Prejudice and Discrimination

What 2 protected categories were added by the Civil Rights Act of 1964

1. Age 2. Disability

Describe how power affects prejudice and discrimination

1. At the heart of prejudice lie two concepts: ignorance and fear. 2. At the heart of discrimination lies the concept of group competition and the quest for power. 3. Power is at the core of discrimination. Without power, discrimination is ineffective. With power, discrimination maintains the dominance of one group over the other. 4. In most circumstances of discrimination, both power and prejudice lie beneath. Although prejudice and discrimination are related concepts, one does not automatically mean that the other is present. (Jones, 2014)

Describe the levels of prejudice

1. Cognitive prejudice 2. Emotional prejudice 3. An action-oriented level of prejudice

Identify what areas of society are impacted by institutional discrimination

1. Employment 2. Housing 3. Education

What are the other bases of Discrimination from the EEOC (Equal Opportunity Employment Commission)

1. Equal Compensation 2. Genetic Information 3. Retaliation 4. Pregnancy

In what ways can prejudice and discrimination manifest?

1. Microaggressions 2. In-Group versus Out-Group 3. Social Learning and Conformity 4. Active Manifestations of Prejudice and Discrimination (Direct) 5. Inactively Contributing to Prejudice and Discrimination (Indirect)

Identify how Employment is impacted by institutional discrimination

1. One example is the "Glass Ceiling" which refers to barriers that block the promotion of qualified employees based on gender or minority status (Schaefer, 2011). 2. Another example is disparate treatment and impact from minorities and women in the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and military combat career fields

What are the 8 categories of discrimination.

1. Race discrimination 2. Color discrimination 3. Sex discrimination 4. Religious discrimination 5. National origin discrimination 6. Disability discrimination 7. Age discrimination 8. Sexual orientation discrimination

Identify how Housing is impacted by institutional discrimination

1. Steering - deliberately guiding loan applicants or potential purchasers toward or away from certain types of loans or geographical areas because of race 2. Red lining - the practice of denying a creditworthy applicant a loan for housing in a certain neighborhood even though the applicant may otherwise be eligible for the loan (United States Department of Justice, 1964)

Identify the types of discrimination

1. Type A: Isolate discrimination 2. Type B: Small-group discrimination 3. Type C: Direct institutionalized discrimination 4. Type D: Indirect institutionalized discrimination

Define Age discrimination

Age discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) less favorably because of his/her age. a. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) only forbids age discrimination against people who are age 40 or older. It does not protect workers under the age of 40, although some states do have laws that protect younger workers from age discrimination. b. It is not illegal for an employer or other covered entity to favor an older worker over a younger one, even if both workers are age 40 or older. c. Discrimination can occur when the victim and the person who inflicted the discrimination are both over 40.

Define prejudice

An unreasonable negative attitude toward others because of their membership in a particular group. The quality that makes an attitude unreasonable is that it does not readily get modified when exposed to new and conflicting information

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on individual recruitment.

Based on gender, test scores, education level, moral waivers, and regional recruitment.

Describe institutional discrimination

Carried out by the dominant group against non-dominant groups because it is the dominant group that generally controls the social institutions.

Define Color discrimination

Color discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably because of skin color complexion. a. Race/color discrimination also can involve treating someone unfavorably because the person is married to (or associated with) a person of a certain race or color or because of a person's connection with a race-based organization or group, or an organization or group that is generally associated with people of a certain color. b. Discrimination can occur when the victim and the person who inflicted the discrimination are the same race or color

Define Type D: Indirect institutionalized discrimination

Consists of dominant-group practices having a harmful impact on members of another group even though the organizationally or community-prescribed norms or regulations guiding those actions have been established with no intent to harm.

Define Type C: Direct institutionalized discrimination

Defined as organizationally prescribed or community-prescribed action that by intention has a differential and negative impact on members of another group. These actions are not sporadic but are carried out routinely by a large number of members of another group guided by the legal or informal norms of the immediate organizational or community context.

Define Disability discrimination

Disability discrimination occurs when an employer or other entity covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act, as amended, or the Rehabilitation Act, as amended, treats a qualified individual with a disability who is an employee or applicant unfavorably because they have a disability. a. Disability discrimination also occurs when a covered employer or other entity treats an applicant or employee less favorably because they have a history of a disability (such as cancer that is controlled or in remission) or because they believed to have a physical or mental impairment that is not transitory (lasting or expected to last six months or less) and minor (even if his/she does not have such an impairment). b. The law requires an employer to provide reasonable accommodation to an employee or job applicant with a disability, unless doing so would cause significant difficulty or expense for the employer (i.e. "undue hardship"). c. The law also protects people from discrimination based on their relationship with a person with a disability (even if they do not themselves have a disability). For example, it is illegal to discriminate against an employee because his/her spouse has a disability.

