Principles of Management 8-16

Tuckman's Model of Group Development

1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning

subjective appraisal

An appraisal that is based on perceptions of traits, behaviors, or results.

Adjourning

Completion stage of team development

According to equity theory, which type of justice reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated?

Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated, according to equity theory.

division of labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

When one department store authorized thousands of its sales clerks to handle functions normally reserved for store managers, such as handling merchandise-return problems and approving customers' checks, the store implemented a job ________ technique.

Job enrichment consists of building into a job such motivating factors as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement.

McClelland's Theory of Needs

a theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

Herzberg's Motivation Theory

achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility

Components of attitude

affective, behavioral, cognitive

implicit bias

attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner

Trust triangle

authenticity, logic, empathy

"I'm going to buy a Ford to support the U.S. auto industry" is an example of which component of attitude?

behavioral component of an attitude, also known as the intentional component, refers to how one intends or expects to behave toward a situation.

cognitive attitude

beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation

Rich medium

best for non routine situations and to avoid oversimplification

Lean medium

best for routine situations and to avoid overloading

envy-based conflicts

clashes because of what others have

cross-cultural conflicts

clashes between cultures

What is a team?

collection of people with common commitment

intergroup conflict

conflict that occurs between groups or teams in an organization

affective attitude

consists of feelings or emotions one has about a situation

Perspectives on Motivation

content, process, job design, reinforcement

Basic Assumptions

core values of the organization

Typically the ________ clause in a union contract is tied to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' consumer price index (CPI).

cost-of-living adjustment

informal groups

created for friendship

formal groups

created to accomplish specific goals

Reactive change

making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise

objective appraisal

measured on desired results and are harder to challenge legally

If the hospital workers in the Management in Action case (regarding the nursing profession) wanted to unionize, what would be the first step in the process?

organization decide to form a union, they first must get other workers to sign an authorization card, which designates a certain union as the workers' bargaining agent. When at least 30% of workers have signed cards, the union may ask the employer for official recognition.

external communication

outside the organization, flows between people inside and outside the organization

When Kaliah interviewed for a position as a computer programmer, she was asked to take a test on a particular programming language. Kaliah took a(n) ________ test.

performance

When the team executes the strategic plan, it is in which stage of development?

performing, members concentrate on solving problems and completing the assigned task.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

behavioral attitude

refers to how one intends or expects to behave toward a situation

positive reinforcement

strengthens a behavior by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence

For a manager, building an effective team requires work, but the payoff is

stronger, better-performing work unit.

How do employees learn culture?

symbols, stories, heroes, rites and rituals, and organizational socialization

Kendall frequently spots issues that will affect both her team in Sacramento and their counterparts in San Bernardino. Kendall plays a ________ role by setting meetings with both teams so they can work openly and coordinate smoothly.

task role, or task-oriented role, consists of behavior that concentrates on getting the team's tasks done.

recency effect

tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information

causal attribution

the activity of inferring causes for observed behavior

Resistance to organizational change is considered to be the interaction of three causes: employee characteristics, change agent characteristics, and

the change agent-employee relationship.

observable artifacts

the manifestations of an organization's culture that employees can easily see or talk about

HR practices

the practices that a company has put in place to manage employees

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Storming

the second stage of development, characterized by conflict and disagreement, in which team members disagree over what the team should do and how it should do it

organizational culture

the set of values, ideas, attitudes, and norms of behavior that is learned and shared among the members of an organization

human capital

the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience

business skills

to maximize the use of organizational assets

Adaptive change

"we've seen stuff like this before"

Herzberg's Hygiene Theory

A theory that states factors in the workplace create satisfaction and dissatisfaction in relation to the job.

hierarchy of authority

An organization's chain of command, specifying the relative authority of each manager

____ leadership focuses on clarifying employees' roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments contingent on performance.

As a manager, your power stems from your ability to provide rewards (and threaten reprimands) in exchange for your subordinates' doing the work. When you do this, you are performing transactional leadership,

Strategic Human Resource Management

Attitudes- singled out stars experienced increased job satisfaction Behaviors- employees identified as high potential tend to respond with greater efforts Cognitions- responding with higher efficacy and fulfillment

s a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people.

Barnard's classic definition of an organization is a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people.

For years, a mathematics professor experienced abusive behavior at a community college where he taught. It began with a few deans spreading rumors and false accusations that threatened his job. The abuse was emotionally draining and took time and focus away from his job. The professor was the victim of

Bullying is repeated mistreatment of one or more persons by one or more perpetrators; it is abusive physical, psychological, verbal, or nonverbal behavior that is threatening, humiliating, or intimidating.

