PROCESSING FINAL

Of the following frying conditions/variables, match one of the answers, Affected or Not Affected, on its impact on the final oil content or final oil content:water removed ratio of the tortilla chips that were analyzed. 1. frying oil temperature 2. masa flour particle size 3. frying oil quality 4. initial moisture content

1 & 3 Not affected 2&4 affected

List 4 requirements for meat to be labeled "Kosher". For ease in grading, state as 1., 2., 3., 4

1. Forbidden fats and veins removed 2. Soaked in water at room temperature for 1/2 hour to remove blood 3. No crossing of meat and dairy 4. There are different types of Kosher and each must be certified by a different union. the K surrounded by a circle on packaging must be certified by the Organized Kashrus Laboratories (since 1935)

Describe two ways that seasonings can be applied to snack chips, including 1 pro and 1 con for each method. List them as 1. and 2.

1. Tumbler-Pro: these are less expensive Con: cannot get a complete full coverage on each chip (may be inconsistent) 2. Electrostatic coating-Pro: you will get uniform, full coverage on the chip Con: more expensive, harder to clean

To what percent moisture level range should harvested wheat be dried before storage?

13-14%

VThe bran of a wheat kernal is comprised of how many layers? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6 E. 7

6

What is the primary purpose of a dockage tester? A. To sort chaff, grain, dust, or other particulate by size B. To separate grain, dust, or other particulate by density C. To weigh separated particles D. To dehull grain E. To clean grain for tempering

A

What is true about the aleurone layer of a wheat kernel? A. It encases the endosperm B. It protects the grain C. It stores starch and protein D. It contains dietary fiber E. It stores and transfers food to the embryo

A

When a cyclone separates a mixture of particles, which of the following is not true? A. The lightest particles will be removed through the bottom B. Particles are separated by air currents C. Complex mixtures of varying densities can be separated D. The heaviest particles will removed through the bottom, first

A

Which of the following is not true about the alkali treatment steps given to corn to make masa flour? A. It allows niacin and tyrosine to be more nutritionally available B. The treatment is called nixtamalization C. The alkali material is lime D. The pericarp is softened E. The corn is washed afterward

A

Ancient grains have become popular in recent years. What is not true about these grains? A. They are always nutritionally superior to modern grains B. They have been intentionally genetically modified C. They fall under a category of cereal grains and pseudocereals D. Their genetic make-up hasn't changed much E. They include varieties of wheat, Kamut, oats, and barley

A, B

n corn syrup production, chains of starch are broken down into shorter chains and glucose, primarily by the addition of specific enzymes. Which pair of enzyme/substrate is a part of this process? A. Amylase/starch B. Amylase/polysaccharides C. Glucoamylase/glucose D. Pectinase/pectin E. Amylase/pectin

A, C

The proper handling of livestock includes which of the following steps, as seen in the class videos? A. Access to fresh water at all times B. Allowing livestock to run around just before harvest C. Corrals/pens filled to about 75% capacity D. Curved aisleways from the coral/pen E. Shepherding the livestock with "balloons"

A, C, D, E

All of the following are true about the endosperm of a grain except for what? A. It is a matrix of protein and starch B. It contains some B vitamins C. It contains vitamins A and E D. The ratio of main macronutrients differs depending on grain variety E. Portions of it differ in their ability to be milled into smaller particles

A, E

Agitator

Adds chlorine gas and enrichment nutrients

All of the following are true about the germ in a grain except for what? A. Contains B vitamins B. Contains fiber C. Provides nourishment for the seed D. Is removed when whole grains are milled into white flour E. Contains minerals and phytochemicals

B

All the following are products of dry corn milling except A. Corn oil B. Corn starch C. Corn flour D. Corn meal E. Grits

B

Commercial popcorn is made from what variety of corn? A. Sweet B. Flint C. Hominy D. Dent E. Field

B

Cookie Tree produces the following products for wholesale customers except for A. Baked cookies B. Frosted sugar cookies C. Cookies with inclusions like chocolate chips D. Wire cut cookies E. Cookie dough

