psyc 255: test 1, chapter 1

Life expectancy in the United States is approximately ______ years of age.

79 years

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved

The father of psychoanalytic theory is

Sigmund Freud

Which statement about the human life span is TRUE

The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.

Ethological theory stresses ______ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes ______ factors.

biological; environmental

The ______ processes refer to the changes in an individual's physical nature.

bioogical

What are some characteristics that tend to increase the odds of resilience?

close relationship with a caring parent bonds to caring adults outside the family good intellectual functioning

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories.

cognitive

Normative history-graded influences are

common to members of a particular generation

-cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.

cross

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development.

cultural experiences

Which of the following are factors in which ethnicity is rooted?

cultural heritage nationality race

______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

development

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?

development does not occur in a stage-like fashion

The transition from adolescence to adulthood, lasting from about age 18 to 25 and characterized by exploration and experimentation, is referred to as

emerging adulthood

According to the life-span perspective, which age dominates development?

no age dominates development

A ______ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group.

normative

Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence is an example of a

normative age-graded influence

A government's social policy is the course of action taken by the government to

promote the welfare of the country's citizens

What are the four ways of measuring age?

psychological biological social chronological

If two people earn similar incomes and have about the same educational background, they share the same Multiple choice question.

socioeconomic status

The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is _____ years.

122

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.

NORMATIVE HISTORY-GRADED

A ______ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life and may not occur for other people at the same time.

Nonnormative

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize?

continuity in development

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a(n) ______ approach to life-span development.

eclectic theoretical orientation

the term ______ comes from the Greek word for "nation."

ethnicty

_____ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

ethological

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood. True false question.

false

Which four of the following concepts are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?

gender socioeconomic status ethnicity culture

Which of the following statements about gender is true?

gender refers to the characteristics of people as females or males

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

genes inherited from parents hormonal changes of puberty weight gain cardiovascular decine brain development

The roles that each of the following play in development are debated, EXCEPT

good-evil

By studying life-span development we learn information about ourselves, including which of the following?

how we came to be this way how we will age who we are

What developmental period lasts from birth to approximately 18 to 24 months?

infancy

Which theoretical approach believes that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering information that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

infomation-processing

What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information

information-processing theory

Vygotsky maintained that development

is inseparable from social and cultural influences

According to life-span experts, which of the following is true of chronological age?

it is not relevant to the understanding of a person's psychological development

What method do researchers use when they need to exert significant control over what happens in their study?

laboratory research

Development involves the interaction of age, body, mind, emotion, and relationships. These are continually changing and affecting each other. The best way to characterize this is that development is

multidimensional

Developmentalists believe that life-span development is ______ because it consists of interactions of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional factors.

multidimensional

Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development? (Choose every correct answer.)

multidirectional multidimensional it is lifelong

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.

normative history-graded

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

organization and adaption

______ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.

psychoanalytic

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is ______ different in one stage compared with another.

qualitatively

Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory? (Choose every correct answer.)

social interaction culture

According to Vygotsky, which of the following is crucial to children's cognitive development?

social interaction with more-sklled adults and peers

True or false: As of 2019, in the United States, there are more people over 60 years of age than under 18 years of age. True false question.

true

Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life

trust versus mistrust