for conduct.
What is involved in language comprehension?
Identifying word units, knowing their meanings, understanding their syntactical use, processing abstractions, interpreting meaning
A speech that is brief and is delivered off the cuff is most likely which of the following types of speech?
Impromptu
Rasa
In Indian drama, a classification of plays according to a dominant mood, such as comic, pathetic, or heroic
Being "open"
In theater performance terminology, to be "open" to the audience means to be visible, turned toward the audience. A very common stage picture, often used when two characters are speaking and sharing focus equally, has the actors standing in one-quarter positions.
Proximate environment
Includes everything that is physically present to the individual at a given moment
Expository supporting material
Information that sheds light on areas about which the audience may know little. Common forms include examples, analogies, and narratives. It is distinguished from argumentative material in that it strives to remain as objective as possible. Sources must be verified
Harrison Whitlock is writing a speech. He has researched the topic thoroughly and has a number of facts and statistics to include. He has completed an opening, outlined the purpose, and is in the process of collecting points to support his position. He will finish with a strong conclusion. This type of speech is a(n) _______ Speech.
Informational.
Some types of new media that scholars are turning their analytical eyes to include:
Internet, mobile phones, video games
Leadership
Interpersonal influence
Zach prepares to give his final exam speech in class by telling himself, "You can do this." This self-talk is best described by which type of communication?
Intrapersonal
Metaphor, a rhetorical device, is used in oratory to:
Introduce a new idea, via a familiar one
Interpersonal communcation
Involves a minimum of two people responding to each toher's signals simultaneously.
Performance based assessment:
Is based upon real-life tasks
Which of the following best describes a speech delivered by a demagogue?
It attempts to win over an audience by appealing to prejudice
Which of the following is true about the laissez-faire group leadership style?
It avoids involvement in decision making.
One form of interpersonal communication common to businesses is gossip. The negative aspects of gossip are widely recognized. It causes hurt feelings, destroys self-confidence, and can be cruel. In what way might gossip be considered a useful form of interpersonal business communication from a manager's perspective?
It can be used to share unofficial information quickly.
In the event of technology failure with a computer or projector, the speaker should:
It depends upon the subject and the audience.
Many researchers have studied the role of mass media in the development of social capital, or the relative richness of social relationships in a community. Generally speaking, this research argues which of the following about television viewing among citizens?
It detracts from social capital by reducing face-to-face interaction.
Extemporaneously presenting a speech might be done because:
It heightens the sense of immediacy and originality.
Critical scholars have written extensively about the ownership of news media organizations, noting that the number of individuals and groups that own media companies has shrunk in recent years. Which of the following is the best argument critics have made to identify the effect of such limited ownership?
It results in narrower ideological perspectives.
Which of the following most accurately describes the research on the relationship between viewing violence on television and engaging in violent behavior?
It shows a significant relationship between the two but explains no more than a small amount of violent behavior.
How should statistics, numbers, and percentages be used in a speech?
Judiciously and carefully; too many may confuse audience members.
Which of the following terms refers to a public speaker's use of bodily action?
Kinesics
In a public speaking class, the teacher writes the terms "logos," "pathos," and "ethos" on the board and asks the students what they mean. After the students define and discuss the terms, the teacher tells them there will be a quiz on the terms the next time the class meets. The quiz will ask students to demonstrate which of the following levels from Bloom's taxonomy?
Knowledge level
Which three components does the Spitzberg & Cupach component model of communication competence include?
Knowledge, skill, motivation
gesture versus posture
Lamb defines a gesture as an action confined to a part of parts of the body, and posture is an action invoving a continuous adjustment of every part of the body, with consistency, in the process of variation.
Gesture versus posture
Lamb defines gesture as an action confined to a part or parts of the body and that posture is an action involving a continuous adjustment of every part of the body, with consistency, in the process of variation
Laissez-faire leaders
Leaders who take almost no intiaive for structuring a group, but they may respond to inquires from members.
Autocrative Leaders
Leaders who tightly control their groups, including makking assignments, directing all verbal interaction, and giving orders.
Gender
Learned charactertitics and psychological attributes of masculinity and feminity.
In television, situation comedies, thin female actors are more often _________ by male characters, while heavy female actors are more often _________.
Praised; insulted
Illustrators
Like emblems in that they are used with awareness and intentionally. Gestures that may be used to augment what is being said and to reinforce or de-intensify the perceived strength of emotions being experienced by the communicator
Poetry
Limited to 11 & 12 grades Contestant must give an introduction that arouses and stimulates the interest of the audience, reflect adequate understanding by the reader, make the audience feel that the reader appreciates an opportunity to read to them Gestures are allowed Material used in the performance must all be published poetry.
Standard Oratory
Limited to 9 & 10 grade A speech, editorial, or essay written by a person other than the speaker and must be memorized Plays & fictional monologues are unacceptable Must include an intro acquainting the audience with the piece Not to exceed 10 minutes
Prose
Limited to 9 & 10 grade Students find the meaning of printed prose and to communicate the meaning orally to his listeners. Gestures are allowed but the interpreter is to get his effect primarily through vocal changes and changes in facial expression. Character voices are acceptable. Significant walking is NOT allowed. This is defined as any published material of literary merit (novel, short story, or essay), except drama. Time limit of 8 minutes
A debate in which the affirmative constructive is six minutes long and the negative constructive is seven minutes long is following which of the following formats?
Lincoln-Douglas
When listening to a speech, a student tries to determine whether information is true, reliable, and useful. Which listening goal is best illustrated by the student?
Listening to evaluate
To present a film character as larger-than-life, which of the following techniques for filming the actor is most appropriate?
Locating the camera below the actor
Lincoln-Douglas debate format emphasizes:
Logical thought, ethics, and philosophical point of view
Which of the following is the best guideline for effective vocal delivery?
Maintain adequate volume.
Which of the following items is the most important thing a speaker must do when giving an informational speech?
Maintain interest
technolgical determination theory
Maintains that the technology of any given era is the major determinant of cultural patterns of the era.
Which of the following statements about the spiral of silence is false?
Mass media has little effect on the spiral.
According to the two-step flow of communication model, ideas initially flow from ________ to ________.
Mass media, opinion leaders
Monologue (speech)
Material from published worthwhile literature in which only one character speaks. Lines performed must be taken from 1 character's speech(es) and not those of several characters spliced together. Must consist of 2 contrasting pieces, one humorous and one serious A brief intro shall be presented at the beginning of the program Not to exceed 6 minutes
Two-step flow
Media affects individuals through "opinion leaders"
Sub vocalization is:
Mentally "spoken" words when reading
Within an office or organization, interpersonal communication, can be seen as vertical or horizontal. The term vertical communication refers to communication that involves:
Messages that move from the top down and from the bottom up
Action units
Micro-expressions which people generate and read unconsciously
The history club has decided to do a reader's theater of an obscure 18th century British play they have come across. Which of the following best describes their production?
Minimal or no costumes; minimal or no staging; actors read from scripts
Humorous & Dramatic Interpretation
Monologue or material in which persons or characters other than, or in addition to, the author speak throughout. Material must be from a single work of published worthwhile literature using the same diction that the author has used in the original manuscript Total time of intro, conclusion and all transitions may not exceed 2 minutes Maximum time including the intro is 10 minutes This is a memorized piece
Which of the following is more likely to be emphasized in Readers Theater than in traditional drama?
Narration
In educational theater, directors often ignore general casting guidelines used in professional and amateur theaters. This gives students opportunities to play any roles available in productions, ignoring factors such as age, race, or body type. Which of the following most accurately describes this practice?
Nontraditional casting
Which of the following statements best describes a difference between verbal and nonverbal communication?
Nonverbal communication is multichanneled, whereas verbal communication tends to take place in a single channel.
A study group facilitator has one member who dominates the conversation and one member who is unwilling to participate at all. What is the best course of action?
Nonverbally communicate to both members.
Numbers in a speech
Numbers as markers of evaluation. numbers can be used as a basis for comparison. They can be used to make illustrative points. It is important to emphasize that although members suggestion impartiality, they are calculated by human beings who are highly subjective.
Opposite prompt
OP; refers to the side of the stage opposite of the side from which prompts are received.
