Prelim
Developing out of the Ego; Serves as conscience
Superego
Science is based only on the _____
available evidence
meaning a 'subject or interest"
logia
accomplishing a particular mission or technological objective
Mission-Oriented Research
The universe is heliocentric, or sun-centered and the Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun is concluded by _____ using mathematical formulas.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
was a Polish mathematician and astronomer who studied in Italy
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
The process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring
Natural Selection
produces organisms with different structures than their ancestor, different niches, and new habitats.
Natural Selection
is the study that explains human behavior.
Psychoanalysis
was considered more of an art rather than a science.
Psychology
"reality principle" - tries to satisfy id impulses while minimizing punishment & guilt
Ego
It controls voluntary motion and self- reservation behavior
Ego
It controls voluntary motion and self-reservation behavior
Ego
They calculated the time by means of waterclock
Egyptian Civilization
Good fitness: Reproduce Low Fitness:
Few offspring/extinction
Plough, lathe, mills and pumps, spinning wheel
First-wave technologies
who ordered the construction of the famous "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" and the Isthar Gate?
Nebuchadnezzar
•the slow and gradual process by which living organisms have changed from the simplest unicellular form to the most complex multi-cellular forms that are existing today.
ORGANIC EVOLUTION
6 Scientific Processes (ODCCMMIFAAA)
Observing Describing Comparing Classifying Measuring Making inference Identification Formulation Application Assessment Acceptance
They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system of counting in units, Ziggurat and cuneiform.
Babylonia
the oldest surviving law in the world. It is the earliest existing legal text
Code of Ur-NAmmu
Unconscious impulses that want to be gratified, without regard to potential punishment
Id
Science is a kind of human cultural activity which is practiced by people known as _____
Scientist
Sarah knew she could steal the supplies from work and no one would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take anything even though she would probably never get caught.
Super Ego
The "moral principle" of our personality which tells us right from wrong our conscience
Super ego
5th evolution of societies
Synthesizing and Recycling Societies
Computers, fibre optics, artificial intelligence
Third-wave technologies
Fitness is a result of
adaptation
a method of mathematical analysis
calculus
Nicolaus Copernicus presented the ______, where he said that the sun is the center of the solar system.
heliocentric theory
The Egyptian writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as ______, representing individual objects or actions.
hieroglyphics
The World's first writing system is called
hieroglyphs
measurement and use of water-power.
hydrostatics
made up of assorted botanical, zoological and mineralogical ingredients
materia medica
Egyptians wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of ______
papyrus reeds
Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered _________in 1898.
radium
ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)
Babylonia
Another calendar was based on the phases of the moon, consisting of how many days?
29 and ½ days
3rd evolution of societies
Agricultural and Mining Societies
argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles, each made of dominant substances such as water mixed with other random substances.
Anaxagoras
who studies the heavens to record time, calculate distances/directions, forecast the seasons and predict annual flooding of the Nile river?
Ancient Egyptians
practical application
Applied Research
performed experiments which led him to discover the laws of lever and the pulley; invented hydrostatics and discovered the concept of gravity
Archimedes
proved the importance of critical observation and systematic means to identify and classify organisms.
Aristotle
the science of studying the position of celestial bodies.
Astrology
Isaac Newton invented _______ as a method of mathematical analysis
Calculus
Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology at Cambridge; developed the biological theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors
Charles Darwin
Thoughts and perception
Conscious level
Only a small portion of our mind is accessible to us
Conscious mind
•like the top of the iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is accessible to us.
Conscious mind
a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks.
Cuneiform
The Medieval period is also known as
Dark Ages
In 1543, Copernicus published a book that made him two conclusions
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)
He formulated the Periodic table
Dmitri Mendeleev
Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink, even though she really just wanted to drink from Mr. Smith's glass.
Ego
located in the Northeastern part of the African continent, a desert country thriving on an agricultural economy.
Egypt
According to _____ nature was a mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and water.
Empedocles
deals with the distribution of various forms of energy such as solar panels, wind turbines and hydrothermal.
Energy Technology
design and fabrication of tools, instruments, devices and machines
Equipment Technology
Dark Age fueled a great deal of scientific research because of technology needed for navigation (T/F)
False (Age of Exploration)
comprising the pre-industrial technologies which are labor-intensive, small-scale, decentralized and based on empirical rather than scientific knowledge.
