Project Management
Lessons Learned Register (one book)
A project document used to record knowledge gained during a project so that it can be used in the current project and entered into the lessons learned repository.
ISO 9000 Series
A quality system standard that can be applied to any product, service, or process in the world.
Phase Gate
A review at the end of a phase in which a decision is made to continue to the next phase, to continue with modification, or to end a project or program. Synonyms include governance gate, stage gate, tollgate, phase end, & kill point
Sprint Review
A review at the end of each iteration with the Product Owner and other customer stakeholders to review the progress of the product and receive feedback for that iteration. Part of the Agile Ceremony.
Contingency Plan
A risk response strategy developed in advance, before risks occur; it is meant to be used if and when identified risks become reality. AKA Plan B
Product Life Cycle
A series of phases which a product goes through. introduction, growth, maturity, decline
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
A set metric used to evaluate a team's performance against the project vision and objectives. KPIs can use the SMART acronym. Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time-Bound
Source Selection Criteria (Related to the Statement of Work)
A set of attributes desired by the buyer which a seller is required to meet or exceed to be selected for a contract.
What is Brainstorming and how is it used?
A simple technique used to generate and collect a list of ideas. After quickly generating a list of alternatives, group analyzes the alternatives and chooses one.
Quality Audit
A structured, independent process to determine if project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
A Project Management Team includes:
A subset of the project team directly responsible for the project management and leadership activities of the project. The sponsor is not a part of this team.
Version Control
A system that records changes to a file, in a way that allows you to retrieve previous changes made to it. Each time the file is updated, it is automatically saved and then given a new version number.
Definition of Ready
A team's checklist for a user-centric requirement that has all the information the team needs to be able to begin working on it.
Definition of Done
A team's checklist of all the criteria required to be met so that a deliverable can be considered ready for customer use.
What is a Sprint Retrospective? It asks 2 questions?
A team-member meeting that occurs after each sprint to evaluate the product and process to improve efficiency and effectiveness. What went well? What could have been done better? Participants to identify the reason for the improvement.
Affinity Diagram
A technique that allows large numbers of ideas to be classified into groups for review and analysis.
Benefit-Cost Analysis
A technique used to determine the ratio between expected cost and expected benefits (known as the Benefit Cost Ratio) Calculated as Benefits / Cost = BCR
Crashing
A technique used to shorten the schedule duration for the least incremental cost by adding resources. Works only for activities on the critical path Does not always produce a viable alternative and may result in increased risk and/or cost.
What is a project?
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
What is a Sprint?
A time boxed iteration in Scrum.
Probability Impact Matrix
A tool that uses the agreed impact and probability values to categorize and determine the priority of a risk.
Servant Leadership
A type of leadership commonly used in agile which encourages the self-definition, self-discovery, and self-awareness of team members by listening, coaching, and providing an environment which allows them to grow.
Epic
A very large or a collection of user stories. Multiple user stories are included in a features Multiple features are included in an epic
What is the act of acquiring from outside the organization those people possessing the skills needed to complete a project?
Acquisition
Leveling
Adjusts start and finish dates based on resource constraints Goal is to balance the demand for resources with available supply Use when shared or critically required resources have limited availability or are over-allocated Can change the critical path and most often will delay the project completion date
Smoothing
Adjusts the activities of a schedule model to keep resource requirements within predefined resource limits and within free and total floats The critical path is not changed, nor does it delay the completion date
What project methodology is best when... Changes are relatively easy, and waste is not costly • Complex environment where end product is not fully known and user feedback is very valuable
Agile
Who is responsible for ensuring team members and stakeholders are trained on concepts of agile?
Agile Coach
Who signs off on the Project Management Plan?