B

How did the oat dehuller observed in lab separate the hulls (and other light materials) from the oats? A. By particle size B. By particle density C. By color D. By texture E. Thickness

B

Until the advent of twin-screw extruders, extrusion technology was limited. Which of the following is not a characteristic of twin-screw extrusion? A. Provides a high-degree of heat transfer B. Has limited ability to transport and mix gum, jelly, and licorice confections C. Includes engineering principles of fluid flow and mass transfer D. Commonly used for snack foods E. Screws can be counter- or co-rotating

B

What enzyme is used to convert glucose to fructose during the production of High Fructose Corn Syrup? A. Amylase B. Xylose isomerase C. Glucoamylase D. Polygalacturonase E. Gluco-fructo isomerase

B

What is the name of the compound added to steep water in the wet milling of corn? A. Lye B. Sulfur dioxide C. Calcium carbonate D. Citric acid E. Steeping salt

B

Which of the following foods is most likely produced by co-extrusion? A. Licorice in a single rope B. Layered chewing gum C. Macaroni noodles D. Breakfast cereal in the shape of spheres E. Homogeneous pet food pellets

B

Which of the following is not true regarding pasta flour? A. It contains a very high protein content B. It is also used in baking flours C. It is called Semolina flour D. It can be milled using the same processing steps as baking flours E. It requires tempering

B

Which statement does not describe a possible method of coating snack chips with seasonings? A. Seasoning is charged with ions B. Chips are charged with ions C. Seasoning falls from a chamber above the chips D. Seasoning is applied to the chips as they exit the fryer E. Chips have additional oil applied and are gently turned in a rotating drum

B

What is not true about pulses? A. They include dry beans and peas B. They are defined as a cereal grain C. They are harvested solely for the fresh seed D. They are harvested when dry E. They are not the same thing as legumes

B, C

Poultry may be rendered unconscious by what two means? A. Slitting of the throat and captive bolt gun B. Controlled atmosphere gas and electrocution C. Slitting of the throat and modified gas D. Modified gas and electrocution E. Controlled atomosphere gas and captive bolt gun

B, C, or D

All of the following are true regarding rigor mortis except for what? A. Natural physiological changes after death B. Increased ATP in muscles C. Can last up to several days D. Causes muscle to be stiff E. Is a temporary condition

B. Increased ATP in muscles

Which of the following is not true about water hardness? A. The degree of water hardness is determined by the amount of dissolved calcium or calcium carbonate it contains B. Permanent hardness in water means that calcium and magnesium precipitate upon heating. C. Soaps and detergents are less effective in hard water. D. Limescale or scale are deposits of calcium and magnesium from temporary hard water. E. Water hardness can be expressed in units of ppm, grains/gal.

B. Permanent hardness in water means that calcium and magnesium precipitate upon heating.

What is the term that describes the processing of adding lime to make flour for tortillas? A. masafication B. nixtimalization C. masa flour complexing D. mufasafication

B. nixtimalization

As grains are milled, crushed particles are separated by size and density. Which of the following is not an example of particle separation? A. Sieving B. Centrifugation C. Scouring D. Aspiration E. Purifying

C

HFCS 42 means that the solution labeled with it A. is responsible for increases in diabetes and obesity B. is sweeter than HFCS 55 C. is 42% fructose D. has a DE of 42 E. is 42% glucose

C

What is the primary purpose for tempering wheat, corn, or other grains before milling? A. To clean/wash the corn B. To create a stable starch crystal polymorph C. To achieve a desired moisture content D. To create through stock E. To pre-cook the resulting flour

C

Which wheat variety below is best described as one that is planted in the spring, has a higher protein content, and has pigments in its bran? (This is best answered by deduction; you don't need to know all wheat types to answer this.) A. Hard white winter wheat B. Soft red winter wheat C. Hard red spring wheat D. Soft red spring wheat E. Soft white spring wheat

C

f a corn cob has undeveloped kernels, it's because what specific part of the plant didn't carry pollen to them? A. Seeds B. Tassels C. Silks D. Flowers E. Stalk

