Preventive Exam 5 Ch 15
FDA requires that food containing aspartame have what label?
"PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE."
Second generation sweeteners (differ widely in their key markets throughout the globe)
Acesulfame-K Sucralose Alitame Neotame
Non-nutritive sweetener approximately 200 times sweeter than sucrose.
Acesulfame-K(acesulfame potassium)
Sugar alcohol that occurs naturally in many fruits and berries.
Sorbitol
Polyols sweeteners
Sorbitol Mannitol Xylitol
Derived from a shrub in South America and is 300 times sweeter than sucrose
Stevia (Steveoside)
Sold under Splenda is a noncariogenic and nonnutritive sweetener that is 600 times sweeter than sucrose.
Sucralose
Only one of many naturally occurring sugar found in human diet.
Sucrose
Nutritive sweetener and most commonly used tabletop sweetener.
Sucrose (disaccharide- one glucose, one fructose)
1981 FDA approved aspartame as a sweetener in ___ goods and chewing gum.
dry goods
Disadvantage of aspartame
excessive heating causes decomposition and lessens aspartames sweetening ability.
Neohesperidine is used in the U.S. as a ___ ___ but not as a sweetener.
flavor ingredient
Saccharin is approved for use in
foods,beverages, tabletop sugar substitutes, gum, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals
This is a component of sucrose and is often added to foods to synergize sweetness potential of sucrose and some non-nutritive sweeteners
Fructose
in 1996 FDA approved aspartame as - Aspartame is available in what forms-
General purpose sweetener liquid, granular, encapsulated, and powder forms
Sucralose is poorly absorbed and in 1999 was approved as?
General-purpose sweetener
First recorded sweetener? used in which ancient cultures?
Honey Greece, China
Two most cited studies? pg. 322
Hopewood House in Australia Vipeholm in Sweden
Health considerations
...
Table 15-1 pg. 317
...
Two studies done on rats demonstrated?
1. bacteria are essential for caries development regardless of diet. 2. Action of sugar in caries process is local not systemic
2,000 times sweeter than sucrose without bitter or metallic taste of most high-intensity sweeteners.
Alitame
Non-nutritive sweeteners not approved in U.S.
Alitame Cyclamate Neohesperidine Stevia (Steveoside) Thaumatin
A dipeptide is 160 to 220 times sweeter than sucrose, sold under brand name Nutrasweet and Equal.
Aspartame
Alitame approved in
Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, People's Republic of China, and Columbia
Why was Cyclamate banned from all diet foods and fruits by the FDA in 1970.
B/c of suspicion of induced cancer in laboratory animals .(still used today in combination w/other sweeteners)
Saccharin was also known for its ___ aftertaste.
Bitter
Chemical sugar groups; known as carbohydrates.
Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), Oxygen(O)
2 major surveys used to estimate a persons intake of food. These surveys rely on self-reported, retrospective, recall of dietary intake.
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Blended with Saccharin and other additives and was sold under the name Sweet'N Low.
Cyclamate
More than 30 times sweeter than sucrose, was banned in 1969 by FDA as a food ingredient when saccharin/cyclamate mixture was shown to cause cancer in Lab. rats
Cyclamate
Sorbitol can cause ____ if large quantities are ingested.
Diarrhea
Hyperlipidemias
Diets high in nutritive sweeteners shown to increase serum triacylglycerol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Fructose is more hyperlipidemic.
Two monosaccharides, or two monomers that are joined together.
Disaccharides
Non-nutritive or Noncaloric sweeteners, sugar substitutes
Do not provide energy (example: acesulfame-K, aspartame,neotame,saccharin,sucralose)
Xylitol prevention dose- times per day- contact time-
Dose- 6 to 10 grams Times per day- 3 to 5 Minimum contact time 5 minutes
When reviewing potential sweeteners as food additives FDA ask what questions?
How it is made What are the properties of sweetener in foods and beverages. How much sweetener will be consumed and will certain groups be particularly susceptible to food additive? Is sweetener safe does it cause adverse effects to indivdual or offspring, including cancer or chronic toxicity?