All Key Stakeholders: 1. Sponsor 2. Project Manager 3. PMO (is a Stakeholder)
Cost of Quality
All costs over the life of the project associated with quality and divided into two categories: 1. Cost of Conformance - $ to avoid failures 2. Cost of Nonconformance - $ to address failures
Decision Tree
Allow project leaders to easily compare different courses of action against each other and evaluate the risks, probabilities of success, and potential benefits associated with each.
Communications Requirements Analysis
An analytical technique to determine the information needs of the project stakeholders through interviews, workshops, study of lessons learned from previous projects, etc.
Who is a Project Stakeholder?
An individual, group, or organization which may affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a project. End user Customers, vendors or partners Upstream or downstream systems Sponsor, program/portfolio manager or Project Management Office (PMO) Functional or operational managers
Project Management Information System (PMIS)
An information system consisting of the tools and techniques used to gather, integrate, and disseminate the outputs of project management processes. Ex: Sharepoint, MS Project
Rolling Wave Planning A form of progressive elaboration.
An iterative planning technique in which the work to be accomplished in the near term is planned in detail, while the work in the future is planned at a higher level. Risks need to be reevaluated during Rolling Wave Planning. Hybrid
Project Artifacts
Any document related to the management of a project. The project team will create and maintain many artifacts during the life of the project, to allow reconstruction of the history of the project and to benefit other projects.
What kind of conformance costs assess the quality?
Appraisal Costs
A Team Skill Appraisal helps do what?
Appraisals enable the team to holistically identify its strengths and weaknesses, assess opportunities for improvement, build trust, and establish communication mechanisms. May also identify: Aspirations Team Preferences Team Member Interaction Information Processing Decision Making
What is an Information Radiator?
Artifacts used to help maintain transparency of a project status to team members and stakeholders. Provides seamless visibility into project status across stakeholder community.
When should training be done?
As close to the point of solution as possible. Training analysis should be conducted at all levels and be in your plan.
Attribute sampling vs. Variables sampling
Attribute sampling - the result either conforms or does not conform. Variable sampling - result is rated on a continuous scale that measures degree of conformity
In what kind of organizational structures would a PM be considered full time?
Balanced Strong Project-Oriented
What is the technique for measuring efficacy of training?
Baselining Pre-assessment done before training. Assessment done after training.
What kind of estimating method is a method of estimating project duration or cost by aggregating the estimates of the lower level components of the work breakdown structure (WBS)
Bottom-Up Estimating
Cause and Effect Diagram
Breaks down the causes of the problem statement identified into discrete branches, helping to identify the main or root cause of the problem.
What is the term to describe: *documented economic feasibility study *used to establish benefits of project components *provides a basis for authorization of further project activities
Business Case
What is the term to describe: *describes what needs to be created and what needs to be performed *written prior to the formal business case
Business Needs Document
The sequence of activities that represents the longest path through a project, which determines the shortest possible duration. It will also be the path with the least amount of float
Critical Path
Lessons-Learned Repository (multiple books)
Database of historical project lessons learned in projects.
A technique used for dividing and subdividing the project scope and project deliverables into smaller, more manageable parts
Decomposition
Stakeholder influence should increase or decrease as the PM carries out the plan?
Decrease
What are the 7 kinds of waste in Lean Six Sigma?
Defects Overproduction Transportation Waiting Inventory Motion Over-Processing
Process Group: Initiating
Defining a new project or a new phase of an existing project; Obtaining authorization to start the project or phase
What activities may a Kickoff include? Initial startup activities are referred to what?
Defining a vision statement Defining a team charter Assisting the customer / Product Owner with : User story writing Estimation of effort Prioritization planning Initial product backlog Sprint 0.
A Business Analyst in Predictive is focused on what?
Definition of requirements. Defines what the deliverables will be and the PM defines how to achieve it.
What kind of estimate is the most accurate estimate for the amount of work and resources needed to complete the project.
Definitive Estimates
Procurement SOW (Statement of Work)
Describes the procurement item in sufficient detail to allow prospective sellers to determine if they are capable of providing the products, services, or results. An RFQ or RFP could include a SOW, it would be provided along with it and not as a response.
