Preventive Exam 5 Ch 15

FDA requires that food containing aspartame have what label?

"PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE."

Second generation sweeteners (differ widely in their key markets throughout the globe)

Acesulfame-K Sucralose Alitame Neotame

Non-nutritive sweetener approximately 200 times sweeter than sucrose.

Acesulfame-K(acesulfame potassium)

Sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in many fruits and berries.

Sorbitol

Polyols sweeteners

Sorbitol Mannitol Xylitol

Derived from a shrub in South America and is 300 times sweeter than sucrose

Stevia (Steveoside)

Sold under Splenda is a noncariogenic and nonnutritive sweetener that is 600 times sweeter than sucrose.

Sucralose

Only one of many naturally occurring sugar found in human diet.

Sucrose

Nutritive sweetener and most commonly used tabletop sweetener.

Sucrose (disaccharide- one glucose, one fructose)

1981 FDA approved aspartame as a sweetener in ___ goods and chewing gum.

dry goods

Disadvantage of aspartame

excessive heating causes decomposition and lessens aspartames sweetening ability.

Neohesperidine is used in the U.S. as a ___ ___ but not as a sweetener.

flavor ingredient

Saccharin is approved for use in

foods,beverages, tabletop sugar substitutes, gum, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals

This is a component of sucrose and is often added to foods to synergize sweetness potential of sucrose and some non-nutritive sweeteners

Fructose

in 1996 FDA approved aspartame as - Aspartame is available in what forms-

General purpose sweetener liquid, granular, encapsulated, and powder forms

Sucralose is poorly absorbed and in 1999 was approved as?

General-purpose sweetener

First recorded sweetener? used in which ancient cultures?

Honey Greece, China

Two most cited studies? pg. 322

Hopewood House in Australia Vipeholm in Sweden

Health considerations

...

Table 15-1 pg. 317

...

Two studies done on rats demonstrated?

1. bacteria are essential for caries development regardless of diet. 2. Action of sugar in caries process is local not systemic

2,000 times sweeter than sucrose without bitter or metallic taste of most high-intensity sweeteners.

Alitame

Non-nutritive sweeteners not approved in U.S.

Alitame Cyclamate Neohesperidine Stevia (Steveoside) Thaumatin

A dipeptide is 160 to 220 times sweeter than sucrose, sold under brand name Nutrasweet and Equal.

Aspartame

Alitame approved in

Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, People's Republic of China, and Columbia

Why was Cyclamate banned from all diet foods and fruits by the FDA in 1970.

B/c of suspicion of induced cancer in laboratory animals .(still used today in combination w/other sweeteners)

Saccharin was also known for its ___ aftertaste.

Bitter

Chemical sugar groups; known as carbohydrates.

Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), Oxygen(O)

2 major surveys used to estimate a persons intake of food. These surveys rely on self-reported, retrospective, recall of dietary intake.

Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Blended with Saccharin and other additives and was sold under the name Sweet'N Low.

Cyclamate

More than 30 times sweeter than sucrose, was banned in 1969 by FDA as a food ingredient when saccharin/cyclamate mixture was shown to cause cancer in Lab. rats

Cyclamate

Sorbitol can cause ____ if large quantities are ingested.

Diarrhea

Hyperlipidemias

Diets high in nutritive sweeteners shown to increase serum triacylglycerol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Fructose is more hyperlipidemic.

Two monosaccharides, or two monomers that are joined together.

Disaccharides

Non-nutritive or Noncaloric sweeteners, sugar substitutes

Do not provide energy (example: acesulfame-K, aspartame,neotame,saccharin,sucralose)

Xylitol prevention dose- times per day- contact time-

Dose- 6 to 10 grams Times per day- 3 to 5 Minimum contact time 5 minutes

When reviewing potential sweeteners as food additives FDA ask what questions?

How it is made What are the properties of sweetener in foods and beverages. How much sweetener will be consumed and will certain groups be particularly susceptible to food additive? Is sweetener safe does it cause adverse effects to indivdual or offspring, including cancer or chronic toxicity?