One way in which objective assessment differs from subjective assessment is:
Objective assessment has only one right answer; subjective assessment does not.
Welcoming speech
Often given at the beginning of a convention, meeting, or special event of some kind. Typically light on substance and primarily provide an overview of the events to follow.
Impromptu Speech
One delivered with a minimum amount of preparation and in an informal style.
Dan Archer
One of the developers of (PONS) Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity Test
Is it better to assign a topic that is extremely specific or one that is open to interpretation, and why?
Open to interpretation, so students can bring their own experiences into play.
In communications to a large audience, how do the written style and oral style of language differ?
Oral style is more personal than written style.
To create cadence, a student speaker said, "We must care. We must act. We must help our fellow brothers and sisters." The student best illustrated which of the following structures of language?
Parallelism
Wallace V. Friesen
Partner of Paul Eckman. Spent seven years cataloging basic facial movements, which they referred to as "action units"
The best way to emphasize an important point in a public presentation is:
Pause for a long moment before delivering the point.
Speaking extemporaneously involves:
Pausing to gather thoughts before speaking
Which of the following guidelines best maximizes the constructiveness of peer feedback after student speeches?
Peers should give feedback aligned with course goals and standards.
Psychological privacy
People's ability to exercise control over both thoughts and feelings that can be expressed by them to them.
Informational privacy
People's capacity to prevent the gathering and dissemination of information about themselves, their group(s), or their organization(s) without their knowledge or permission
Tension, tone, diction, projection and force
Permit and cause the development of voice for speech or drama
Sound Designer
Person who determines the kinds of sounds needed for a production
Lighting Designer
Person who develops a lighting concept and design for a production. The lighting designers oversees installation and operation of lighting for the production
Music Director
Person who shapes musical tone of the production
According to Edward T. Hall's theory of proxemics, which of the following accurately describes the appropriate distance to position oneself during conversations with friends?
Personal distance
An original oratory is generally considered to be which of the following types of speeches?
Persuasive
In terms of teaching, moral motivation means:
Placing moral values above personal values
Mortality plays
Plays that focused not on the life of Jesus, but on the lives of everyday people; these plays used allegory to teach a moral lesson; these plays strayed from using religious figures as characters, the message maintained a religious tone: good men were religious men.
Which of the following are political actors?
Politicians, strategists, interest groups, and the media
Neutralize
Showing no facial expression, although emotion is felt
Informative Speech
Primary goal is to instruct the audience on a particular subject. The humor or 'color' of the speech should not distract from the overall intention, which is to disseminate information. Often contains statistical data and an organized set of arguments and supporting evidence
_______ describes an individual who is focused on a medium's message. _______ describes an individual who is absorbing the message while doing something else. _______ describes an individual focused on another task while a medium is delivering a message.
Primary involvement, secondary involvement, tertiary involvement
Exposition, Complication, Reversal, Recognition, Resoloution
Progression of dramatic plot
L-D Debate Negative
Proposes a value and criteria, but the negative argues that the value is best served by negating the given resolution.
Communicative Functions of Proxemics
Proximec behaviors are particularly important when individuals are concerned with the impression management, affiliation and privacy functions of communication
Communcative Functions of Proxemics
Proximec behaviors are particularly important when indivudals are concerned with the impression managment, affiliation, and privacy finctions of coummunication.
A teacher is composing a test. Half of the questions involve discrete point items, which are:
Questions that focus on one point only.
A teacher and her class are retelling the classic fairy tale "The Three Billy Goats Gruff." The students chose to read the story aloud, each taking a specific part or character, dressing in black shirts and pants, and reading from seated positions on stools. Which of the following performance forms is the class using?
Readers Theater
James avoids joining groups because he is afraid that he will misinterpret what others want of him, that he will not be able to fully understand what others expect of him, and that he will not be able to adjust psychologically to what group members may tell him. Which of the following communication traits best describes James?
Receiver apprehension
Situation Comedies
Recurring TV programs, usually weekly, that explore comic situations with the same basic cast of characters
Interludes
Refers to a very short form of drama sometimes performed between courses of a banquet but also the term came to refer to any kind of musical or dramatic entertainment. These were usually performed for private parties and fell out of favor with the opening of public venues. Their popularity peaked in 16th century England.
Uncertainty avoidance
Refers to how well people in a particular culture tolerate anbiguity and uncertainty.
Fixed-feature space
Refers to the characteristic arrangements of rooms by function
Culture
Refers to the pattern of values, beleifs, symbols, norms, and behaviors that have been tranmitted to and are shared by an identifable grop of individuals.
Which of the following terms best describes statements between partners in a relationship such as "When I'm with you, I feel relaxed and happy" and "I'm the person who makes decisions in this relationship"?
Relational Messages
Which type of nonverbal message deals with belonging, control, respect, or disapproval?
Relational messages
A downward eye gaze by individuals of Asian and African descent typically signifies which of the following when communicating with European Americans?
Respect
Ancient Athenian Drama
Seen as not only a source of entertainment but also as a religious celebration; the religious connection was a result of the fact that Athenian plays were performed only twice a year, usually during the two Dionysian festivals
Privacy
Selective control of access to one's self or to one's group
Which of the following behavior clusters are found in people with a high degree of interpersonal competence?
Self-aware, maintains healthy relationships, uses positivity to resolve disagreements
Two people on a first date are taking turns telling one another about themselves. They are communicating their histories, their aspirations, and details about their daily lives. This is an act of:
Self-disclosure
At student council meetings, Tim makes outrageous claims, abruptly changes topics to items that interest him, makes long, boring speeches, and dresses in ways that do not fit with the typical clothing of others. Tim would be considered low in which of the following communication traits?
Self-monitoring
Which of the following series list the elements of effective communication?
Sender, receiver, message, channel, feedback
Liason
Serves as a spokesperson from the group to other groups or the parent organization.
Which of the following acts of self-disclosure is most revealing?
Sharing details about current events that are emotionally laden
Simulate
Showing facial expression when no emotion is felt
Public speakers want to give speeches that make their audience pay attention, but they also want to give speeches whose messages are meaningful enough to remain in audience members minds. This can best be accomplished with:
Simple language stories
Analogies in a speech
Simply an extended comparison between to things. The speaker should take care to indicate this an should not make claims that suggest the analogy is perfect. An effective analogy can be useful in predicting and can give the audience a way of engaging with the subject.
Which of the following statements best explains the role of interpersonal communication in the development of the self-concept?
Social interactions influence the way one sees him or herself.
Which of the following theories argues that individuals learn to be masculine or feminine (among other things) through communication and observation?
Social learning theory
Which of the following is a principle actors follow?
Speak your lines to someone rather than to yourself.
Original Oratory
Speech that may be on any subject the student chooses. Must be written and memorized by the student Cannot contain any more that 150 words quoted directly
Hypothetical examples in speeches
Speeches describing a particular or social topic that is grounded in reality. When describing the possible results of some decision, a speaker might invoke the case of some hypothetical person as a means of dramatizing their argument. Real examples are treated with more respect by an audience and should be used whenever possible.
One mass media communication theory holds that when an individual believes her position on a particular topic is not in alignment with that of most others, she will not speak up. This theory is called:
Spiral of Silence
Experts on conflict believe that conflict is best resolved when people create a supportive environment. Which of the following behaviors is most likely to create a supportive environment?
Spontaneity
A speaker addressing a hostile audience can be most persuasive by using which of the following?
Statistics
Statistics in speeches
Stats are any information that contains numbers. To be effective, stats must be clear and accurate. Audience members should always be wary of stats and should press the speaker to provide more information on the origin and methodology behind any stats used.
Legitimate Power
Stems from a special position or role acknowledged by the followers.
Basic elements of a speech
Structure: is the order and a speech must have a logical and coherent structure. 2. Content: the information in the speech 3. Presentation: the style in which it is delivered to the audience
Synecdoche is:
Substituting the part for the whole
Which of the following situations might affect someone's self-concept?
Successfully teaching someone a skill you know well
Leader-Member Exchange Model (LMX)
Suggest that supervisory leaders develop different kinds of leadership relationships with members depending on leader and member charcateritics.