A ________ is a consultant with a background in behavioral sciences who can be a catalyst in helping organizations deal with old problems in new ways.

Change agent

You pulled an all-nighter traveling back from spring break and today your brain is fuzzy and unfocused during class lectures.

Decoding barrier- the recipient doesn't understand the message

To ________, Lance, an HR manager, shares his company's job openings on social media and online job postings.

External recruiting means attracting job applicants from outside the organization. Popular external recruitment sources include social media, online job postings, and school partnerships.

You give someone driving directions, but since they only nod their heads and don't repeat the directions back to you, you don't really know whether you were understood.

Feedback barrier- the recipient does not respond

Employees value high self-awareness, appreciation of others, and openness to feedback which are characteristics of a ________ leader.

Humble leaders are marked by high levels of self-awareness, openness to feedback, appreciation of others, and appreciation of the greater good, as well as low self-focus.

When a grocery store chain adopts a new practice of its competitors by staying open 24 hours a day, requiring employees to work flexible schedules, it is implementing a(n) ________ change.

Innovative change is the introduction of a practice that is new to the organization. It is apt to trigger some fear and resistance among employees.

_____ is the intervention phase of the OD process.

Intervention, or treatment, is the attempt to correct the diagnosed problems.

This includes empathy, allowing you to show others that you care, and organizational intuition, so you keenly understand how your emotions and actions affect others

Medium Barrier- communication channel is blocked

conflicts are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity and harmony emerge.

Norming

most often used to influence others?

Rational persuasion, trying to convince someone with reason, logic, or facts, is the most frequently used influence tactic.

Because you were texting during a class lecture, you weren't listening when the professor announced a new assignment due to tomorrow

Receiver barrier- no message gets received

power, which all managers have, is power that results from a managers' authority to offer praise and pay raises, even promotions to their subordinates.

Reward power, which all managers have, is power that results from managers' authority to reward their subordinates.

According to ________ theory, competence, autonomy, and relatedness are the primary motivations for behavior.

Self-determination theory assumes that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

When much of her work was automated with a new computerized system, Louisa became unsure of her ability to do her job. Nisa, her boss, has been mentoring her to improve her

Self-efficacy is a belief in one's personal ability to do a task. It's about your personal belief that you have what it takes to succeed. Employees' expectations can be improved through guided experiences, mentoring, and role modeling.

In ________ teams, there is an expectation of increased productivity and quality of work life because employees are delegated greater authority and granted increased autonomy.

Self-managed teams are defined as groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains

Content and process are perspectives on

The four perspectives on motivation are (1) content, (2) process, (3) job design, and (4) reinforcement.

_____ leadership helps employees pursue organizational goals over self-interests.

Transformational leadership transforms employees to pursue organizational goals over self-interests.

According to Victor Vroom, the three primary elements that determine how willing an employee is to work hard at tasks important to an organization are

Your motivation, according to expectancy theory, involves the relationship between your effort, your performance, and the desirability of the outcomes (such as pay or recognition) of your performance. The three elements are expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

market culture

a competitive culture valuing profits over employee satisfaction

is the arrangement of having discrete parts of a task done by different people.

a division of labor

Humility

a modest or low view of one's own importance; humbleness.

linguistic style

a person's characteristic speaking patterns

locus of control

a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

hierarchy culture

a structured culture valuing stability and effectiveness

cross-functional team

a team composed of employees from different functional areas of the organization

Corprate Culture

defined as the set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments.

Assessment

determine the skill gaps that need to be improved

selection

develop learning and development materials to achieve goal

implementations

execute learning and development programs

espoused values

explicitly stated values and norms preferred by an organization

Fiona felt like there were not enough potential customers for her to earn a good living as a commission-based sales agent. Therefore, Fiona left that job and found work as an insurance claims agent, a more structured job. Fiona could be described as having

external locus of control, you believe external forces control you. Employees with external locus of control might do better in highly structured jobs requiring greater compliance.