First Wave Technology- Agricultural Age
Copper, bronze, iron, glass, ceramic, paper
First-wave technologies
Printing, books and letters, messengers
First-wave technologies
Traditional agriculture, animal breeding, herbal
First-wave technologies
Wood and charcoal, wind power, water power
First-wave technologies
Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called _________
Fitness
The philosophy of new science, a new way of doing science using what is known as the scientific method advocated by?
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
gaining new knowledge
Fundamental/Basic Research
also discovered that objects fall at the same speed regardless of weight.
Galileo Galilei
was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by Copernicus and Kepler.
Galileo Galilei
contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people, made metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.
Gazettes
5 branches of science (GCPBA)
Geology; Chemistry; Physics; Biology; Astronomy
A force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun, also caused objects to fall towards the earth
Gravity
is an archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe; Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.
Greece
"Father of Greek Medicine". First to regard medicine as a science apart from religion
Hippocrates
These are social considerations that changed the course of science and technology
Historical Antecedents
Fire is used by
Homo erectus
1st evolution of societies
Hunter and Gatherer Societies
"pleasure principle" unconscious impulses that want to be gratified, without regard to potential punishment.
ID
A hungry baby cried until he was fed.
ID
Original Core of an Individual personality; Biological Driven
ID
The first 365-day calendar was possibly devised by
IMHOTEP
4 Technology Processes (ICPT)
Identification, Conceptualization, Production, The use of phase
It is defined as the phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by human hands and feet to the use of machines.
Industrial Revolution
refers to complex technological innovations from 1750 to 1895 characterized by the substitutions of machines for human skill and machine power for that of human and animal bringing a shift from handicraft to manufacture and marking the birth of modern economy.
Industrial revolution
based on machines that collect, store, process, retrieve, transmit and utilize data or information.
Information technology
Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people.
Intellectual Revolution
It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants
Intellectual Revolution
After Brahe's death, his assistant, the German astronomer and mathematician __________, used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.
Johannes Kepler
Whose finding help explain the paths followed by man-made satellites today?
Johannes Kepler
He made the first car in 1885.
Karl Benz
Proposed that the use or disuse of organs caused organisms to gain or lose traits over time.
Lamarck
these are devices, medicines, procedures and systems designed to preserve, repair, maintain, reproduce and improve living systems
Life technology
•Natural Selection: Nature chooses Artificial selection:
Man chooses
Planning, organization, coordination and control of social activities
Management technology
4th evolution of societies
Manufacturing and Processing Societies
extraction, fabrication, processing, combination and synthesis of materials
Material Technology
Newton published his scientific ideas in his book
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden wheels on axles now regarded as the greatest mechanical invention of all time
Potter's wheel
Memory and stored knowledge
Preconscious mind
material that is unconscious, but can be easily brought into awareness. Moves back & forth easily between conscious & unconscious.
Preconscious mind
an ancient Greek astronomer taught that the Earth was the center of the universe
Ptolemy
postulated the geocentric theory of the universe
Ptolemy
was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west; Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.
Roman Empire
Seeks to improve society; informs technology
Science
System of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method.
Science
Theories, principles and laws
Science
any systematic knowledge or practice
Science
explores for the purpose of knowing
Science
is complex system of people, skills, facilities, knowledge, material or physical resources and technologies devoted and directed to the inquiry into and understanding of the natural world,
Science
organized body of knowledge gained through research
Science
is used to refer to the great intellectual achievements of science from sixteenth to seventeenth century marking a radical change in the assumptions attitudes and methods in scientific inquiry
Scientific Revolution
was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moments to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion and theological views.
Scientific Revolution
These are usually capital-intensive technologies and are essentially based on the classical principles of classical physics, chemistry and biology.
Second Wave technology
comprising the industrial technologies which were developed since the time of industrial revolution until the end of World War II.
Second Wave technology
Coal, oil, hydroelectric power, geothermal power
Second-wave technologies
Engines, motors, turbines, machine tools
Second-wave technologies
Mechanized agriculture, surgery, antibiotics, food
Second-wave technologies
Steel, aluminium, dyes, plastics, petrochemicals
Second-wave technologies
Typewriter, telephone, radio, telegraph, TV
Second-wave technologies
using the number 60 as base, system of counting and a form of place notation.