Identify how Education is impacted by institutional discrimination

Educational requirements - A disproportionate number of minorities attend inferior or disadvantages schools resulting in lower qualifications for advanced schooling and occupations. 1. Testing - Tests used to measure the academic standing of students that may have inherent cultural bias 2. Textbooks - School boards select textbooks. Many textbooks presently in use provide little or no information on minority groups, their minority histories, and contributions that minorities have made to American culture. 3. Teacher Testing/Hiring - Historically minorities have lower scores than the majority on teacher qualifying tests, and thus, do not qualify for teaching positions. (Schaefer, 2011)

What executive order made it illegal to discriminate against Federal civilians due to sexual orientation?

Executive order 13087

Define Type B: Small-group discrimination

Harmful action taken intentionally by a small number of dominant-group individuals acting in concert against members of another group, without the direct support of the norms and of most social or community context.

Describe the bases of discrimination

In accordance with DoDD 1020.02E, Diversity Management and Equal Opportunity in the DoD 1. Race 2. Color 3. Sex 4. Religious 5. National Origin 6. Sexual Orientation

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on unit readiness.

In the Navy during the Civil War, African Americans were restricted to positions of servants, cooks, assistant gunners, or powder boys. During WWI, Filipinos (who were denied U.S. citizenship) served in the Navy as cooks, waiters, pantry-men, dishwashers, custodians, bed-makers, and valets.

Identify what areas of the military are impacted by institutional discrimination

Individual 1. Individual Recruitment - This is based on gender, test scores, education level, moral waivers, and regional recruitment. 2. Retention - Some career fields are closed to women Unit 1. Unit Readiness - In the Navy during the Civil War, African Americans were restricted to positions of servants, cooks, assistant gunners, or powder boys. During WWI, Filipinos (who were denied U.S. citizenship) served in the Navy as cooks, waiters, pantry-men, dishwashers, custodians, bed-makers, and valets. 2. Mission Effectiveness - Statistics show Whites are the majority in senior leadership positions (i.e., flag officers, general officers, and Senior Executive Service) and lend itself to the perpetuation of racism. What appears as discriminatory is that the percentages of non-Whites and females in military high ranking positions are significantly lower than the general population.

Define Race discrimination

Involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because he/she is of a certain race or because of personal characteristics associated with race such as hair texture, skin color, or certain facial features.

What is Microaggressions

Microaggressions are everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicates hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely on marginalized group membership. a. Microaggressions often times appear to be a compliment but contain a metacommunication or hidden insult. b. It also often occurs outside the level of conscious awareness of the perpetrator (Sue, 2010)

Define National origin discrimination

National origin discrimination involves treating people (applicants or employees) unfavorably because they are from a particular country or part of the world, because of ethnicity or accent, or because they appear to be of a certain ethnic background. a. National origin discrimination also involves treating people unfavorably because they are married to (or associated with) a person of a certain national origin or because of their connection with an ethnic organization or group. b. Discrimination can occur when the victim and the person who inflicted the discrimination are the same national origin.

Define Type A Isolate Discrimination

Occurs when an individual purposely acts to harm members of another group.

Define cognitive prejudice

Refers to a stereotype. Whether favorable or unfavorable, a stereotype is an overgeneralization or exaggeration that ignores individual differences within a group.

Define emotional prejudice

Refers to emotions and feelings of hostility or liking. Might be found in attitudes toward members of particular classes such as race, ethnicity, national origin, or creed.

Define Religious discrimination

Religious discrimination involves treating a person (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of his/ her religious beliefs. a. The law protects not only people who belong to traditional, organized religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, but also others who have sincerely held religious, ethical, or moral beliefs. b. Religious discrimination also involves treating someone differently because that person is married to (or associated with) an individual of a particular religion or because of his/her connection with a religious organization or group.

Define Sex discrimination

Sex discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of that person's sex. Can involve treating someone less favorably because of his/her connection with an organization or group that is generally associated with people of a certain sex.