CX Debate Affirmative
Suggests a specific policy that falls within the bounds of that resolution and argues that the policy should be enacted because doing so would accrue a number of advantages
Intrinsic coding
Symbolic meaning and physical manifestations are inseparable (i.e. anger and fist shaking)
SYMLOG
System for Multiple Level Obeservation Groups
Which of the following activities can enhance listening skills?
Taking notes
initiator contributor, information seeker, opinion seeker, elaborator, coordinator, evaluator-critic, energizer, and procedural-technician are all examples of:
Task oriented group roles
What best leads to the effective development of voice?
Tension, tone and diction
World View
The (more or less) consistent sense of existence that is integral to a culture. A culture's world view develops over a long period of time and determines to a great extent how people from that culture interact, process knowledge, and frame their lives. The world view is the central part of learning about another culture because it is generated by numerous other factors
When researching material for a speech about viruses, which of the following sources should be consulted to get the most current and reliable research?
The Centers for Disease Control official website
DEcision making
The act of choosing among options that al;ready exist.
State apprehension as a component of speech anxiety
The fear of embarrassment or public disclosure can be overcome only with significant practice at public speaking. "State apprehension" is speech anxiety that is only felt in specific situation. Symptoms could include vocal tic, sweaty palms, and a trembling voice
Communication Systems
Visual, Auditory, Verbal, and Invisibile
Ethnocentricty
The beleif in the superiority of your presonal native culture and interpeting the behavior of all people by the norms of that culture.
Introductory Speech
The best type do not simply list the achievements or characteristics of the person or event that is to follow. Rather, they engage the interest of the audience and whet their appetite for what is to come.
Effects of cultural background on connotative meaning
The best way to acquire such a sense of connotative meaning is to spend time with the members of the community.
Health experts sometimes use fearful messages to communicate with teens about the hazards of certain negative behaviors. Which of the following is the effect of the message when teens decide to act on the negative instead of the positive?
The boomerang effect
Rhetorical Criticism
The critical analysis of rhetoric, or spoken words. Rhetoric often refers specifically to important messages delivered to a large group of people, as for instance in a political speech.
Power Distance
The degree to which power or status are minimized or maximized.
Intrinsic intrest
The degree to which the task in and of itself is interesting, motivating, and attractive to the group members.
narrow casting
The design of electronic messages for specific clusters of people who have certain interst, hobbies, or activties.
Individulistic Cultures
The development of the inidiviudalis foremost.
In what way is a lucid dream interpersonal communication?
The dreamer, in the midst of dreaming, is signaling herself that she is asleep and dreaming
Which of the following is true of most elite press?
The elite press influences public policy by drawing attention to certain issues.
Director
The person who oversees the entire process of staging a production
Expressionism
The goal was to express raw emotion, not to teach, entertain or duplicate reality; characterized by highly exaggerated movements and voice techniques to express the emotion of the characters; also tends to dramatize the struggles and spiritual nature of protagonists as well as the struggles between differing social classes
Realism
The ideology of this theatrical style was based on science and technology, suggesting that science could solve the problems of humanity; stressed that truth was that which could be felt by the five senses and was characterized by contemporary settings and periods; The themes were common to everyday people
Sex
The inherent biological chracteritics with which we were born with detemringing make or female.
According to Marshall McLuhan, the medium is the message. This means:
The medium in which the message appears affects how the message is read.
referent
The object or expereince to which a symbol refers is called a referent. (dog, chien, hund, cane, perro, and hunt)
Entertaining speech
The only goal is to entertain and amuse the audience. Many speeches that also contain information or persuasive content are primarily entertaining.
According to mean world syndrome, which of the following is true?
The overrepresentation of violent behavior and crime on television shapes a heavy viewer's perception of the world.
Assistant Director
The person who assists the director by organizing the rehearsal process, coordinating rehearsal schedules, working with individual actors, and taking the director's notes
Costume Designer
The person who designs costumes to build or choose costumes to rent, borrow, or buy for a production
Set Designer
The person who develops the concept for and designs a set
Artistic Director
The person who hires the director, designers, and cast
Producer
The person who oversees the business details of a theatrical production
hearing
The physiological process that involves the recption of sound waves by the ear.
High-contect culture
The primary meaning is conveyed by certain features of the situation.
Feedback
The process by which the reciever responds to the listener.
Feedback & the process model of interpersonal communication
The process model of communication breaks the feedback process into three components: actor, goal, and observer. The actor is the person communicating and the goal is the person or thing to which the actor is trying to communicate. As the actor is attempting to communicate to the goal, they function as an observer, taking in whatever feedback is offered and subsequently adjusting the communication.
The culturalist theory developed in the early 1990's holds that:
The public uses mass media messages to interpret their own meanings
Which of the following defines a share in radio?
The ratio of listeners to a particular station to the total number of radio listeners in the market
An identity crisis arises when:
The sense of a unified self through time is challenged.
message
The set of signals from one person to others.contains all three levels (content, relationship, affective)
Least-sized groups
The smallest groups in which it is possible to have represented at a functional level all the social and achievemtn skills required for the particular required activity.
Non-fixed feature space
The space immediately surrounding our body
kinesics
The study of how we communcate by movement.
Kinetics
The study of how we communicate by movement
Nonverbal communication
The use of interacting sets of visual, vocal, and invisible communication systems and subsystems by communicators with the systematic encoding and decoding of nonverbal symbols and signs for the purpose(s) of exchanging consensual meaning in specific communicative context.
nonverbal communication
The use of interacting sets of visual, vocal, and invisible communication systems and subsystems by communicators with the systematic encoding and decoding of nonverbal symbols and signs for the purpose(s) of exchanging consensual meaning in specific communicative context.
communication
The verbal and nonverbal process by which individuals forge themsleves into a group, maintain the group, share infromation, reach agreements, and coordinate thier efforts.
Which of the following is not an effect of media?
There is a heightened sense of personal responsibility for opinions.
Which of the following is true of Lincoln-Douglas debates?
They are debates between two individuals
The company Mr. Gibbons works for hopes to make connections with another company in Japan. Because Mr. Gibbons is funny, uses body language dramatically, and isn't the least bit shy, he has been chosen to introduce his companies recent work in a brief after-dinner speech in Tokyo. While delivering his speech, he is horrified to discover that many of the audience members are nodding with their eyes closed. What is going on?
They are listening intently.
Which of the following best describes androgynous individuals?
They exhibit qualities associated with both masculinity and femininity.
Which of the following types of narrators is not one of the major characters but sees an action the same way as the major characters do?
Third-person limited
Interpretation of speech anxiety
This anxiety is good because it focuses the attention and encourages concentration. It is a natural response to confronting an uncertain and unfamiliar situation.
Eyewitness testimony in a speech
This kind of supporting material is only appropriate for certain kinds of speeches. It is important to establish the credentials of the person being quoted. A speaker should take care to indicate the particular vantage point of the eyewitness, so the audience can consider their testimony in light of that point of view.
Lantern
This term is used very loosely to refer to any unit of light equipment.
Trait apprehension as part of speech anxiety
Those aspect of speech anxiety that are unique to an individual. Overcoming trait apprehension can be done with experience.
Persuadees
Those on the receiving end of persuasion
persuadees
Those on the receving end of persuasion
Design Team
Those who design and coordinate a production's set, props, lighting, sound, costumes, and make-up
When should audience-centered speakers consider the audience?
Throughout the entire process of speech preparation and delivery
Nonverbal feedback
To be an effective receiver of communication, a person must be able to give clear nonverbal feedback. In particular, facial expressions are a key way of signaling interest and understanding. Traditionally, smiles and head nods are good indications that the message is being understood, and that the listener agrees.
Synthesize
To combine so as to form a new, complex product
A speech reviewing the history of nuclear energy production in the United States is most likely to be given for which of the following purposes?
To inform
Nonverbal communications systems
Visual, Auditory and Invisible
Communications systems
Visual, Auditory, Verbal and Invisible
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the National Communication Association's "K-12 Speaking, Listening, and Media Literacy Standards and Competency Statements"?
