Process Safety exam 1
Accident
unplanned event or sequence of events that results in an undesirable consequence
safety metrics
used to measure the effectiveness of a safety program
regulation
-developed by a government and has legal authority -may be based on a code or standard
Societal Risk
-group of people exposed to one or more hazards -hazard and group must be carefully defined
standard
-more elaborate -explaining in more detail how to meet the code
Individual Risk
-one person exposed to one or more hazards -usually location dependent
code
-set of rules developed by a team of knowledgeable people -do not have legal authority, but gov may adopt it into law
hierarchy of safety programs
5: adapting - safety is a core value of the organization and a primary driver for successful enterprise 4: performance monitoring - using statistics to drive continuous improvement 3: management systems - based such as job safety assessment (JSA), lock-out/tag-out 2: complying - to rules and regulations 1: reacting - to accidents as they occur 0: no safety program - maybe even disdain for safety need to work from bottom up, can't jump
voluntary risk
risk that is consciously tolerated by someone seeking to obtain the benefits of the activity that poses the risk
conditional modifiers
conditions that occur after initiation and impact a step in the sequence either before or after the incident has occurred
involuntary risk
risk that is imposed on someone who does not directly benefit from the activity that poses the risk
consequence
a measure of the expected effects of a specific incident outcome
hazard
an inherent chemical or physical characteristic that has the potential for causing damage to people, property, or the environment hazards are typically always present
toxicity
an intrinsic property of an agent that causes a particular effect on a person
Incident
basic description of an event or series of events, resulting in one or more consequences, such as harm to people, damage to the environment, or asset/business losses. -for chem plants: includes fires/explosions and releases of toxic or harmful substances
toxicant
chemical or physical agent with nature to cause harm to a biological system -chemicals, dusts, fibers, noise, radiation
safety culture
common set of values, behaviors, and norms at all levels in a facility or in the wider organization that affect process safety
lagging metrics
data collected after an incident has occurred -easier to define and tabulate -based on accidents that occurred
leading metrics
data collected before an incident has occurred
process safety
disciplined framework for managing the integrity of operating systems and processes handling hazardous substances by applying good design principles, engineering, and operating practices -deals with prevention and control of incidents that have the potential to release hazardous materials or energy
enabling conditions
do not independently cause the incident, but must be present or active for it to proceed
toxic hazard
likelihood of a damaging effect from exposure to agent
risk
measure of human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss in terms of both the incident likelihood and the magnitude of the loss or injury -function of 2 important things: probability and consequence
likelihood
measure of the expected probability or frequency of occurrence of an event -for chem plants, frequency is most commonly used
impact
measure of the ultimate loss and harm of an incident
chronic toxicity
multiple exposures during long exposure period
preventative safeguard
prevents an initiating event from proceeding to a defined, undesirable incident -also called a protection later -stops the incident from proceeding
mitigative safeguard
reduces the consequences after an incident has occurred -may already have consequences as a result of the incident
acute toxicity
short period exposure, <24 hours
Safety
strategy for accident prevention -not very well defined
industrial hygiene
study methods to prevent or reduce exposure and intrusion of toxicants into biological systems
toxicology
study of interaction of humans with chemical or physical agents