Behavioral Disorders
Hyperactivity is not result of sugar intake in children; No adverse effects were found if intake remained within the recommended guidelines.(non-nutritive sweeteners)
Naturally occurring polyol found in seaweed, obtained from sugar mannose.
Mannitol
2002 FDA approved Neotame for food additive and sweetening agents, but was not approved for?
Meat and poultry
Oral ____ metabolize this sweetener(mannitol) very slowly, so no cariogenic activity with its use.
Microorganisms
Sucrose in its least refined state?
Molasses
simple sugar, such as, fructose, galactose, mannose and glucose
Monosaccharide (contains 3 to 7 carbon atoms per monomer)
Two classifications of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Dihydrochalcone 1500 times sweeter than sucrose.
Neohesperidine
New product developed by manufacturers of NutraSweet, similar structure of aspartame.
Neotame
1981 aspartame was approved and marketed as?
NutraSweet (first time dairy products sold as "diet" or "light")
Intake of sugars was suggested to be associated with what health issues?
Obesity Diabetes Glycemic response Hyperlipidemias Behavioral disorders Dental caries
Xylitol consumed in very large quantities casues
Osmotic diarrhea
Nutritive or Caloric sweeteners
Provide energy (example: sucrose, fructose, and sugar alcohols)
Sorbitol is considered non-cariogenic in solution it is slowly fermented by?
S.mutans
Two primary bacteria involved in caries formation?
S.mutans lactobacilli
____ approximately 200 to 700 times sweeter than sucrose, it is non-nutritive and non-cariogenic.
Saccharin
Intense Sweeteners
Saccharin Aspartame Acesulfame-K Sucralose Neotame
First generation sweeteners
Saccharin Cyclamate Aspartame
First artificial sweetener manufactured in 1879 by Remsen and Fahlberg
Saccharin- used b/c of low production cost and shortage of regular sugar.
Honey was later replaced by ___ or ___, originally made from sugar ___.
Saccharose or common sugar sugar cane
Principal dietary substances that promote caries formation?
Sugars and all fermentable carbohydrates
sugars or substance added to foods and beverages that provide a pleasurable taste and in some cases added energy.
Sweeteners
Sucrose is ideal for what roles?
Sweetening agent Flavor blender and modifier Texture and bodying agent Dispersing/ lubricating agent Caramelization/color agent Bulking agent
Acts as a flavor enhancer and is a mixture of proteins which imparts an intensely sweet taste.
Thaumatin
This polyol was discovered in wood chips in 1890 and in wheat and oat straw in 1891
Xylitol
Polyols are Sugar ___. Polyols can have chemical structure that is derived from monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharide-derived mixtures.
alcohols
FDA has approved Saccharin in what forms?
ammonium saccharin, calcium saccharin, sodium saccharin
Foods containing both cooked starch and sucrose have been shown to enhance?
caries potential
Diabetes and Glycemic Response
high intake of fructose can lead to high blood lipid levels for persons diabetes
Phenylketonuria
homozygous recessive inborn error of metabolism in which individuals affected cannot metabolize phenylalanine.
Saccharin remains the ___ volume low cost intense sweetener used in the world today.
largest
What sweeteners are highly desirable for prevention of dental caries and some adverse health effects
non cariogenic sweeteners and sugar substitutes
Obesity
non-nutritive sweeteners have potential to promote weight loss. goal was to provide a sweet taste to foods and beverages w/out providing energy to persons wanting to control energy intakes
Taste buds are also found in
palate, pharynx, and upper portion of the esophagus
acesulfame-K consumption does not affect intake of ___
potassium
one other primary taste thats controversial termed umami.
savory
During World War, saccharose production largely came from ___ ___ rather than sugar cane.
sugar beets
4 categories of primary stimuli with regard to taste.
sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
chemical detection of taste agents occurs in specialized epithelial cells called
taste receptor cells; also know as taste buds(ovoid clusters)