To provide direction for curriculum development for those teaching communication from kindergarten through twelfth grade
mind raping
To refer to a listener insisting that what the speaker meant by a particular statement is what the listener says the speaker meant.
Within a classroom setting, the reason for a debate is:
To teach students to research, collaborate, argue, and listen
For a speech about rock music, a speaker has decided to organize content by using two main points. The first main point is about hard rock, and the second main point is about soft rock. What organizational strategy has the speaker chosen?
Topical
In policy debate, if the negative team argues that the affirmative team's plan does not fit within the resolution, the negative team is using which of the following debate arguments?
Topicality
Tactile communcation
Touch is the communcative medium of close necounters.
Tactile communication
Touch is the communicative medium of close encounters
Kabuki
Traditional form of Japanese theater from early 1600s that combines stylized acting, elaborate costumes, and musical accompaniment
Which of the following is an example of mindful listening?
Trying to understand fully what another person is expressing, without imposing one's own thoughts and feelings
If a director asks an actor to open up, which of the following does the director want the actor to do?
Turn his or her body to face the audience more directly
The exercise called repetition used by Meisner in his acting training involves:
Two actors repeating the same phrase back and forth repeatedly
Symbolic Self
Uniquely human ability to think about oneself and use language (symbols) to represent oneself to others.
Nervousness can make inexperienced public speakers stammer, speak in monotone neglect gestures or overuse them, to talk to much or too little. Experienced public speakers:
Use skills and techniques to manage nervousness
Affect displays
Used with less intention and awareness than emblems or illustrations. Linked more closely with facial expressions than bodily cues.
When assessing student speeches, instructors should take extra efforts to guard against which of the following assessment problems?
Using random performance criteria
Object adaptors
Using the hands to touch or hold objects in one's immediate environment
Which of the following is the most compelling advantage of John Dewey's approach to reflective thinking?
Using the method, one can test potential solutions and show them to work in practice.
Territorial encroachment
Ussually results in defensive reactions designed to defend or to reseatblish territory.hment
Adaptors
Usually not intentional and not controlled by the communicator
Territorial encroachment
Usually results in defensive reactions designed to defend or reestablish territory
Chorus
Utilized in Greek drama, a group of actors who furnish a commentary on the play as it unfolds; objective observer
Which of the following would most assist a new teacher in developing the ability to grade student speeches?
Viewing videos of student speeches with veteran speech teachers
Using notes during a speech
You should rely on notes as little as possible. Speakers who become reliant on notes may not be able to orient themselves in a speech if something goes wrong with the notes.
Interval
a 15-20 minute break between sections of a performance.
Naturalism
a branch of realism, was developed as a result of the work of Charles Darwin. Darwin's theories on evolution materialized into a form of drama with a prevailing pessimistic attitude in which there was no climax.
communication apprehension
a broad term that refers to an individual's fear of anxiety associated with either real of anticipated communication with another person(s); it is a psychological response to evaluation, but it becomes physical as the body responds to what the mind perceives
False proscenium
a canvas or flat panel placed onto a proscenium stage in order to decrease the size of the space to accommodate a small set.
association
a cause is linked to somethig liked or disliked to cause the product, cause, or canidate to be likner with the like or dislike
Association
a cause is linked to something liked or disliked to cause the product, cause or candidate to be linked with like or dislike
Thunder run
a channel down which a cannonball can be run to simulate the sound of thunder.
Attitude
a cluster of values and beleifs held by a person toward an object, person, or type of persons, or concept.
Attitude
a cluster of values and beliefs held by a person toward an object, person, type of persons or concept
National Debate Tournament
a college debate tournament
gesture
a communcative medium that employs space and time, whereas speech onlyuses time.
active listening
a communication technique used in counseling, training, and conflict resolution, which requires the listener to feed back what they hear to the speaker, by way of re-stating or paraphrasing what they have heard in their own words, to confirm what they have heard and moreover, to confirm the understanding of both parties
Gesture
a communicative medium that employs space and time, whereas speech only uses time.
counterplan
a component of debate theory commonly employed in the activity of parlimentary and policy debate; while some conceptions of debate theory require the negative position in a debate to defend the status quo against an affirmative position or plan, this component allows the negative to defend a seperate plan or an advocacy
Inference
a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
authoriarianism
a controling leader who dominates a group when placed in leadership of a group.
Authoritarianism
a controlling leader who dominates a group when placed in leadership of a group
Visual cue
a cue based on the action on stage rather than given by a stage manager.
Low-context culture
a culture where the primary meaning of a message is carried by the verbal, or explicit part of the message
Antistrophe
a device in Greek drama where the chorus responds to a previous stanza of verse.
Problem
a discrepancy between what actually is happening and what should be going on
Oral interpretation
a dramatic art, also commonly called "interpretive reading" and "dramatic reading", though these terms are more conservative and restrictive
Farce
a dramatic comedy that is full of action, escapades of characters always on the brink of disaster, and full of stereotypical characters filling stock roles.
Oxymoron
a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction
Fireplace flat
a flat piece of scenery that contains a fireplace.
policy debate format
a form of debate competition in which teams of two advocate for and against a resolution that typically calls for policy change by the United States federal government; it is also referred to as cross-examination debate because of the 3-minute questioning period following each constructive speech; affirmative teams generally present a plan as a proposal for implementation of the resolution, while the negative will generally prove that it would be better not to do the plan or that the opportunity costs to the plan are so great that it should not be implemented
Logical syllogisms
a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. 1. Conditional syllogism - If A then B 2. Disjunctive syllogism - Either A or B is true 3. Categorical syllogisms - major premise, moniro premise, conclusion
Tragedy
a form of drama in which the main character suffers disaster
abductive reasoning
a form of logical inference that goes from observation to a hypothesis that accounts for the reliable data (observation) and seeks to explain relevant evidence
emulation
a form of observational learning, different from imitation, which focuses on the action's environmental results instead of a model's action
Theatre of Cruelty
a form of theatre employing non-verbal communication, developed by the French avant-garde playwrite, actor, and director Atonin Artaud in the 1920s and 30s
Nos
a form of traditional Japanese theatre that use music, dance, and poetry; they make no claim to be realistic, rather creating a serene and peaceful mood through spectacle and imagery.
Debate
a formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting or legislative assembly, in which opposing arguments are put forward.
ad hominem
a general category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author o for the person presenting the claim or argument
subculture
a groping that sees itself as distinct, but part of a larger culture.
Chorus
a group of actors reciting dialogue or singing in unison, often accompanied by synchronized movement. In Greek theatre they functioned as a commentary on and accompaniment to the action of a play.
subculture
a grouping that sees itself as distinct, but is part of a larger culture
Effects projector
a lantern that can project images such as clouds or rain.
Aero
a light with a tight beam that produces very intense light, originally used as an aircraft landing light.
Advance bar
a lighting bar that is set up downstage of the proscenium arch.
Wash
a lighting cover that blankets the whole stage in a certain type or color of light.
In theater, a Fresnel is
a lighting instrument that uses a particular type of lens
Flat front light
a lighting technique in which a beam is focused directly on an actor's face; often used to correct for key lighting, which can decrease the visibility of an actor's eyes; using this type of light can correct this by making the actor's eyes more visible; can also be cast at a 45-degree angle for a more flattering look.