The Salience Model (3 Circles) groups stakeholders on their basis of what what three factors?
Describing classes of stakeholders based on their power, urgency and legitimacy.
Agile Approaches for managing change: Disciplined Agile (DA) Scrum of Scrums Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe)
Disciplined Agile (DA) - a hybrid tool kit that harnesses hundreds of agile practices to devise the best "way of working" (WoW) for your team or organization Scrum of Scrums - A technique for operation of Scrum at scale for multiple teams working on the same product, coordinating discussions of progress on interdependencies, and focusing on how to integrate the delivery of software, especially in areas of overlap Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe®) - A knowledge base of integrated patterns for enterprise-scale, lean-agile development
A technique used to gain project requirements from current documentation evaluation. Derive new project requirements from existing documents.
Document Analysis
Project Artifacts
Documents, templates, agendas, diagrams, and other work products used in managing the project.
A Stakeholder is usually selected when?
During Project Charter development.
Suitability Assessment Radar Chart (Spider Web)
Each category is ranked 0-10. Team: size, experience, access Culture: buy-in, trust, decision making Project: changes, criticality, delivery
What do you call an option in a contract that allows the customer to buy the remainder of the contract with a cancellation fee?
Early Cancellation Option
What is the key to successful teams?
Effective Communication When does team meet? Definitions of meeting types? How often is work status updated? What are the shared team hours? What are the preferred communication technologies to be used?
An Agile Coach in Agile is focused on what?
Ensuring agile development and project life cycles are being done properly. Can be internal or external.
Process Group: Planning
Establishing the complete scope of the project; Defining objectives and refining courses of action taken to attain the objectives
Describe the behaviors of the product • e.g. actions, processes, data, and interactions that the product should execute. Capabilities that the product must do to satisfy specific user needs. They are the most fundamental requirements. Sometimes referred to as business requirements.
Functional Requirements
The process of comparing the planned expenditure of project funds against any limits on the commitment of funds for the project to identify any variances between the funding limits and the planned expenditures
Funding Limit Reconciliation Funding limits help regulate the outgoing capital flow to protect against overspending.
Schedule Presentation Formats
Gantt Charts (useful at project team level) Milestone Charts (useful for upper management) Project Schedule Network Diagram w/Dates
What kind of analysis allows you to identify missing knowledge, skills or required attributes?
Gap Analysis
What is the purpose of a Kickoff meeting?
Gather project team members and other key stakeholders Set expectations Gain a common understanding Establish the start of a project, phase, or iteration Commence work
What do you call it when you have.... A unit-less measure used in relative user story estimation techniques typically used to measure capacity or effort? Ways to estimate the amount of effort required to complete a user story in your backlog.
Story Point You will usually estimate story points before a sprint planning meeting.
3 types of PMOs
Supportive - resources, training, lessons learned Controlling - support and adherence to certain standards Directive - controls projects by managing directly
Roadmaps
Swimlane roadmaps provide a high-level timeline that may depict milestones, significant events, reviews, and decision points. Roadmap should reflect changes made to the backlog.
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Systematic approach to estimating strengths and weaknesses of alternatives used to determine options which provide best approach to achieving benefits while preserving savings.
What kind of knowledge can be difficult to articulate and share such as beliefs, experience, and insights? Essential to provide the context of the explicit knowledge.
Tacit Knowledge
What kind of knowledge is understood or implied without being stated? Is based on experience and beliefs and is often difficult to express?
Tacit Knowledge
Visualizes the work and enables the team and stakeholders to track progress as work is performed. Promotes viability and maximizes efficiency.
Task Boards Ex: Kanban boards Scrum boards
A document that records the team values, agreements, and operating guidelines, as well as establishing clear expectations regarding acceptable behavior by project team members.
Team Charter
Pairing and Mentoring foster what? Training focused on building _____________ skills to be used in the present.
