Principles of information systems 12ed Ch 3 Hardware: input, processing, output, and storage devices

ARM

ARM processors are ideal for use in smartphones and tablet computers. they do not require big heat sinks or fans to remove excess heat. (big.LITTLE architecture)

Instruction phase

-Stage 1: fetch instruction -stage 2: decode instruction

Execution phase

-stage 3: execute instruction -stage 4: store results

kilobyte

1,000 bytes

megabyte

1,000^2 bytes

gigabyte

1,000^3 bytes

terabyte

1,000^4 bytes

petabyte

1,000^5 bytes

exabyte

1,000^6 bytes

zettabyte

1,000^7 bytes

Yottabyte

1,000^8 bytes

Byte

8 bits that together represent a single character of data

Attached storage

Doesn't allow systems to share storage, and make it difficult to back up data.

Light-emitting diode LED

LCD display that uses light-emitting diodes as backlight on the screen rather than a fluorescent lamp.

USB

Universal serial bus flash drive. SSD

portable computers

a computer small enough to carry easily.

European Union's restriction of Hazardous substances directive

a directive that restricts the use of many hazardous material in computer manufacturing and requires manufacturers to use at least 65 percent reusable or recyclable components, implement a plan to manage products at the end of their life cycle in an environmentally safe manner, and reduce or eliminate toxic material in their packaging.

pipeining

a form of cpu operation in which multiple execution phases are performed in a single machine cycle

RAM (random access memory)

a form of memory in which instructions or data can be temporarily stored. -static used for high-speed registers -dynamic used for main memory in the computer double data used to double the rate at which data can be moved in and out of the main memory.

green computing

a program concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products.

electronic product environmental assessment tool EPEAT

a system that enables purchasers to evaluate, compare, and select electronic products based on a total of 51 environmental criteria

scalability

ability to increase the processing capability of a computer system so that it can handle more users, media, more data or more transactions in a given period.

policy-based storage management

automation of storage using previously defined policies.

motherboard

backbone of the computer, connecting all of its components including the CPU and primary storage and providing connectors for peripheral devices such as printers, external hard drives, sound cards, and video cards.

Machine cycle time

can be measures by how many instructions are executed in one second.

source data information

capturing and editing data where it is initially created where it is initially created and in a form that can be directly entered into a computer, thus ensuring accuracy and timeliness.

data center

climate-and-access-controlled building or a set of buildings that houses the computer hardware that delivers an organizations data and information services.

multicore microprocessor

combines two or more independent processors into a single computer so that they share the workload and improve processing speed.

compact disc read only memory CD-ROM

common form of optical disc on which data cannot be modified once it has been recorded.

handheld computers

compact-sized computing device that is small enough to hold comfortably in one hand, and typically includes a display screen with stylus and or touch screen input along with a compact keyboard or numeric keypad.

system unit

components responsible for processing the cpu and memory are house together in the same box or cabinet.

server

computer employed by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or internet applications.

infrastructure as a service IaaS

computing model in which an organization outsources the equipment used to support its business operations, including storage, hardware, servers, and networking components.

data entry

converting human-readable data into a machine-readable form.

smart cards

credit cards embedded with computer chips containing key consumer and account data; cardholders must enter either their pin or sign for each transaction to be approved.

storage as a service

data storage model in which a data storage service provider rents space to people and organizations. users access their rented data storage via internet. Doesn't requires major investments.

digital audio player

device that can store, organize, and play digital music files.

direct access storage device DASD

device used for direct access of secondary storage data.

sequential access storage device SASD

device used to sequentially access secondary storage data.

Hardware components

devices that perform input, processing, data storage, and output.

secondary storage

devices that store large amounts of data, instructions, and information more permanently than allowed with mains memory. offers advantages of : -non volatibility -greater capacity -greater econom

hard disk drive

direct access storage device used to store and retrieve data from rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material.

optical storage device

form of data storage that uses lasers to read and write data.

Organic light-emitting diode OLED

functions by exciting organic compounds with electric current to produce bright sharp images

network attached storage NSA

hard disk drive storage that is set up with its own network address and provides file-based storage services to other devices in the network.

register

high speed storage area in the cpu used to temporarily hold small units of program instructions and data immediately before, during, and after execution by the cpu.

storage area network

high-speed, special purpose network that integrates different types of data storage devices into a single system and connect computing resources across an entire organization.

Moore's law

hypothesis stating that transistor densities on a single chip will double every two years

nettop computer

inexpensive desktop ocmputer designed to be smaller and lighter and to consume much less power than a traditional desktop computer. they come with or without screens.

speech-recognition technology

input devices that recognize human speech.