Pampering the house
a marketing technique in which tickets are given away to make a show seem to be selling better than it actually is.
physical privacy
a measure of the degree to which one person is physically inaccessable to others
physical privacy
a measure of the degree to which one person is physically inaccessible to others
Stage door keeper
a member of the theatrical crew, positioned inside the stage door whose role is to know each actor and member of the technical staff, know fire safety procedures for the theatre, greet visitors and press, and pass messages between any parties.
analogical reasoning
a method of processing information that compares the similarities between new and understood concepts, then uses those similarities to gain understanding of a new concept; it strives to provide understanding of what is likely to be true, rather than deductively proving something as fact
collaborating
a mode that is assertive and cooperating; in this mode, an individual attempts to work with the other person to find a solution that fully satisfies all concerns; its strengths are exploring a disagreement to learn from each other's insights, resolving a condition that would otherwise have them competing for resources, or confronting and trying to find a creative solution to an interpersonal problem
compromising
a mode that is intermediate in assertiveness and cooperativeness; in compromise, the object is to find an expedient, mutually acceptable solution that partially satisfies both parties; it falls on the middle ground between competing and accomodating, giving up more than competing, but less than accomodating; strengths include splitting the difference, exchanging confessions,or seeking a middle ground
accomodating
a mode that is unassertive and cooperative; in this mode, an individual neglects his or her own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person; there is an element on self-sacrifice; it might take the form of selfless generosity or charity, obeying another person's order when you would prefer not to, or yielding to another person's point of view
avoiding
a mode that is unassertive and uncooperating; in this mode, an individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person; he or she does not address the conflict; strengths could be diplomatically side-stepping an issue, postponing an issue to a better time, or simply withdrawing from a threatening position
Problem solving
a more comprehensive, multi-step procedure through which a group develops a plan to move from an unsatisfactory state to a desired goal
Door flat
a movable wall with a working door that is used for scenery.
competing
a power-oriented mode that is assertive and uncooperative; an individual in this mode pursues his/her own concerns at the other person's expense, using whatever power seems appropriate to win his or her position (weaknesses)--the ability to argue, rank, economic sanctions, and so on; strengths include standing up for your rights, defending a position you believe is correct, or simply trying to win.
self-disclosure
a process of communication through which one person reveals himself or herself to another; it comprises everything an individual chooses to tell the other person about himself or herself, making him or her known; the information can be descriptive or evaluative and can include thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, successes, fears, dreams as well as one's likes, dislikes, and favorites
Neo-classicism
a product of the 18th century; as a theatrical style, is characterized by extravagant costumes and elaborate scenery with stories that involve a high degree of melodrama; has clearly defined genres of either tragedy or comedy.
Bifocal spot
a profile light that contains two sets of shutters. One set produces a hard-edged light; the other, a soft-edged light.
groupthink
a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome; group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints, by actively suppressing dissenting viewpoints and by isolating themselves from outside influences
Libel
a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.
Maroon
a pyrotechnic device that can create a loud explosive sound.
Grave trap
a rectangular drop-down, resembling a grave, built into a stage floor.
feedback
a response from the receiver indicating whether a message has been received in its intended form
System for Multiple Level Observation Groups (SYMLOG)
a scientifically designed measurement method (with its origins at Harvard) used to deal directly with everyday and long-term interactions that unify or polarize groups. The system includes a powerful assessment instrument that measures details, displays and provides concrete feedback regarding improving the performance of leaders, teams and/or organizations.
Metacommunication
a secondary communication (including indirect cues) about how an information is meant to be interpreted
System
a set of relationships among interdependent, interacting components and forces
system
a set of relationships among interdependent, interacting components and forces.
The Code
a set of signals used in language -- the basic building material of language
The Code
a set of signals used in language, is the basic building material of lnaguage.
comprehension
a shared meaning between parties in a communication transaction and the first step in the listening process
Inset
a small set that is arranged inside of a larger set.
When authorities claim that communication competence is situational, they mean that
a speaker can be very good at one form of speaking, such as leading a meeting, but not good at making an argument
affirmative constructive
a speech given in a round during a debate, presented by the affirmative team
negative constructive
a speech given in a round during a debate, presented by the negative team
informative speech
a speech intended to share new ideas and build perceptions; the speaker identifies a topic of importance to the audience, then does research to find out recent and new information that will affect the audience; the speech should give audience members a new understanding or new appreciation of some topic with which they might be familiar but unaware of recent developments
extemporaneous speech
a speech that allows for a very limited amount of preparation and performance without a text; it might include extensive preparation ahead of time for a press conference where a politician will be facing reporters without any notes; in class, students might be given 30 minutes to do research and make a speech on an assigned topic
impromptu speech
a speech that requires very little if any preparation; conversation is an example of this type of speech
persuasive speech
a speech that takes a less objective view on some topic and asks the audience to take action in support of that view; a speaker should urge the audience to consider why one side of an issue is worth supporting emotionally and logically, and then tell the audience what action they might take to make that support real
False stage
a stage floor laid for a production in which scenery may need to be moved from beneath the stage or in order to accommodate a revolving set.
Aside
a statement by an actor spoken half to him-or herself and half to the audience
Monologue
a story, speech, or scene performed by one actor alone
Black box
a studio theatre, usually surrounded by black curtains, in which the audience and actors share space.
Proxemics
a subcategory of the study of nonverbal communication along with haptics (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalics (paralanguage), and chronemics (structure of time) -- the study of how individuals use space to communicate
Absorbtion
a surface's ability to absorb sound.
A three-part argument consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion is called
a syllogism
topical
an organizational pattern used to organize a speech according to aspects, subtopics, or topics
Group discussions can often be dominated by one participant who speaks excessively. To facilitate discussion in such a situation, the most effective strategy is for the leader to
acknowledge the speaker's point of view and ask for other opinions from the group
TBC
acronym that stands for to be confirmed; usually seen in a cast list when an actor has not been chosen for a part or if a venue or date has not yet been selected.
Walk-on
acting role that requires the actor be physically present on stage but not speak.
Blind Spot
adjectives that are not selected by subjects but only by their peers in the Johari Window; these represent information that the subject is not aware of, but others are, and they can decide whether and how to inform the individual about the missed adjectives
Conflicts that arise from relationships, roles, or personal goals are categorized as
affective
Interdependent goal
all members succeed or fail together in the accomplishment of the group's purpose
interdependent goal
all members suceed or fail together in the accomplishment of the group's purpose.
Top lights
also called downlights, are positioned directly above the subject, shining on protruding facial and body features, which provides a high contrast.
Bottom lilght
also called uplight; positioned in front of and beneath the subject; this is a rare technique because it is a very unnatural lighting angle.
Restoration
also known as the comedy of manners, is characterized by witty dialogue with themes of virtue and honor; also featured plots involving the sexual behavior of sophisticated society.
Sound
amplifies speech, provides special effects, and supplies music to enhance the mood and meaning of a play
Vance Packard
an American journalist, social critic and author
Abraham Maslow
an American psychologist who created a theory of psychological health predicted on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization
Paul Ekman
an American psychologist who was a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. Created an "atlas of emotions" with more than ten thousand facial expressions."
A-D converter
an analog-to-digital converter, used in computer soundcards. It converts a varying electrical signal into binary data.
Komos
an ancient Greek ritual in which a group of drunken males danced and sang, often in a procession, while carrying a large phallus; where the first Greek comedy was introduced
Low smoke
an effect produced when smoke is made to lie close to the floor; can be produced by chilling the smoke as it comes from smoke machine.
Simile
an explicit comparison of one thing with another
self-concept
an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others; a collection of beliefs about oneself that includes elements such as academic performance, gender roles and sexuality, and racial identity; generally, it embodies the anser to "Who am I?"
red herring
an idiom used to refer to something that misleads or distracts from the relevant or important issue; it may be a logical fallacy or literary device that leads readers toward a false conclusion; it might be intentionally used (by a mystery writer as part of a rhetorical strategy), or it could be inadvertently used during argumentation as a result of poor logic
Prologue
an introduction to a play. May be in the form of a monologue by a major character or a commentary by a chorus
Trap
an opening built into the stage floor.
The National Forensic League
an organization that promotes high school competitive speech and debate competition
gimmick
an organizational pattern used to organize a speech according to a special memory device, such as alliteration, rhyme, or initial letters that spell a word
pro-con
an organizational pattern used to organize a speech according to arguments for and against some policy, position, or action; this method is useful when making informative speeches since it gives a broader context and provides more balance or objectivity
Exposition
background information on the characters or the plot of the play, usually occurring at the beginning of the play.
Referent power
based on attraction or identification with another person
Communicative competencies
based on the assumption that leadership involves behaviors that help a group overcome obstacles to goal achievement, that leadership occurs through the process of communication, and that communication skills are the means used by individuals to lead small groups
Acculturation refers to the process whereby individuals
become socialized into a culture
Character make-up sketch
begin by creating a character sketch unrelated to the actor. This allows you, the director, and the designer to clarify your thoughts and plan the look of the character
Message communication
besides the message you send with words, you send a message with your tone of voice, appearance, gestures, facial expression, and eye contact.
emblems
bodily cues that have direct verbal translation consisting of a word or two, and that have a rpecise meaning that is known to most memebrs of a given culture.
regulators
bodily cues used by interactants to exercise a mutual influence over intiation, length, and termination of spoken messages.