C, D

Which of the following waste water processing steps uses activated sludge? A. Trickling filter B. Disinfection C. Aeration basin D. Primary clarifier E. Anthrocite filtration

C. Aeration basin

The abstract states the following, "In this study, tortilla chips were processed under different conditions: 1) baking time, 2) frying oil temperature, 3) particle size distribution, and 4, oil quality.What was the primary purpose of baking the tortilla chips at various temperatures before they were fried? A. To create differences is surface browning before frying B. To increase the number of surface pores in which seasonings could reside after frying C. To manipulate the moisture content of the chips before frying D. To reduce frying times E. To develop aroma compounds for improved sensory quality

C. To manipulate the moisture content of the chips before frying

Which of the following is not an example of a pseudocereal grain? A. Quinoa B. Buckwheat C. Triticale D. Amaranth E. Chia

C. Triticale

All of the following are examples of wholesale cuts in pork except for what? A. Chuck You know your cuts! B. Loin C. Hock D. Shoulder E. Leg

Chuck

Break rollstand

Corregated roll stand that removes bran

Checks

Cracks that develop in pasta during drying

reduction roller

Crushes endosperm into increasingly smaller sizes

Examples of cereal grains include all but which of the following? A. Rice B. Maize C. Oats D. Quinoa E. Rye

D

What processing step is performed on fresh corn before it is put into frozen storage, and why? A. Cob removal for freezing efficiency B. Addition of calcium chloride to maintain kernel firmness C. Addition of citric acid to lower its pH D. Blanching to inactivate enzymes that contribute to off-flavors E. Bleaching to create uniform kernel color

D

Which of the following are not products that are cooked in a pressurized extruder? A. Marshmallows B. Puffed ready to eat cereal snacks (E.g. Cheetos, Funyuns) C. Puffed breakfast cereals (E.g. Fruit Loops, Honey Comb) D. Angel hair pasta

D

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a cereal grain? A. member of the Poaceae family B. composed of endosperm, bran, and germ C. a small, hard, dry seed D. must have an attached hull layer E. may or may not have an attached fruit layer

D

Which of the following is not true about sweet corn? A. Used for fresh eating, canning, and freezing B. High in sugar C. Harvested earlier in the season D. Used for popcorn E. Some types are hybrids

D

Which of the following is not true about the use of curing ingredients? A. Salt and sugar are curing ingredients B. Modern day curing ingredients may preserve or enhance the flavor, appearance, and texture of the meat C. Sweeteners other than sugar may be used D. Nitrates and nitrites are confirmed to be carcinogenic E. Smoke can be a curing ingredient

D

Why to some sausage casings, especially those used for hot dogs, have a black stripe? A. To indicate proper cooking temperatures have been reached B. To help plant workers guide them into the stuffer C. To indicate microbial contamination D. To indicate that the casing is on the hot dog E. To infuse smoke flavor

D

Which of the following is true about pseudocereal grains? A. Their protein content is less than that of cereal grains B. They are grasses C. They include amaranth, buckwheat, and wheat D. They include chia, quinoa, and amaranth E. They are often ground into flour

D, E

Which of the following qualities does not describe ultraviolet (UV) treatment? A. Short residual effectiveness B. Non-toxic to fish C. Appropriate for small to medium treatment plants D. Excellent equipment reliability E. Good bactericidal effectiveness

D. Excellent equipment reliability

All of the following are common steps taken when harvesting livestock except for what? A. Fasting immediately before harvest B. Stunning or disorienting C. Keeping stress levels low D. Having a USDA inspector onsite E. Letting animals run around before harvest

E

Corn gluten is comprised of what? A. Endosperm and pericarp B. Germ and pericarp C. Endosperm and germ D. Germ and tip cap E. Protein

E

Examples of non-intact meat are all but which of the following? A. Ground pork B. Comminuted jerky C. Needle injected whole turkey D. Vacuum tumbled stew meat E. Marinated ostrich

E

In a gravity bed separator, which of the following is not true? A. The lightest particles will move to the top B. The heaviest particles will move to the bottom C. The gravity bed shakes or vibrates D. Mixtues comprised of particles of many different densities can be separated. E. The gravity table is horizontal