Common devices used for entry and input of data

keyboard and computer mouse

mainframe computer

large, powerful computer often shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network.

Intel

largest maker of microprocessor chips

thin clients

low-cost centrally managed computer with no internal or external attached drives for data storage. Have limited capability and remain "thin" in terms of essential applications.

virtual server

method of logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple logical servers, each acting as it's own dedicated machine.

redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks RAID

method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data, allowing the system to create a "reconstruction map" so that if a hard drive fails, it can rebuild lost data.

transistors

microscopic on/off switches

MIPS

millions of instructions per second, a measure of machine cycle time.

heat

must be dissipated to void corrupting the data and the instructions the computer is trying to process

ROM read only memory

non-volatile form of memory. (not easily lost) provide permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change.

supercomputers

one of the most powerful computer systems with the fastest processing speed.

coproccesor

part of the computer that speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity.

arithmetic/logic unit ALU

part of the cpu that performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons

control unit

part of the cpu that sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow data in and out of the ALU, the registers, the primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices.

laptops

personal computer designed for use by mobile users. Small and comfortable enough to be in the user's lap

MP3

popular form for compressing a sound sequence into a very small file while preserving the original level of sound quality.

tablets

potable, lightweight computers that can come with or without keyboards and allow you to roam the office, home, or factory floor carrying the device like a clipboard.

Graphics processing unit GPU

powerful processing chip that renders images on the screen display. The computers graphic card takes binary data from the CPU and the GPU decides what to do with each pixel on the screen to create the image.

disk mirroring

process of storing data that provides an exact copy that protects users fully in the event of data loss.

digital cameras

record and store images or video in digital form.

RISC processors (reduced instruction set set computing)

require fewer transistors to operate, they require less power and generate less heat than standard processors.

direct acess

retrieval method in which data can be retrieved without the need to read and discard other data.

sequential acess

retrieval method in which data must be accessed in the order in which it is stored.

Digital video disc DVD

secondary storage device that looks similar to a CD ROM but with greater storage capacity and faster data transfer rate.

Clock speed

series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate which affects machine cycle time. the shorter the interval between pulses, the faster each instruction can be executed. -measured in gigahertz GHz (billions of cycles per second)

blade server

server that houses many individual computer motherboards that include one or more processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer network connections.

Bus

set of physical connections that can be shared by multiple hardware components so they can communicate with one another. -internal bus(enables cpu to communicate with one another -expansion bus (allows various motherboard components to communicate with one another and add to new devices with expansion lots. )

parallel computing

simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster.

multiprocessing

simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time.

desktop computers

single-user computer system that are highly versatile.

workstations

small enough to fit on a desktop. used to support engineering and technical users who perform heavy mathematical computing, computer-assisted design, video editing, and other applications requiring high-end processor.

virtual tape

storage technology for less frequently needed data so that it appears to be stored entirely on tape cartridges, although some parts might actually be located on faster hard disks.

SSDs (solid state secondary storage devices)

store data in memory chips rather than hard drives or optical media. require less power and provide faster data access than magnetic data storage devices.

magnetic stripe card

stores limited amount of data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based particles contained in a band on the card.

Massively parallel processing system

system that speeds processing by linking hundreds or thousands of processors to operate at the same time, or in parallel, with each processor having it's own bus, memory, disks, copy of the operating system and applications.

computer graphics card

takes binary data from the CPU and translates it into image you see on your display device.

Radio frequency identification

technology that employs a microchip with an antenna to broadcast its unique identifier and location to receivers.

point-of-sale POS device

terminal used to enter data into the computer system

Machine cycle

the instruction phase followed by the execution phase.

Memory or primary storage

the part of the computer that holds program instructions and data. rapidly provides the data and instructions to the CPU

Execution time E-time

the time is takes to perform the execute instruction and store results steps of the execution phase.

instruction time I-time

the time is takes to perform the fetch instruction and decode instruction steps of the instruction phase.

data input

transferring machine-readable data into the system.

cache memory

type of high speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory.

magnetic tape

type of sequential secondary storage medium, now used primarily for storing backups of critical organizational data in the event of a disaster.

grid computing

use of a collection of computers, often owned by multiple individuals or organizations, to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem.

plasma

uses electricity to excite gas atoms to light up appropriate phosphor on the screen to emit light and color

liquid crystal display LCD

uses several layers of charged liquid crystals placed between clear plates that are lit from behind by a fluorescent light to create light and images.