Social privacy
both an individual and a group state in which the option to withdraw from social interaction with another person exists
social privacy
both an individual and a group state in which the option to withdraw from social interaction with another person(s) exists.
Psychographics
breaking down demographics by lifestyle characteristics
To develop a strong vocal production, it is first necessary to control
breathing
Sociopetal function
brings people together and stimulates interaction as routes merge and overlap
Listening
comprises the steps of hearing and intepreting.
In parliamentary procedure, to "call for the question" means to
call for an end of discussion and to vote
Ampere
called "amps" are the units of measurement that refer to the electrical current passing through a circuit.
The Shannon-Weaver model of communication
called the "mother of all models;" It embodies the concepts of information source, message, transmitter, signal, channel, noise, receiver, information destination, probability of error, encoding, decoding, information rate, channel capacity, etc.
procedural conflict
can include disagreements about factors such as meeting times and dates, individual task assignments, group organization and leadership, and methods of resolving arguments; this type of unresolved conflict can prevent work on collaborative projects, but discussion of the conflict can lead to compromise, collaboration, and productive decision-making
Lighting structure
can include side lights, top lights and back lights, refers to the manner in which lights are set up to fall upon the stage and the actors.
House
can refer to the theatre auditorium or to the audience in the theatre.
According to Aristotle, tragedy is supposed to produce an emotional cleansing called
catharsis
feedback
channel through which a portionof our group's outputs are recycled as system inputs.
system-level variables
characterics of the group as a whole, including preexisting societal and cultural norms, the degree og cohesivenss, and procdures the group uses.
System-level variables
characteristics of the group as a whole, including preexisting societal and cultural norms, the degree of cohesiveness and procedures the group uses
Elizabethan
characterized by a high number of characters, several subplots that eventually merge and a varied mixture of emotion.
Absurdist
characterized by a lack of realistic characters, an ambiguous concept of time and a vague attempt to define the setting.
PPO Preference For Procedural Order
characterized by a need or a desire to follow clear, linear structure during problem solving.
Preference for Procedural Order (PPO)
characterized by a need or desire to follow clear, linear structure during problem solving
Comedy of Manners
characterized by the distance between a society's selfish individual motives and simultaneous concern of projecting the image of being polite, well-mannered, educated citizens; the style is characterized by its mocking of society and social norms and often targets marriage and love as the subjects of its mockery.
Genre
classification by type; a distinct classification of literature
Scrim
coarse gauzy fabric with several purposes, including scenery and lighting.
Groups that are characterized by frequent interaction and positive reinforcement are best described as
cohesive
Dyadic Communication
communication between two people
relational communication
communication that encompasses communication prcesses in personal relationships such as romantic relationships, family relationships, and friendships; it assesses the role of communication in developing, maintaining, and dissolving relationships, how communication impacts partners and their relationships, and how to improve relational quality or individual well-being through communication
Film literacy
competency to assess message in motion media (movies, TV and video)
Wagon stage
complex scenery device in which bulky set items are positioned on sliding trucks, the width of the proscenium arch, mechanized to allow for quick scene changes.
quality control circles
consist of workers (5 to 7) in acompany who wither volunteer or are selcted to meet regilarly on company time to recomend ways to omprove the quality of finshed products, efficency, worker safety, and other work-related problems.
Expressive language competency requires
context, tone, gesture, oral language
Puttin on a false face
controlling facial expression
"Putting on a false face"
controlling facial expressions
Speaker (drama)
converts the signal received from the amplifier from electrical to mechanical energy, which can be heard
Quick change
costume change that must happen so quickly that it must be done near the side of the stage instead of completely backstage.
Costume production calendar
count backward from opening night to identify final dates when costumes must be ready for performance and rehearsals; dates for fittings, in which actors try on costumes to assess necessary adjustments; and dates for sewing, shopping, measuring, and design approval
Mask
covering felt emotion while displaying a facial emotion that is not really felt.
mask
covering felt emotion while displaying a fical emotion that is not really felt.
One positive outcome of disagreement during small-group problem solving is that
creative tension produces a better decision
In social exchange theory, the comparison level of alternatives (CLalt) refers to assessment of
current relationships as compared with realistic chances for other relationships
Tabs
curtains that are horizontally suspended to hide the stage area or are used as part of a backdrop.
affective conflict
deals with interpersonal relationships or incompatibilities not directly related to achieving the group's function
Visual literacy
deciphering meaning from images
Message vs. messenger
deciphering what is being said and why?
Pronunciation
defined by specific vowel or consonant sounds in words and by the syllable that is emphasized
pronounciation
defined by the specific vowel or constant sounds in words and by the syllable that is emphasized.
Cohort Analysis
demographic that identifies generations
Audience factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity are referred to as
demographics
Geodemographics
demographics broken down by geographic area
Quota sampling
demographics of samples coincide with those of the whole population
Forced perspective
design technique that can be used to make items look larger or smaller by placing them at certain spots on the stage.
False perspective
design technique that makes the set appear larger than it really is.
Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument
designed to assess an individual's behavior in conflict situations in which the concerns of different people appear to be incompatible; it explores two dimensions: assertiveness and cooperativeness, which are then used to define 5 specific methods of dealing with conflicts
Make-up
determines the way in which the audience perceives characters.
In a theatrical production, the person referred to as the audience of one is the
director
barriers to active listening
distractions, trigger words, vocabulary, and limited attention span; may also be psychological (emotions) or physical (noise or visual distraction)
Acknowledging feedback
do your listener lean forward in their seats like they're paying attention? Do they have quizzical looks on their faces? Do they shuffle their feet and gaze at the clock? Feedback is affected by one's frame of reference
Romanticism
dominant style from 1750 to 1800; characterized by mankind's unfaltering trust in the kindness of nature; encouraged the idea that a simple life was the most desirable kind; encouraged the elimination of social classes and the heightened sense of detail; had a tendency to use special effects because the style focused on visual appeal.
Backing
either the piece of scenery that hides the technical areas or the money that is invested in a commercial production.
Composition
emphasizing one's good characteristics or the opponent's negative consequences by changing the make up of the message
compostion
emphasizing one's good charatiertics or the opponents negative consequnces by chaning the make up of the message
Activity groups
enable members to participate in an activity, both the sake of doing the activity and for the affirmation provided by doing the activity with others
activity groups
enable memebrs to particpate in an activty, both for the ska eof doing the activty and for the affirmstion provided by doing the activity with others.
Democratic leaders
encourage members to participate in group decisions, including policy making decisions
Dialects
entails regional and social variations in the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of a language
Vomitory
entrance to the auditorium located in the banked seating areas.
Including a quote from a noted biologist in a speech about stem cell research would be an example of
ethos
behavior
evert verbal or nonverbal act done by a group member The function that behavior perfroms in the group system is called its behavior function.
Behavior
every verbal or nonverbal act done by a group member. The function that behavior performs in the group system is called its behavior function
Old Greek Comedy
evolved from the celebrations of the god Dionysus; best known for its crude language and lack of restriction; intended for both entertainment and political campaigns
Analyze
examine methodically and in detail the constitution or structure of (something, esp. information), typically for purposes of explanation and interpretation.
iconic coding
example slinding hands across the throat (I'm gonna cut your throat)
primary groups
exist primariliy to satisfy human needs for inclusion (ussually long term such as a family not ussulay focused on a purpose)
Primary groups
exist primarily to satisfy human needs for inclusion (usually long term such as family, not usually focused on a purpose)
Distributed leadership
explicitly acknowledges that leadership of a group is spread among members, with each member is expected to perform the communication behaviors needed to move the group toward its goal
Role playing
external source through which we learn social behavior
role playing
external source through which we learn social behavior
logical fallacies
false premises on which a speaker might build their argument; these premises often arise from over-generalization or "receieved" wisdom
Heroic dramas
featured heroes of epic deeds; usually written in blank verse or heroic couplets, these plays reached the apex of their popularity during the Restoration period
Listening defensively
feeling vulnerable; we generally quit listening in order to invent ways to defend ourselves and attack the perceived threat
Problem plays
focus on social problems and movements; Henrik Ibsen is perhaps the most celebrated playwright of problem plays, particularly with his treatment of women's rights in "The Doll House"
Activity orientation
focuses on the stance which a culture takes with regard to action versus reflection
Focusing on irrelevancies and distractions
focusing on things that detract from the message
focusing on irrevelancies and distractions
focusing on things that detract from the message.
rules
formalized guidelines for behavior that may be written down.