Sexagesimal
2nd evolution of societies
Shifting and Farming Societies
An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with studying hysteria.; Father of psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
He used math to prove the existence of gravity
Sir Isaac Newton
was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo
Sir Isaac Newton
was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution
Sir Isaac Newton
Demands more science; benefits from technology
Society
an organized group of people associated as members of a community
Society
people in general thought of as living together in organized communities with shared laws, traditions and values
Society
means more than just staying alive. It means reproducing and passing adaptations on to the next generation
Survival
Demands more science; makes life easier to society
Technology
explores for the purpose of making something useful from that knowledge
Technology
is the use or application of scientific knowledge for a specific goal or purpose
Technology
Father of Philosophy, taught that nature was composed of or convertible into water
Thales of Miletus
who perfected geometry, as a single logical system?
Thales,Phythagoras,Euclid
comprising the post-industrial or the high technologies which are called science-intensive since they are based on the modern scientific knowledge of the structures, properties and interaction of molecules, atoms and nuclei
Third-Wave technology
Hydroponics, artificial organs, genetic engineering
Third-wave technologies
Laser tools, micro processors' robots
Third-wave technologies
Polymers, semiconductors, liquid crystals, superconductors
Third-wave technologies
Solar cells, synthetic fuels, nuclear fusion
Third-wave technologies
In 1798, he noticed that people were being born faster than people were dying
Thomas Malthus
According to Darwin, individuals with the most favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce. (T/F)
True
Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the only authorities accepted as truth. (T/F)
True
From Malthus' theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are produced than can survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other necessities of life. (T/F)
True
Individuals with the most favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce. (T/F)
True
It was Copernicus that proposed the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice versa... The sun was the center of the Universe, not the Earth. (T/F)
True
Most scholars supported Copernicus's theory. (T/F)
True
SCIENCE drives TECHNOLOGY by making new technology through scientific breakthroughs (T/F)
True
Science cannot make conclusions on faith, opinions, etc. (T/F)
True
The Scientific Revolution develops as an offshoot of the Renaissance. (T/F)
True
The history of science is filled with numerous examples of scientific knowledge changing over time. (T/F)
True
Thomas Malthus observed that most organisms produce many more offspring than survive. (T/F)
True
Translation of the works of Muslim scholars opened the minds of European thinkers to new scientific knowledge (T/F)
True
•The Copernican conception of the universe marked the start of modern science and astronomy. (T/F)
True
Danish astronomer who provided evidence that supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory
Tycho Brahe
Het up an astronomical observatory. Every night for years he carefully observed the sky, accumulating data about the movement of the stars and planets.
Tycho Brahe
Fears, unacceptable secual desires, violent motives, irrational wishes, immoral urges, selfish needs, shameful experiences
Unconscious level
is completely outside of our awareness (could produce anxiety if made conscious).
Unconscious mind
Mountain of god, served as the sacred place of their chief god.
Ziggurats
Any heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called
adaptation
Science is?
amoral
in which the Earth is at the center was supported during the Middle Ages.
geocentric model
and the _______ theory was supported by the Church
geocentric theory
Most scholars rejected Copernicus's theory, because ________
it went against Ptolemy and the Church
Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see?
mountains on the moon and fiery spots on the sun.
Scientist was formerly called ____
natural philosophers and savants
Science is limited to the _____
natural world and natural explanations
The three main types of limits on technology are?
natural, economic, and ethical
Science is limited by ______
personal bias
One of the greatest inventions during the Middle Ages was the _____ of Johannes Gutenberg
printing press
The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on
regular appearance and disappearance of Sirius the brightest star in their horizon which coincide with the annual rise and fall of the Nile river.
Science come from the Latin word means KNOWLEDGE?
scientia
if more individuals are produced than can survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other necessities of life
struggle for existence
meaning "art or craft"
tekhne
Technoloy comes from the Greek words?
tekhne and logia
Samuel F.B Morse invented the _____ in 1837.
telegraph
a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world
the City of Uruk