E

Regarding tortilla chip manufacture, which of the following is not true? A. They are made from masa flour B. They are baked before frying C. Moisture content affects the amount of oil uptake D. Particle size of the masa flour affects the amount of oil uptake E. Chip thickness affects the amount of salt applied

E

Use of what item or technique is most likely to result in the most evenly smoked sausages? A. Propane smoker B. Electric smoker C. Burning wood or wood chips D. Spraying with liquid smoke E. Smoke infused casings

E

What is the minimum water activity that beef jerky should reach to prevent mold growth? A. 0.90 B. 0.85 C. 0.80 D. 0.75 E. 0.70

E

Which of the following is false regarding the tempering of corn? A. Corn can be stored after its tempered B. It allows the bran to be removed more easily C. It is a closely monitored process D. It is done to soften the endosperm so it breaks more easily E. It is done before cleaning

E

Which of the following is not an intermediate or end product of wet corn milling? A. Starch B. Corn gluten meal C. Flaking grits D. Germ E. Hulls

E

Which of the following statements is not true about curing meats? A. Curing is a means of preservation B. Modern curing techniques can change some of the meat's sensory characteristics C. Meat is typically cured with ingredients such as salt, sugar, nitrites, and nitrates D. Traditionally, the purpose of curing meat included food security and safety E. Cured meat is only prepared using dry curing methods

E

n addition to stripts of whole muscle, jerky is also sold in all of the following forms except? A. Shredded/flossed B. Chunked and formed C. Ground and Formed D. Chopped and formed E. Shredded/flossed and formed

E

Which of the following wastewater treatment cleaning steps is not recessary if an adequately operational aeration basin is in place? A. Sanitation B. Headworks C. Solid waste treatment D. Primary or Secondary Clarification E. Trickling filtration with Zoogleal film

E. Trickling filtration with Zoogleal film

Agitator

ENRICHMENT AND BLEACHING

What is the acronym of the agency that oversees potable and waste water safety? A. USDA B. EPA C. FDA D. WHO E. CDC

EPA

Reduction rollstand

Endosperm is crushed and reduced in size

At Manuel's Fine Foods, they perform many quality tests. Which of the following is not a test they perform? A. Dough thickness B. Chip color C. Bag integrity D. Frying oil rancidity E. Nitrogen amount in filled bags F. All are tested

F

From the Water Quality Report our tour guide Ryan York gave each of us, which of the following is not checked for or reported from the water samples taken throughout Provo City? A. Radioactive Contaminants B. Flouride C. Sodium D. Flavor E. Turbidity

FLAVOR

Which fraction of dry corn milling is used to make the breakfast cereal known as "corn flakes"? A. Flaking grits B. Masa flour C. Corn meal D. Corn flour E. Corn gluten

Flaking grits

Aspiration

General term that describes the use of air currents to remove light weight impurities

Which of the following is not a function of any type of food extruder? A. ShapingB. PlasticizingC. Grinding. CookingE. Transportin

Grinding

Scourer

Removes hair follicles/beard from bran

Which wheat type is low in protein and is generally used for pastry and pie crusts? A. Soft white wheat B. Hard white wheat C. Soft red winter D. Hard red winter E. Hard red spring

SOFT WHITE WHEAT

Purifier

Separates bran from endosperm using air currents

Scourer

Strips off follicles on kernal

Which of the following is not data collected on the water at the Gillespie Weir? A. Flow rate B. Turbidity C. pH D. Temperature E. Chlorine level

TURBIDITY

Beef jerky is typically made from all of the following cuts of meat except for which one? A. Eye of round B. Flank steak C. Tenderloin D. Top round E. Sirloin tip

Tenderloin

hull

The outer layer of a grain seed

What are "C enamel" cans and why are they used to package canned corn?

They are cans lined with C enamel and should be used for foods like corn, peas, crab, shrimp, and others. It prevents discoloration of the food product. Foods with a close to neutral pH and sulfur will discolor from contact with tin over time. The C enamel has zinc oxide in it which will still react with the sulfur, but it will be a naturally occurring white residue which doesn't stand out.