Rules
formalized guidelines for behaviors that may be written don
Fade
gradual increase or decrease in the level of light or sound
committees
grou[s that have been assigned a task by a parent organization or person with authoiry in the organiztion.
Boundary spanners
group members who constantly monitor the group's environment to bring and take out information relevant to the group's success
Self-managed work groups
groups of workers given a defined area of freedom to manage their productive work within certain preset limits that are established by the organization
self-managed work groups
groups of workers given a defined area of freedom to mange theor productive work wthin certain preset limits est. by the organiztion.
Committees
groups that have been assigned a task by a parent organization or person with authority in the organization
personal growth groups
groups where people come together to develop perosnal insights, overcome personalty problems, and grow as indivduals from the feedback and support of others. - to engage in personal learning and growth. (therapy groups)
Personal growth groups
groups where people come together to develop personal insights, overcome personality problems and grow as individuals from the feedback and support of others (therapy groups)
American Society
has strong inhibitions and taboos about touching others
AMerican Soctiry
has strong inhibitions and taboos about touching others.
Costume measurement cards
have each actor fill this out. You need to know the measurements and standard clothing size of an actor, update as necessary
Focused listening
helps members recall important information, ideas and issues
focused listening
helps members recall important infromation, ideas, and issues discussed during a metting.
Chronicle plays
historical dramas based on English history written primarily during the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods.
Distance
how far individuals are from each other
distance
how far one individual is from another
Structuration
how individuals form a small group by exchanging verbal and nonverbal signals that establish norms and rules shaping members' behavior
Structuration
how individuals form a small group by exchanging verbal and nonverbal signals that establish norms and rules shaping members' behaviors.
Throughput variables
how the group transforms input into final products and are characteristic of how the system functions, what it actually does (examples include roles, rules, norms and procedures)
Throughput variables
how the group transforms inputs into final products and are characteritics of how the system functions, what it actually does. (examples include roles, rules, norms, procdures)
Script analysis for costume designer
how to express the chracter's style and personality in the costume; effect of costume color on the mood of a scene; research the era and create sketches and color renderings from which the costume crew can make, or build, individual costumes
Relational Context
how we behave and react because of who the other person is (I love you spouse vs mom)
Worldview
how we perceive the nature of the world around us and our relationship to it and the purpose of life
worlview
how we preceive the nature of the world aroujnd us and our relationship to it, and the pourpoase of life.
Message form
how we receive a media message
Iconic coding
i.e. sliding your hand across your throat to signify "I'm going to cut your throat"
Cultural identity
identification with and perceived acceptance into a group that has shared systems of symbols and meanings as well as norms/rules for conduct
interaction
implies communcatin; The exchange of signals among people who belong to the group.
Interaction
implies communication; the exchange of signals among people who belong to the group
proximate environment
includes everything that is physically present to the individual at a given moment.
Norms for behavior in a small group can be determined by
inferring them from members' customary behavior
debate
involves students researching and analyzing a controversial topic based on a stance which will lead to a series of oral presentations of standpoints and arguments by the two opposing teams
Articulation
involves the use of moveable parts at the top of the vocal tracts such as the tongue, jaw and lips to shape sounds and, in speech communication, to make transitions between individual sounds and words
articulation
invovles the use of movableparts at the top of the vocal tract such as the tongue, jaw, and lips to shape sounds and, in speech commuincation, to make transitions between indivodual sounds and words.
A small group
is a group small enough that each member is aware of and able to recall each group member
a small group
is a group small enough that each member is aware of and able to recall each other group member
critical listening
listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
empathic listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
comprehensive listening
listening to understand the message of a speaker
Sturm und Drang
literally "Storm and Stress", a German Romantic movement of the late 1700s that rejected the tight structure of neoclassicism and embraced the less constrictive dramatic form of William Shakespeare
stage right/left
looking right and left as you would face the audience
Demographic audience analysis
looks at the characteristics of the individuals in the audience, i.e. ethnicity, gender and age.
Americans are often described as being direct and outspoken. This is consistent with a
low-context culture
The Ad Hoc or special committee
is established to perform a certain task and normally cease to exist once the task has been completed
the ad hoc or special committee
is establsihed to perfrom a certain task and normally cease to exist once the task has been completed.
crowding
is the condition that exist when an individual's attempts to achieve a desired level of privacy have been unsuccesful. (more social contact occurs than is desired)
group culture
is the pattern of values, beleifs, norms, and behaviors that are shared by group members and that shape a group's indiviudal "personality"
Group culture
is the pattern of values, beliefs, norms and behaviors that are shared by group members and that shape a group's individual "personality"
Pin spot
luminaire used to focus a small tight beam of light onto a specific spot.
Touching is
one of the most powerful means for establishing anf miantaining social contact.
A group of very close church members are interviewing ministers. They share the same values and ideals, and are certain the community trusts them absolutely and believes they would never make a bad decision. The group's leader is very strong-willed and capable. This group:
is vulnerable to groupthink
Costume management
keep detailed lists and forms; even color coding which costume is for which actor/scene
Imagery that appeals to the motor sense, specifically to the tensing and relaxing of muscles, is referred to as
kinesthetic
Scoop
lamp mounted in a large ellipsoidal reflector; usually produces softedged circular beam of light and is used as a floodlight.
Pearl
lamp with a frosted finish that serves to diffuse light; used when soft light is needed.
Dialect
language features peculiar to the speech of a particular region
Diction
language, or meaning expressed in words; one of the six elements of tragedy set forth by Aristotle
Parcan
lantern that can produce an intense beam of light; ideal for special effects.
Charlotte Lee and Timothy Gura
leaders in the field of Oral interpretation.
Laissez-faire leaders
leaders who take almost no initiative for structuring a group, but they may respond to inquiries from members
Autocratic leaders
leaders who tightly control their groups, including making assignments, directing all verbal interaction and giving orders
Gender
learned characteristics and psychological attributes of masculinity and femininity
Neutral density filter
light filter that can be used to decrease the intensity of light without altering its color.
Silk
light filter used to stretch light in a particular direction.
Backlight
light that comes from upstage or behind the actors.
Fill light
light used to compensate for the shadows created by key lighting.
Perches
lighting platforms located on sides of a stage behind the proscenium.
Cleaners
lights that are turned on in order to clean and set up a theatre venue.
House lights
lights used in the auditorium, though they are not part of the actual play.
Illustrators
like emblems in that they are used with awarenss and intentioalty. gesutres that may be used to augment what is being said and to reinforce or deintensify the preceived strgth of emotions being ecpreinced by the communcator.
Sightlines
lines that are drawn on plans and diagrams to identify the areas of the stage that are visible to the extreme seating areas of the audience.
Affect displays
linked more closely with facial expressions than bodily cues. used with less intentionalty and awarenss than emmblems of illustrations.
appreciative listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment
In debate, a prima facie case is one that
minimally meets the affirmative side's unattached burden of proof
Downplaying
minimize your own bad points or the competions's good points
Downplaying
minimizing your on bad points of the competition's good points
Spiral of silence
minorities are intimidated into silence
Rhetorical sensitivity
monitoring what you say, adapting your statements to how you think other members of the group may react
rehotorical sensitivity
monitoring what you say, adapting your statments to how you think other members of the group may react.
Extrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from an outside source
Dip
multiple meanings; small hidden trap door at stage level which contains electrical outlets; clear lacquer used to tint bulbs for lighting; lighting equipment that is set up at stage level.