After three months of boot camp, the group of new Marines had learned many skills and developed lifelong friendships. The final week of boot camp, called Marine Week, signaled that this group had reached the ________ stage, and would soon be moving onto their next assignments.

final stage of group and team development, adjourning, members prepare for disbandment. Having worked so hard to get along and get something done, many members feel a compelling sense of loss. For the individual, the question now is "What's next?"

horizontal communication

flows within and between work units; its main purpose is coordination

servant leadership

focuses on increased service to others rather than to oneself

Transactional Leadership

focusing on clarifying employees' roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments contingent on performance

formal aspects of an organization

goals, policies, hierarchy, structure

Clan Culture

has an internal focus and values flexibility rather than stability and control

Onboarding

helping newcomers learn the ropes

Learning and Development

helping people perform better

cognitive abilities

identify problems and their causes in rapidly changing situations

objectives

identifying leaning goals that will reduce skill gaps

interperonal skills

influence and persuade others

referent power

influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits

expert power

influence based on special skills or knowledge

informational power

influencing behavior because of the logical and/or valuable information one communicates

reward power

influencing behavior by promising or giving rewards

To be effective, a leader must understand the ________ aspects of the organization such as values, attitudes, and personalities.

informal aspects are the focus of the interdisciplinary field known as organizational behavior (OB), which is dedicated to better understanding and managing people at work.

According to the simple model of motivation, what is the next step after you choose a type of behavior you think might satisfy the need?

motivation can also be expressed in a simple model—namely, that people have certain needs that motivate them to perform specific behaviors for which they receive rewards that feedback and satisfy the original need.

According to the integrated model, motivation is affected by ________ factors.

motivation works is complex, the result of multiple personal and contextual factors.

A company dress code and award ceremonies would be part of

observable artifacts

social capital

positive outcome acquired by a firm over a period of time through human interaction

A financial services company with insurance, investments, mortgages, and banking divisions is best characterized as having a

product structure

If you completed an online training to improve your empathy, you would be targeting which dimension of emotional intelligence?

social awareness includes empathy, allowing you to show others that you care, and organizational intuition, so you keenly understand how your emotions and actions affect others.

innovative change

something new for the company

halo effect

the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Norming

the third stage of team development, in which team members begin to settle into their roles, group cohesion grows, and positive team norms develop

communication

the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another

organizational structure

the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization

informal communication channels

through the grapevine and face-to-face

conceptual skills

to draft an organization's mission, vision, strategies, and implementation plans

Transformational Leadership

transforms employees to pursue organizational goals over self-interests

In the ________ stage of Kurt Lewin's change model, managers try to instill in employees the motivation to change, encouraging them to let go of behaviors that are resistant to innovation.

unfreezing stage, managers try to instill in employees the motivation to change, encouraging them to let go of attitudes and behaviors that are resistant to innovation.

Informal aspects of an organization

values, attitudes, personalities, perceptions, conflicts, culture

vertical hierarchy

who reports to whom

Horizonal Specialization

who specializes in what work

coordinated effort

working together for a common purpose

radically innovative change

"this is a brand-new thing in our industry" very threating

resistance to change

(1) employee characteristics, (2) change agent characteristics, and (3) the change agent-employee relationship.

How to stimulate constructive conflict

1. spur competition among employees 2. change the organization's culture and procedures 3. bring in outsiders for new perspectives 4. use programmed conflict

What is a group?

a collection of people performing as individuals

personality conflict

clashes because of personal dislikes or disagreements

how managers can boost employee self-esteem

reinforce employees' positive attributes, provide positive feedback, provide coaching

coercive power

results from managers' authority to punish their subordinates

What is the last step of the perceptual process?

retrieval from memory

adhocracy culture

risk taking culture valuing flexibility

If a manager has an idea but is afraid to voice it because he or she fears criticism, then obviously no message gets sent.

Send barrier- no message gets sent

Vertical Communication

Communication that flows up and down the organization, usually along formal reporting lines; takes place between managers and their superiors and subordinates and may involve several different levels of the organization

Noah is quick to point out all the reasons why something won't work, yet he seldom poses ways to resolve these problems. This can go on for days at a time. As his manager, you are working with him to accept developmental feedback. Because Noah is a ________, this might be challenging

Complainers point out the problems in a situation but rarely provide solutions of their own.

As a leader, Ervan mentors new employees, encourages socialization, and worries more about building trust than building profits. Ervan is probably a ________ leader.

Employee-centered leader behaviors emphasize relationships with subordinates and attention to their individual needs.

If people have a different first language, the meaning of words can be misinterpreted

Encoding barrier- the message is not expressed correctly

Medical knowledge possessed by doctors results in their ________ power.

Expert power is power resulting from one's specialized information or expertise.

When physically attractive people are also assumed to be smarter and nicer, which perception distortion has occurred?

Halo affect

legitimate power

Influence based on a member's title or position in the group.