Team building & collaborative environment. Individual
PESTLE
The PESTLE acronym identifies the external business environment factors that can affect the value and desired outcomes of a project. Political Economic Social Technical Legal Environmental
Earned Value Analysis: Estimate to Completion (EAC)
The amount of money needed to complete the project. EAC = BAC/CPI ETC = EAC - AC
What is project management?
The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements
Communication Management Plan
The communications management plan is developed to ensure that the appropriate messages are communicated to stakeholders in various formats and various means as defined by the communication strategy.
Benchmarking
The comparison of actual or planned products, processes, and practices to those of comparable organizations to identify best practices, generate ideas for improvement, and provide a basis for measuring performance.
Earned Value Analysis: Estimate at Completion (EAC)
The current projected final cost of the project. BAC = Budget at Completion CPI = Current Spending Efficiency EAC = BAC/CPI
Present Value
The current value of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows given a specific rate of return. PV = FV/(1 + i)^n
Risk Appetitie
The degree of uncertainty an organization or individual is willing to accept in anticipation of a reward
Quality
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements.
Project Scope Statement
The description of the project scope, major deliverables, assumptions, and constraints.
Project Management Plan (basically, all "management plans")
The document that describes how the project will be executed monitored, controlled and closed.
Risk Threshold
The level of risk exposure above which risks are addressed and below which risks may be accepted.
Risk Tolerance
The maximum amount of risk, and the potential impact of that risk occurring, that a project manager or key stakeholder is willing to accept.
Expected Monetary Value (EMV)
The monetary value of a risk exposure based on the risk's probability and impact in the risk matrix. This approach is typically used in quantitative risk analysis because it quantifies the risk exposure. Formula = Probability x Impact
What is the definition of Tailoring?
The project manager and project management team should select and adapt project artifacts for use on their project.
Extinction
The project or phase successfully met its completion objectives.
Minimum Business Increment
The smallest amount of value that can be added to a product or service that benefits the business.
Minimum Viable Product
The smallest collection of features that can be included in a product for customers to consider it functional. In Lean methodologies, it can be referred to as "bare bones" or "no frills" functionality.
What is the definition of Culture?
The system of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, assumptions and values which affect the way people and groups interact with each other.
Organizational Theory: McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X - the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Theory Y - the assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.
Project Network Schedule Diagram
This is the presentation with the ES, EF, LS, DU and LF. Purple in color.
Risk Response Strategies
Threats aka Negative: Escalate Avoid (p=0% to happen) Transfer (contract or outsource) Mitigate (reduce prob and impact) Accept Opportunities aka Positive: Escalate Exploit (p=100% to happen) Share (agreement) Enhance (increase prob and impact) Accept
A meeting that allows a fixed, maximum amount of time is called what?
Timeboxed Meeting Helps to: *improve focus *encourage team to set clear agendas/objectives *keep the work on track
The amount of time a schedule activity can be delayed or extended from it's early start date without delaying the project finish date or violating a schedule constraint is known as:
Total Float
The amount of time in terms of project duration that an activity can be delayed without delaying the project completion date.
Total Float
What is the difference between total float vs. free float?
Total Float is the total amount of time a task can be delayed and still keep the project on schedule, while Free Float is the amount of time a task can be delayed without impacting other tasks in the project.
Process Group: Monitoring and Controlling
Tracking, reviewing and regulating the progress and performance of the project; Identifying areas in which changes to the plan are required; Documenting and implementing the corresponding changes.
T/F - A project life cycle can begin and end in one or more product life cycles.
True
True or False: In an agile approach, self-organizing teams assess the work requirements and determine who will do the work?
True
True or False: The people doing the work should perform the estimating tasks because they have the best knowledge.
