Prep U-Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death

Which statement would a nurse tell a client to best describe apoptosis?

"Apoptosis is the natural removal of injured or worn out cells." (pg 52)

What can the nurse tell family members to best explain muscle atrophy of a family member who has been in a persistent coma?

"Cell size decreases as workload declines." (pg 41)

A client with pulmonary hypertension has hypertrophy of the heart's right ventricle. Which explanation is appropriate to tell the client?

"The cells enlarge in your heart from the increased workload."

A nurse is caring for four clients. Which client is at greatest risk for high blood levels of lead?

A 2-year-old anemic child who lives in a turn-of-the-century home (pg. 48-49)

The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breast-feeding, her breast tissue will reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which physiologic process?

Apoptosis (pg 52)

What happens when a cell is confronted with a decrease in work demands?

Cell becomes smaller (pg 41)

Which process associated with cellular injury is most likely to be reversible?

Cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm (pg 51)

A 99-year-old woman has experienced a decline of cell function associated with age. Which focus on cellular programming is associated with the group of theories related to senescence?

Changes resulting from telomere shortening (pg 54)

Which situation causes atrophy? Select all that apply.

Denervation Disuse Decreased blood flow (pg 41)

A client's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the client the significance of the changes. The nurse states that the finding is implicated as a precursor of cancer. Which finding was most likely on the lab report?

Dysplasia (pg 43)

Biologic agents differ from other injurious agents in that they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects. How do Gram-negative bacteria cause harm to the cell?

Gram-negative bacilli release endotoxins that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability (pg 49)

Which assessment supports the finding of lead toxicity?

Hemoglobin 9 g/dL (90 g/L)

The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the wind chill factor is -10°F (-23°C). When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which type of cellular injury?

Hypoxic (pg 50)

Which situation causes hypertrophy?

Increase in workload (pg 42)

The parents of an anemic 4-year-old child tell the pediatrician that the child has been behaving differently and having abdominal discomfort. Realizing that the family lives in an older, urbanized community, the provider tests the child for which toxicity?

Lead (pg 48)

Which statement is true in relation to lead exposure?

Lead is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs (pg 48)

A public health nurse is conducting a wellness seminar in which a participant has asked how to minimize the potentially harmful effects of free radicals. What should the nurse recommend?

Make dietary changes and limit UV exposure (pg 46)

Which fact underlies the concept of cellular theories of senescence?

Telomeres become progressively shorter in successive generations of a cell (pg 54)

A nurse is teaching a class on health promotion and includes information about the risk from ultraviolet radiation. Which concepts should be included in this class? Select all that apply.

Ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of skin cancer Ultraviolet radiation damages DNA (pg 47)

Hypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy?

When one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss (pg 42)

A nurse is caring for a client with a leg wound. When planning care for the client, the nurse considers that the injured cells have impaired flow of substances through the cell membrane as a result of:

altered permeability (pg 53)

The nurse in an infectious-disease clinic will primarily treat injuries to tissues and cells caused by:

biologic agents (pg 49)

The student is reviewing the aging process. One group of theories of aging involves the shortening of telomeres until a critical minimal length is attained and then senescence ensues. These theories are known as:

cellular theories (pg 54)

When performing an assessment on a school-aged child, the nurse notes that the mucous membranes along the gum margins have a noticeable blue-colored line. At this point, the nurse should ask the parents about possible:

exposure to lead (pg 48)

In a genetic disorder called xeroderma pigmentosum, an enzyme needed to repair sunlight-induced DNA damage is lacking. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by:

extreme photosensitivity and a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun (pg 47)

A client has developed heart failure. The doctor reviews the client's chest x-ray and notes that the heart has enlarged. The changes in the size and shape of the heart are the result of:

hypertrophy (pg 42)

A client has developed cell atrophy. The most likely cause would be:

ischemia (pg 41)

A mother rushes her 4-year-old child to the emergency department after she found an empty Tylenol (acetaminophen) bottle beside her child. The nurse is trying to explain why it is so important to give the child ipecac to induce vomiting in order to prevent:

liver failure (pg 48)

The provider explains to the client, who smokes, that cells in the trachea are substituted with cells that are better able to survive. This process is known as:

metaplasia (pg 43)

A client with diabetes who is diagnosed with a gangrenous right heel ulcer presents with a wound that has no line of demarcation, is spreading rapidly, and has a foul odor. The health care worker recognizes these manifestations as:

moist gangrene (pg 54)

The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process is known as:

physiologic hypertrophy (pg 42)

Following a severe automobile accident, a client is scheduled to have surgery to either repair or remove his spleen, pancreas, and stomach. The client wants the organs repaired and not removed if at all possible. However, the nursing staff understands that extensive regeneration in parenchymal organs can only occur if:

the residual tissue is structurally and functionally intact (pg 204)