Define Sexual orientation discrimination

Sexual orientation refers to a person's emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction to individuals of a particular gender (male or female). Sometimes referred to as sexual preference, though this term adds the concept of sexuality as fluid and incorporates the element of choice. Sexual identity is often interpreted as describing an individual's perception of their own sex, rather than sexual orientation. (American Psychological Association) a. People are classified as heterosexual if their sexual focus is primarily people of the opposite sex/gender, homosexual if it is people of the same sex/gender, and bisexual if it is both men and women. Terms straight, gay, and lesbian are less formal terms; used by people to describe themselves and their friends and family. Sexual orientation discrimination occurs in the workplace because of prejudices among employees, preconceived notions, or misunderstandings of legally binding protections. Employees expect to be treated according to their role and performance at work, not their sexual orientation. b. Federal laws protect employees from discrimination and/or harassment on the basis of many factors. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 provide protections for people based on age or disabilities. c. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) Federal employees are protected by Executive Order 11478, as amended by Executive Order 13087, signed by President Clinton in 1998, to protect against discrimination over sexual preference in hiring, firing and promoting federal employees.

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on military retention.

Some career fields are closed to women.

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on mission effectiveness.

Statistics show Whites are the majority in senior leadership positions (i.e. flag officers, general officers, and Senior Executive Service) and lend itself to the perpetuation of racism. What appears as discriminatory is that the percentages of non-Whites and females in military high ranking positions are significantly lower than the general population.

Define action oriented prejudice

The positive or negative predisposition to engage in discriminatory behavior.

Define discrimination

Unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people

The DoD Human Goals Charter (2014) states.

We strive: To make military service in the Department of Defense a model of equal opportunity for all regardless of race, color, sex, religion or national origin. To provide equity in civilian employment regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, age, or sexual orientation, and to provide an environment that is accessible to and usable by all. We strive: To provide equity in civilian employment regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, age, or sexual orientation, or genetic information, without reprisal and to provide an environment that is accessible to and usable by all.

What is Inactively Contributing to Prejudice and Discrimination (Indirect)

a. Condoning or accepting the status quo b. Ignoring acts of discrimination, hazing, or bullying c. Integrated threat theory - perceived group threat or perceptions of threatened group interests occur when in-group members see an out-group as posing negative consequences to the interests of their in-group. 1) Realistic threats - threats to political, economic, physical or material well-being of in-group 2) Symbolic threats - perceived threats of in-groups morals, values, standards, beliefs and attitudes 3) Intergroup anxiety - fear about negative outcomes for self, such as being embarrassed, rejected, or ridiculed 4) Stereotypes - when expectations are negative, conflict or unpleasant interactions are likely to be anticipated (Stephan, White-Stephan, & Gudykunst, 1999)

What is Active Manifestations of Prejudice and Discrimination (Direct)

a. Hazing or bullying. If a hazing and/or bullying incident occurs because of a member or members' association with race, color, sex, national origin, religion, or sexual orientation, it is considered unlawful discrimination and will be subject to the DoD MEO Program. (DoD, 2015, DoDD 1020.02E) b. Verbally or physically harassing or bullying target group members c. Telling oppressive or offensive jokes d. Perpetuating stereotypes e. Avoiding "out group" f. Stating prejudice and discrimination are things of the past

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on employment.

a. Hiring practices such as last hired, first fired; higher likelihood that members will be fired during job layoffs because they were the most recently hired. b. Education requirements - Individuals who have been segregated to lesser funded schools cannot find employment in businesses that hire according to specified credentials that inferior schools do not offer.

What is In-Group versus Out-Group

a. In-group (most like me) = In-group bias b. Out-group (least like me) = Out-group homogeneity. Out-group members appear more similar to each other than in-group members (stereotypes; Plous, 2003)

What protected categories can manifestation of prejudice and discrimination be found

a. Race b. Color c. Religion d. Sex e. National origin f. Age g. Disability

What is Social Learning and Conformity

a. Social learning theory - children learn prejudice and stereotypes from adult influencers during early socialization (parents, teachers, etc.) b. Laws, regulations, and norms of segregation or unequal access, which maintain the power of dominant groups over subordinate ones c. Mass media - Media's portrayal of racial and ethnic groups may be a person's principal source of information. If the media communicates primarily in stereotypes and the viewer has little opportunity for personal contact with members of that minority, the probability of the stereotype becoming the reality to the viewer is high. d. Educational system - Schools share responsibility for socializing groups of young people in particular skills and values in our society. e. Structure and functioning of work organizations (Farley, 2000)