True
Product Backlog
contains all requirements in the form of user stories. Agile
Change Management Plan
describes the process for submitting, evaluating and implementing changes to the project
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Includes personal skills and interpersonal skills
Verified vs. Validated Deliverable
vErified - examine/evaluate vAlidated - accepted
Expectations regarding acceptable behavior by project team members.
Ground Rules AKA Team Norms
A Product Owner in Agile is focused on what?
Guides the direction of the product by prioritizing work based on its business value. They own the Product Backlog. Typically have a business background and deep subject matter expertise (SME)
Product Backlog Prioritization Techniques: Paired Comparison Uses an Excel like chart that to compare multiple criteria against each other, in order to find the ranked order of importance.
Half of the chart is blocked out.
This theory says that pay and benefits do not lead to positive satisfaction for the long-term. But if these factors are absent or non-existent at the workplace, then they lead to dissatisfaction.
Herzberg's Theory of Motivation
Risk is the highest or lowest at project inception?
Highest because risk = uncertainty.
Integration Management
Holistic - ties all plans together, aligns efforts, and highlights how they depend on each other. Integrated - can identify and correct gaps or conflicts.
What project methodology is best when... There are some costs to changes • Stakeholders are interested in another method, but not comfortable to fully adopt one method
Hybrid
Earned Value Management (EVM): Cost Variance
PV = Planned Value EV = Earned Value AC = Actual Cost CV = EV - AC A positive CV indicates a project is under budget A zero CV indicates a project is on budget A negative CV indicates a project is over budget
Earned Value Management (EVM): Schedule Variance
PV = Planned Value EV = Earned Value AC = Actual Cost SV = EV - PV A positive SV indicates a project is ahead of schedule A zero SV indicates a project is on schedule A negative SV indicates a project is
There are 4 prioritization techniques in a product backlog. What technique is used to compare multiple criteria against each other in order to find the ranked order of importance?
Paired Comparison
What is the term when customer stakeholders come together to reinforce leaning in each other?
Pairing
Fast-Tracking
Perform activities in parallel to reduce time. May result in rework, increased risk, and increased cost.
Process Group: Executing
Performing the work defined in the project management plan to satisfy the requirements of the project
Emotional Intelligence
Personal Skills: *Self-Awareness *Self-Regulation *Motivation Interpersonal Skills: *Social Skills *Empathy
What kind of estimates are considered "rolling wave" or "moving window" estimates and reflect the fact that "we don't know what we don't know".
Phased Estimates
Earned Value Management (EVM): Planned Value vs. Earned Value vs. Actual Cost
Planned Value - The authorized budget assigned to scheduled work. Earned Value The measure of work performed expressed in terms of the budget authorized for that work Actual Cost - The realized cost incurred for the work performed on an activity during a specific time period.
A WBS component below the control account with known work content but without detailed schedule activities
Planning Package (Place Holder)
Your team members follow your lead simply because you are the project manager. What kind of power is this?
Positional or Legitimate Power
Stakeholder Analysis/Mapping - Power/Influence Grid
Power - Y axis Interest - X axis Low Power/Low Interest - Monitor Low Power/Hight Interest - Keep Informed High Power/Low Interest - Keep Satisfied High Power/High Interest - Manage Closely
The logical relationship between activities that describes the sequence in which the activities should be carried out.
Precedence Relationship
How do you get your information? Weekly Status Reports are more for? Kanban Boards are more for?
Predictive/Hybrid Agile
What project methodology is best when... Changes are expensive due to scrap and waste • Predictability and coordinated timing is important
Predictive/Plan Driven
Net Present Value
Present value of all cash outflows minus present value of all cash inflows. Compares value of a dollar today to value of same dollar in future (takes inflation and discount rate into account).
What kind of conformance costs are related to building a quality product?
Prevention Costs
Cost of Quality: Cost of Conformance
Prevention Costs (Build a Quality Product): Training, document processes, equipment, time to do it right Appraisal Costs (Assess the Quality): Testing, destructive testing loss, inspections *Money spent during the project to avoid failures.