Created sounds
music played live and sounds created by you
Costume design
must work with actors and analyze the script first
Pit net
net placed over the pit area of the theatre to prevent actors and objects from falling into the area where the orchestra is be located.
elite media
newspapers, radio stations, TV channels, and other media that influence the political agenda of other mass media; "the elite media set a framework within which others operate" (Example: The New York Times)
Within the communication process, the component that causes the most breakdowns is
noise
Passiveness
nonassertiveness
passiveness
nonassertivness
regualtors
nonverbal signals that control the flow of discussion. (Body movement and eye contact perfrom this functioninsmall groups)
arbitrary coding
not directly related to that which it signifies
Arbitrary coding
not directly related to what it signifies
Rate
number of sounds emitted during a given unit of time
rate
number of sounds emitted during a given unit of time.
Complete communcation transaction
occues only when a receiver verfies a sender's meaning during a discussion.
Complete communication transaction
occurs only when a receiver verifies a sender's meaning during a discussion
Apostrophe
occurs when a character addresses an abstract idea or a persona not present in the scene. This differs from a soliloquy where a character seems to be speaking to himself, or thinking out loud.
Ad lib
occurs when an actor must improvise lines or actions to compensate for forgetting their own or for another actor's lapse in memory.
Cross fade
occurs when one lighting effect is brought up to replace the current lighting effect.
Spike
occurs when someone marks the position of a prop or a piece of the set on stage.
Distorition
occurs when sound equipment is overloaded.
Clipping
occurs when sound is distorted due to the amp's inability to handle the level of signal.
Denouement
occurs when the final conflict in a production is resolved.
Additive color
occurs when two beams of different colors are focused onto the same area
Pebble-convex light
offers a semi-hard-edged beam; little to no stray light
Fresnel spot light
offers a soft-edged beam with controllable size. Soft-edged lights like this light are used to light adjacent stage areas because the soft edges allow the lighting to overlap without creating any hard edges.
Intrapersonal communication
often called self-talk, occurs within the mind of one person
Intrapersonal communication
oftern called self-talk, occrus within the mind of one person.
Touching is...
one of the most powerful means for establishing and maintaining social contact
A speaker appealed to an audience of unemployed workers to support a fund drive for a community landscaping project. According to Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, such an appeal would be likely to fail because
physiological and safety needs must be met first
Stock scenery
pieces of scenery that are kept in storage to be used throughout several performances.
Well-made plays
plays that featured formulaic, often melodramatic, studies of middle-class domestic life; (recent theatre) plays with a traditional plot structure
Speakers must address the issues of need, plan, and practicality when analyzing questions of
policy
Probability sampling
polling a sample size of population; 384 is the magic number
Backlighting
positioned to shine down upon an actor or scene from above and behind the subject, are used to separate the actor from the background as they create an intense halo around the head and shoulders of the actor
Cultivation Theory
predicts that the more one watches television, the more one comes to believe that the things shown on the screen reflect reality
In policy debate, the belief that the status quo is adequate unless the affirmative team proves that a change is necessary is called
presumption
International Thespian Society
promotes theater
testimonial advertising technique
propaganda technique in which an important person for famous figure endorses a product
transfer advertising technique
propaganda technique in which good feelings, looks, or ideas are transferred to the person for whom the product is intended
repetition advertising technique
propaganda technique in which the product name, keyword, or phrase is repeated several times
"bandwagon" advertising technique
propaganda technique that tries to persuade everyone to join in and do the same thing
Individual level variables
properties of the individual members, such as their traits, skills, abilities, values and attitudes
Individual level variables
propoerties of the individual memebrs, such as their traits, skills, abilities, values, and attitudes.
Symbolic convergence theory (SCT)
provides a description of the dynamic tendencies within systems of social interaction that cause communicative practices and forms to evolve
Haas effect
psychoacoustic phenomenon, produced through experimentation with sound, which produces a 10-15 millisecond delay in sound, which allows the audience to remain focused on the actors and not become distracted by the delayed sound.
Cultural diversity in speaking
public speaking is a vital mode of communication in most cultures around the world.
Show tapes
put all of your sounds onto one tape in order, if a sound is needed more than once, you record it separately for each cue
ways to overcome listening barriers
put personal emotions aside during conversations, ask questions and paraphrase back to the speaker to clarify understanding during a conversation, and try to overcome environmental distractions; avoid arguing prematurely and avoid stress and intonation
Cold reading
reading a script for the first time.
Linguistic literacy
reading/writing
Make-up plan
record your decisions about makeup on this. try it out on the actor before opening night and make any necessary modification. Refer to the plan while applying the makeup for the performance
Recorded sounds
recorded music and sound effects available on records, tapes, and CDs
Conference groups
refer to a meeting of representatives from two or more other groups
conference goups
refer to a meeting of represntatives from two or more other groups.
Snap
refers to a cue that has no fade time; usually a lighting or sound cue.
Donut
refers to a metal plate with a center hole that can be inserted into lanterns to sharpen focus.
Team leader
refers to a person, or sometimes to a special position occupied by a person
ambiguity
results from phrases that could reasonable be interpreted in more than one way.
Ambiguity
results from phrases that could reasonably be interpreted in more than one way
Primary tension
results from primary sources, or the interpersonal relationships among members, whereas secondary tension is directly task related
Primary Tension
results from primary sources, or the interpersonal relationships among members, whereas secondary tension is directly task related.
Ethics
rules ir standards for right conduct or practice
Ethics
rules of standards for right conduct or practice
Narcotizing dysfunction
saturation of media
Elevations
scale drawings of a set
Avista
scene changes that are done in view of the audience.
Tormentors
screens or curtains that are usually set up at right angles to the proscenium arch to keep the audience from seeing activity occurring off-stage.
Crash box
sealed metal box that contains glass or other breakable items that is thrown backstage to produce the sound of items being broken onstage.
Thrust stage/Apron stage
seats audiences on the sides of a platform. Less commonly used today, Shakespeare's Globe Theatre was an early form of the apron stage
Scene shop
section of the theatre where technicians and designers construct scenery.
Privacy
selective control of access to one's self or to one's group
Elements of effective communication
sender, receiver, message, channel, feedback
A good storyteller relates a story using:
sensory images
sociopetal function
serve to bring people to gether
sociofugal
serve to promote withdrwal or to keep pepole apart.
Liason
serves as a spokesperson from the group to other groups or the parent organization
Thunder sheeet
sheet of metal that can be shaken using two attached handles, or beaten, to simulate the sound of thunder.
simulate
showing facial emotion when no emotionis felt
neutralize
showing no facial emotion although some emotion is felt
Communication apprehension
shyness or reticence - where a group member does not speak out even thought they see flaws or failures that may hurt the outcome of the group
communication apprehension
shyness pr reticence....where a group memebr does not speak out even though they see flaws or failures that may hurt the outcome of the group.
Prompt
side-generally refers to the left side of the stage or whichever side the prompt corner is located.
Cue
signal that serves as an indicator of another action that is about to occur
1+1=3
slogan stating that good ideas can be combined to create a single better idea; building of ideas by the process of association
minor repair
small adjustments to the status quo, proposed by the negative position, that show the problems raised by the affirmative can be solved without adopting the proposition, showing that the affirmative position's problems are not inherent
When members join an existing group, they have to learn about the group's expectations, roles, culture, and manner of working together. The process described is referred to as
socialization
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann developed the spiral of silence theory to explain the reactions of various groups to communication about social issues. The theory holds that
society threatens minority view holders with isolation, motivating them to avoid sharing their opinions
Aria
solo performance in an opera that conveys the emotional state of the main character.
Found sounds
sounds heard in locations such as zoos, construction sites, and playgrounds
Fills
speakers used in addition to the main sound system to project sound into certain areas.
Dialect coach
specialist brought in to assist actors with specific accents necessary for conversations within the production.
Impacting the frame of reference
you can easily test the impact of different frames of reference. Because people have different frames of reference, a public speaker must take great care to adapt the message to the particular audience being addressed. You must be audience-centered
Magic Bullet Theory
you do exactly what the media tells you to do; compared to a hypodermic needle
Situational awareness
you must be alert to the situation. Certain occasions require certain kinds of speeches and you need to be aware.