Stereotyping

Judging someone on the basis of one's perception

A cynical leader who believes the ends justify the means and has no qualms about manipulating people should be described as having the trait of

Machiavellianism is marked by a cynical view of human nature that condones opportunistic and unethical ways of manipulating people, putting results over principles.

proactive change

Managing anticipated problems and opportunities

Which of the following is a motivating factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?

Motivating factors include the work itself, as well as achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and growth.

The ________ enforce(s) procedures allowing employees to vote to have a union and for collective bargaining.

National Labor Relations Board, which enforces procedures whereby employees vote to have a union and for collective bargaining.

Punctuated equilibrium

Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

Kylie has been practicing repeating phrases such as, "I know I don't wear the latest fashions, but I am comfortable. Surely others feel like I do." Her boss has also told her to consider meditation as it can help her practice these

Self-affirmations are positive statements that can help you focus on goals, get rid of negative, self-defeating beliefs, and program your subconscious mind.

Tim has recently been laid off from his job that provided full benefits, including his family's health insurance. Which law will help him to continue to provide health care insurance for his family?

The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) requires an extension of health insurance benefits after termination.

Person-organization (P-O) fit

The extent to which your personality and values match the climate and culture of an organization

(TRUE/FALSE) Rafael's team needed to make a few key decisions regarding their current project. To spark discussion, without hurting people's feelings, Rafael could implement programmed conflict in the form of devil's advocacy or the dialectic method

The method for getting people to engage in this debate of ideas is to do disciplined role playing, for which two proven methods are available: devil's advocacy and the dialectic method.

Victoria, a shift manager in a shoe factory, directly supervises 40 employees on her shift. The 40 workers who report directly to Victoria represent her

The span of control, or span of management, refers to the number of people reporting directly to a given manager.

Octavia wants a job that she is good at and that she is happy to go to each day. Octavia would be well-served to understand a company's internal context before accepting a job offer.

True, if you want to know whether you fit in with an organization, you need to understand the organization's internal context. Knowing your level of fit is important because studies suggest that high levels of fit ultimately lead to higher job satisfaction, performance, and greater chances of being promoted.

Organizational development

Used for improving performance diagnosis, intervention, evaluation, feedback

According to expectancy theory, your ________ is low if you don't think a bonus or raise is going to be big enough to justify working evenings and weekends

Valence is value, the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward. Your valence might be low because you don't think the bonus or raise is going to be high enough to justify working evenings and weekends.

Knowledge, courage, patience, and honesty are examples of

Values are abstract ideals—global beliefs and feelings—that are directed toward all objects, people, or events.

The organizational development (OD) process has three steps: ________, accompanied by feedback.

diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation

The leader-member exchange (LMX) model of leadership posits that

emphasizes that leaders have different sorts of relationships with different subordinates.

Changing Stage

employees need to be given the tools for change: new information, new perspectives, new models of behavior

refreezing stage

employees need to be helped to integrate the changed attitudes and behavior into their normal ways of doing things

As CEO of a successful tech start-up, Ricardo likely understands that ________ hinges on taking risks and can result in failure.

innovation, Academic research findings reflect the fact that innovation requires experimentation, failure, and risk taking, and these are all aspects of an organization's culture.

Margot is a third grade teacher who spends time each afternoon tutoring students who need a little extra guidance. Margot also volunteers to read to the residents at a nursing home. Margot seems to seek ________ rewards.

intrinsic reward is the satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing the particular task itself.

Supportive, value-based, and work facilitation are examples of the ________ element in House's revised path-goal leadership model.

leader behaviors: path-goal clarifying, achievement-oriented, work facilitation, supportive, interaction facilitation, group-oriented decision-making, representation and networking, and value-based.

Unfreezing Stage (Lewin's Change Model)

managers try to instill in employees the motivation to change, encouraging them to let go of attitudes and behaviors that are resistant to innovation

Much to the chagrin of established firms, one clear supertrend is that products and services must get to market faster because

more competitors are offering targeted products.

Although ________ are typically unwritten and seldom discussed openly, they have a powerful influence on group and organizational behavior.

norms are typically unwritten and seldom discussed openly, they have a powerful influence on group and organizational behavior.

core self-evaluation

self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, emotional stability

Forming

the first stage of team development, in which team members meet each other, form initial impressions, and begin to establish team norms

Performing

the fourth and final stage of team development, in which performance improves because the team has matured into an effective, fully functioning team

Choose the definition of the term that completes this sentence: Managers should understand ________ because they affect how people perceive and act within the organization.

the stable of psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity

common purpose

unifies employees or members and gives everyone an understanding of the organization's reason for being