Principles of information systems 12ed Ch 3 Hardware: input, processing, output, and storage devices
ARM
ARM processors are ideal for use in smartphones and tablet computers. they do not require big heat sinks or fans to remove excess heat. (big.LITTLE architecture)
Instruction phase
-Stage 1: fetch instruction -stage 2: decode instruction
Execution phase
-stage 3: execute instruction -stage 4: store results
kilobyte
1,000 bytes
megabyte
1,000^2 bytes
gigabyte
1,000^3 bytes
terabyte
1,000^4 bytes
petabyte
1,000^5 bytes
exabyte
1,000^6 bytes
zettabyte
1,000^7 bytes
Yottabyte
1,000^8 bytes
Byte
8 bits that together represent a single character of data
Attached storage
Doesn't allow systems to share storage, and make it difficult to back up data.
Light-emitting diode LED
LCD display that uses light-emitting diodes as backlight on the screen rather than a fluorescent lamp.
USB
Universal serial bus flash drive. SSD
portable computers
a computer small enough to carry easily.
European Union's restriction of Hazardous substances directive
a directive that restricts the use of many hazardous material in computer manufacturing and requires manufacturers to use at least 65 percent reusable or recyclable components, implement a plan to manage products at the end of their life cycle in an environmentally safe manner, and reduce or eliminate toxic material in their packaging.
pipeining
a form of cpu operation in which multiple execution phases are performed in a single machine cycle
RAM (random access memory)
a form of memory in which instructions or data can be temporarily stored. -static used for high-speed registers -dynamic used for main memory in the computer double data used to double the rate at which data can be moved in and out of the main memory.
green computing
a program concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products.
electronic product environmental assessment tool EPEAT
a system that enables purchasers to evaluate, compare, and select electronic products based on a total of 51 environmental criteria
scalability
ability to increase the processing capability of a computer system so that it can handle more users, media, more data or more transactions in a given period.
policy-based storage management
automation of storage using previously defined policies.
motherboard
backbone of the computer, connecting all of its components including the CPU and primary storage and providing connectors for peripheral devices such as printers, external hard drives, sound cards, and video cards.
Machine cycle time
can be measures by how many instructions are executed in one second.
source data information
capturing and editing data where it is initially created where it is initially created and in a form that can be directly entered into a computer, thus ensuring accuracy and timeliness.
data center
climate-and-access-controlled building or a set of buildings that houses the computer hardware that delivers an organizations data and information services.
multicore microprocessor
combines two or more independent processors into a single computer so that they share the workload and improve processing speed.
compact disc read only memory CD-ROM
common form of optical disc on which data cannot be modified once it has been recorded.
handheld computers
compact-sized computing device that is small enough to hold comfortably in one hand, and typically includes a display screen with stylus and or touch screen input along with a compact keyboard or numeric keypad.
system unit
components responsible for processing the cpu and memory are house together in the same box or cabinet.
server
computer employed by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or internet applications.
infrastructure as a service IaaS
computing model in which an organization outsources the equipment used to support its business operations, including storage, hardware, servers, and networking components.
data entry
converting human-readable data into a machine-readable form.
smart cards
credit cards embedded with computer chips containing key consumer and account data; cardholders must enter either their pin or sign for each transaction to be approved.
storage as a service
data storage model in which a data storage service provider rents space to people and organizations. users access their rented data storage via internet. Doesn't requires major investments.
digital audio player
device that can store, organize, and play digital music files.
direct access storage device DASD
device used for direct access of secondary storage data.
sequential access storage device SASD
device used to sequentially access secondary storage data.
Hardware components
devices that perform input, processing, data storage, and output.
secondary storage
devices that store large amounts of data, instructions, and information more permanently than allowed with mains memory. offers advantages of : -non volatibility -greater capacity -greater econom
hard disk drive
direct access storage device used to store and retrieve data from rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material.
optical storage device
form of data storage that uses lasers to read and write data.
Organic light-emitting diode OLED
functions by exciting organic compounds with electric current to produce bright sharp images
network attached storage NSA
hard disk drive storage that is set up with its own network address and provides file-based storage services to other devices in the network.
register
high speed storage area in the cpu used to temporarily hold small units of program instructions and data immediately before, during, and after execution by the cpu.
storage area network
high-speed, special purpose network that integrates different types of data storage devices into a single system and connect computing resources across an entire organization.
Moore's law
hypothesis stating that transistor densities on a single chip will double every two years
nettop computer
inexpensive desktop ocmputer designed to be smaller and lighter and to consume much less power than a traditional desktop computer. they come with or without screens.
speech-recognition technology
input devices that recognize human speech.