Dent or field

Used for animal feed, plastic, ethanol, and corn syrup

Food grade corn

Used for tortillas, tortilla chips, and corn flour

Dockageq

Weeds, stems, insects, and other debris commonly found in grain after harvest

Which of the following is an enzyme used to break down starch into oligosaccharides during corn syrup production? A. amylase B. amalose C. amylopectin D. xylose isomerase E. glucoamylase

amylase

All of the following are intermediate or final products of wet milled corn except for what? A. dark corn syrup B. HFCS C. hominy feed D. starch milk E. light corn syrup

hominy feed

List 4 factors that affect the oil absorption of fried foods as stated in the article.

product composition, moisture content, shape, pre-frying treatment

Extrusion is a processing step that can accomplish numerous functions. Which of the following is not one of those functions? A. Cooking B. Mixing C. Shaping D. Pulverizing. E. Plasticizing

pulverizing

Break stand roller

separates endosperm from the germ and bran

In your own words, define dextrose equivalent and explain its significance in how corn syrup and corn syrup solids are used. More complete answers will receive more points.

the dextrose equivalent (DE) of different corn syrups indicate how much reducing sugar they have. This affects the sweetness of the syrup because a higher DE means there is more sugar and less dextrose (the starch that comes from corn). I discovered that low DE syrups are used in products containing milk or other proteins where it to control consistency and color but don't need much sweetness added. Moderate DE syrups would be used in jams, jellies and preserves as a crystal formation inhibitor. Finally HIgh DE would be used in canned fruit and fruit juice for mouth feel and sweetness.

Which of the following is not true about BOD? A. BOD is an acromyn for "biological oxygen demand" B. It is an indirect measure of water cleanliness C. Testing can take 5 days D. As BOD decreases, water cleanliness increases E. It is the measure of the amount of oxygen required to break down organic matter

A. BOD is an acromyn for "biological oxygen demand"

Which of the following is true about chlorine as a sanitizer? A. It is chemical treatment with low start-up costs B. It is not a residual disinfectant C. It produces by-products D. It is instantly effective regardless of the microbial load E. It poses no health or safety risks during storage or usage

A. It is chemical treatment with low start-up costs

Regarding jerky, which of the following is not true about its physical characteristics? A. It's typically made from fatty meat dried to a minimum water activity of 0.85 or lower B. It's often prepared in strips C. It's dried and often salted or has added spices and flavorings D. It is considered at Ready-To-Eat product

A. It's typically made from fatty meat dried to a minimum water activity of 0.85 or lower

Describe two differences between surface water and ground water and why those differences may matter for water being used for commerical, food production, or residential users. You may have to do some exploring online. Your answer should be thorough, but concise.

Ground water is found in the ground in an aquifer or spring. It also has a higher mineral content. Surface water is found on lakes, rivers and other bodies of water. It is much more exposed to contamination like decaying animals, animal waste, insecticides, pesticides, etc. Ground water is more protected from contamination because it is not exposed to the elements and the rocks in the ground can act as a filter. The higher mineral content of ground water can make it more of a "hard" water which may not be ideal for residential users (i.e. they may not like the taste or the buildup that can happen on faucet). Surface water may be better used to create electricity than ground water because it can simply be passed through and returned to the lake or river where it came from. For food production, most farmers use groundwater for irrigation after obtaining rights to build their own well to access local water underground. Both ground water and surface water are used for the public supply, but there are differences in taste and the hardness of the water depending on the source.

Flint or popcorn

Harvested after drying in the field and used for hominy

Sweet corn

Harvested earlier than other varieties and eaten fresh, frozen, and canned

impact destroyer

Kills bugs and critters

Rebolt screening

Last separation step before flour is weighed and considered "finished"

Screening

Low value material used for animal feed

Generally, the bran of kernal of grain contains more of each of the following nutrients per gram except for what? A. Iron B. Protein C. Fiber

PROTEIN

Legumes are part of what family? A. Alfalfa B. Pulse C. Pea D. Buckwheat E. Bean

Pea