Behavioral Disorders

Hyperactivity is not result of sugar intake in children; No adverse effects were found if intake remained within the recommended guidelines.(non-nutritive sweeteners)

Naturally occurring polyol found in seaweed, obtained from sugar mannose.

Mannitol

2002 FDA approved Neotame for food additive and sweetening agents, but was not approved for?

Meat and poultry

Oral ____ metabolize this sweetener(mannitol) very slowly, so no cariogenic activity with its use.

Microorganisms

Sucrose in its least refined state?

Molasses

simple sugar, such as, fructose, galactose, mannose and glucose

Monosaccharide (contains 3 to 7 carbon atoms per monomer)

Two classifications of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Dihydrochalcone 1500 times sweeter than sucrose.

Neohesperidine

New product developed by manufacturers of NutraSweet, similar structure of aspartame.

Neotame

1981 aspartame was approved and marketed as?

NutraSweet (first time dairy products sold as "diet" or "light")

Intake of sugars was suggested to be associated with what health issues?

Obesity Diabetes Glycemic response Hyperlipidemias Behavioral disorders Dental caries

Xylitol consumed in very large quantities casues

Osmotic diarrhea

Nutritive or Caloric sweeteners

Provide energy (example: sucrose, fructose, and sugar alcohols)

Sorbitol is considered non-cariogenic in solution it is slowly fermented by?

S.mutans

Two primary bacteria involved in caries formation?

S.mutans lactobacilli

____ approximately 200 to 700 times sweeter than sucrose, it is non-nutritive and non-cariogenic.

Saccharin

Intense Sweeteners

Saccharin Aspartame Acesulfame-K Sucralose Neotame

First generation sweeteners

Saccharin Cyclamate Aspartame

First artificial sweetener manufactured in 1879 by Remsen and Fahlberg

Saccharin- used b/c of low production cost and shortage of regular sugar.

Honey was later replaced by ___ or ___, originally made from sugar ___.

Saccharose or common sugar sugar cane

Principal dietary substances that promote caries formation?

Sugars and all fermentable carbohydrates

sugars or substance added to foods and beverages that provide a pleasurable taste and in some cases added energy.

Sweeteners

Sucrose is ideal for what roles?

Sweetening agent Flavor blender and modifier Texture and bodying agent Dispersing/ lubricating agent Caramelization/color agent Bulking agent

Acts as a flavor enhancer and is a mixture of proteins which imparts an intensely sweet taste.

Thaumatin

This polyol was discovered in wood chips in 1890 and in wheat and oat straw in 1891

Xylitol

Polyols are Sugar ___. Polyols can have chemical structure that is derived from monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharide-derived mixtures.

alcohols

FDA has approved Saccharin in what forms?

ammonium saccharin, calcium saccharin, sodium saccharin

Foods containing both cooked starch and sucrose have been shown to enhance?

caries potential

Diabetes and Glycemic Response

high intake of fructose can lead to high blood lipid levels for persons diabetes

Phenylketonuria

homozygous recessive inborn error of metabolism in which individuals affected cannot metabolize phenylalanine.

Saccharin remains the ___ volume low cost intense sweetener used in the world today.

largest

What sweeteners are highly desirable for prevention of dental caries and some adverse health effects

non cariogenic sweeteners and sugar substitutes

Obesity

non-nutritive sweeteners have potential to promote weight loss. goal was to provide a sweet taste to foods and beverages w/out providing energy to persons wanting to control energy intakes

Taste buds are also found in

palate, pharynx, and upper portion of the esophagus

acesulfame-K consumption does not affect intake of ___

potassium

one other primary taste thats controversial termed umami.

savory

During World War, saccharose production largely came from ___ ___ rather than sugar cane.

sugar beets

4 categories of primary stimuli with regard to taste.

sweet, sour, salty, and bitter

chemical detection of taste agents occurs in specialized epithelial cells called

taste receptor cells; also know as taste buds(ovoid clusters)