Common devices used for entry and input of data
keyboard and computer mouse
mainframe computer
large, powerful computer often shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network.
Intel
largest maker of microprocessor chips
thin clients
low-cost centrally managed computer with no internal or external attached drives for data storage. Have limited capability and remain "thin" in terms of essential applications.
virtual server
method of logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple logical servers, each acting as it's own dedicated machine.
redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks RAID
method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data, allowing the system to create a "reconstruction map" so that if a hard drive fails, it can rebuild lost data.
transistors
microscopic on/off switches
MIPS
millions of instructions per second, a measure of machine cycle time.
heat
must be dissipated to void corrupting the data and the instructions the computer is trying to process
ROM read only memory
non-volatile form of memory. (not easily lost) provide permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change.
supercomputers
one of the most powerful computer systems with the fastest processing speed.
coproccesor
part of the computer that speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity.
arithmetic/logic unit ALU
part of the cpu that performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons
control unit
part of the cpu that sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow data in and out of the ALU, the registers, the primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices.
laptops
personal computer designed for use by mobile users. Small and comfortable enough to be in the user's lap
MP3
popular form for compressing a sound sequence into a very small file while preserving the original level of sound quality.
tablets
potable, lightweight computers that can come with or without keyboards and allow you to roam the office, home, or factory floor carrying the device like a clipboard.
Graphics processing unit GPU
powerful processing chip that renders images on the screen display. The computers graphic card takes binary data from the CPU and the GPU decides what to do with each pixel on the screen to create the image.
disk mirroring
process of storing data that provides an exact copy that protects users fully in the event of data loss.
digital cameras
record and store images or video in digital form.
RISC processors (reduced instruction set set computing)
require fewer transistors to operate, they require less power and generate less heat than standard processors.
direct acess
retrieval method in which data can be retrieved without the need to read and discard other data.
sequential acess
retrieval method in which data must be accessed in the order in which it is stored.
Digital video disc DVD
secondary storage device that looks similar to a CD ROM but with greater storage capacity and faster data transfer rate.
Clock speed
series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate which affects machine cycle time. the shorter the interval between pulses, the faster each instruction can be executed. -measured in gigahertz GHz (billions of cycles per second)
blade server
server that houses many individual computer motherboards that include one or more processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer network connections.
Bus
set of physical connections that can be shared by multiple hardware components so they can communicate with one another. -internal bus(enables cpu to communicate with one another -expansion bus (allows various motherboard components to communicate with one another and add to new devices with expansion lots. )
parallel computing
simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster.
multiprocessing
simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time.
desktop computers
single-user computer system that are highly versatile.
workstations
small enough to fit on a desktop. used to support engineering and technical users who perform heavy mathematical computing, computer-assisted design, video editing, and other applications requiring high-end processor.
virtual tape
storage technology for less frequently needed data so that it appears to be stored entirely on tape cartridges, although some parts might actually be located on faster hard disks.
SSDs (solid state secondary storage devices)
store data in memory chips rather than hard drives or optical media. require less power and provide faster data access than magnetic data storage devices.
magnetic stripe card
stores limited amount of data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based particles contained in a band on the card.
Massively parallel processing system
system that speeds processing by linking hundreds or thousands of processors to operate at the same time, or in parallel, with each processor having it's own bus, memory, disks, copy of the operating system and applications.
computer graphics card
takes binary data from the CPU and translates it into image you see on your display device.
Radio frequency identification
technology that employs a microchip with an antenna to broadcast its unique identifier and location to receivers.
point-of-sale POS device
terminal used to enter data into the computer system
Machine cycle
the instruction phase followed by the execution phase.
Memory or primary storage
the part of the computer that holds program instructions and data. rapidly provides the data and instructions to the CPU
Execution time E-time
the time is takes to perform the execute instruction and store results steps of the execution phase.
instruction time I-time
the time is takes to perform the fetch instruction and decode instruction steps of the instruction phase.
data input
transferring machine-readable data into the system.
cache memory
type of high speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory.
magnetic tape
type of sequential secondary storage medium, now used primarily for storing backups of critical organizational data in the event of a disaster.
grid computing
use of a collection of computers, often owned by multiple individuals or organizations, to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem.
plasma
uses electricity to excite gas atoms to light up appropriate phosphor on the screen to emit light and color
liquid crystal display LCD
uses several layers of charged liquid crystals placed between clear plates that are lit from behind by a fluorescent light to create light and images.