Agile Paired Value #1 Individuals and Interactions OVER
Process and Tools
Organizational Process Assets (OPA)
Process-related assets that can be used to influence the project's success. Divided into two main categories: 1. Processes & Procedures - standards, policies, work instructions, templates, change control procedures. 2. Organizational Knowledge Repositories - project files, historical information, configuration management, financial databases.
What is the term that covers all the processes required to get goods and services from outside the project team
Procurement Management
Who drives negotiations for the exact parameters of a contract?
Procurement Manager
A Team Member in Agile is focused on what?
Producing a working product. Can be I-shaped or T-shaped people. In Agile, we want t-shaped people.
A tool to define scope that generally means asking questions about a product and forming answers to describe the use, characteristics, and other relevant aspects of what is going to be manufactured
Product Analysis
The iterative process of increasing the level of detail in a project management plan as greater amounts of information and more accurate estimates become available
Progressive Elaboration
What document is issued by the project initiator or sponsor that formally authorizes the existence of a project and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities (to begin work)?
Project Charter
The amount of time that a project can be delayed without overrunning a deadline imposed by the project sponsor, or a commitment made by the project manager.
Project Float
In Predictive, who oversees the creation of the Project Management Plan?
Project Manager
A Project Team in Predictive consists of who and does what?
Project Manager Project Management Team Team Members They support the PM in performing the work of the project to achieve it
What kind of estimate is the initial estimate that is often done before a project is started.
Rough Order of Magnitude Estimates
Schedule Variance
SV = EV - PV The difference between what you produced (Earned Value) and what you were supposed to complete (Planned Value).
Stakeholder Analysis/Mapping - Stakeholder Cube
Same as Power/Influence Grid Add Attitude (Against/Blocker, For/Backer)
Effect-Based Risk Classification
Schedule Cost Quality Scope Resources
A component of the project management plan that establishes the criteria and the activities for developing, monitoring, and controlling the schedule
Schedule Management Plan
Includes managing both the project scope and product scope.
Scope Management
A component of the project management plan that describes how the project scope will be defined, developed, monitored, controlled, and validated
Scope Management Plan
What kind of risks could occur as a result of implementing a risk response (from a primary risk)?
Secondary Risks
Project budget components
See visual
In agile, how is work assigned?
Self-organizing teams assess the work requirements and determine who will do the work.
What is a process? Each process has what four items?
Series of activities directed towards causing an end result. Inputs, Tools, Techniques, Outputs
What is the best style of leadership for an agile team?
Servant Leadership
Daily standups or Scrum meetings
Should be held at the same time and same place every day and should be time limited, usually no more than 15 minutes. team members should be prepared to discuss answers to these questions: 1. what did i accomplish yesterday? 2. what will i work on today? 3. do i have any roadblocks or issues preventing me from doing my work? Part of the Agile Ceremony.
In conflict management, what is it called when you try to gloss over the issue or change the subject?
Smoothing
What kind of awareness is a person's ability to understand and/or perceive what others are feeling or thinking?
Social Awareness
Project Business Case
Sponsor accountable for development and maintenance. Lists objectives and reasons for project initiation. Includes: business needs, analysis of situation, recommendation, and evaluation.
What are the Project Roles inside a Predictive team?
Sponsor, Project Manager, Business Analyst, Project Team, and Project Management Team
What are the Project Roles inside an Agile team?
Sponsor, Team Facilitator, Product Owner, Team Member, Coach
In an agile project, initial startup activities are often referred to as what?
Sprint 0
In an agile project, what term is used to refer to the initial kick-off meeting?
Sprint 0
What do you call the plan that identifies the strategies and actions required to promote the productive involvement of stakeholders in decision making and execution?
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
What is the Product Box Exercise?
Stakeholders try to describe aspects of a solution in the same way a marketer might describe product features and benefits on a box.
What do you call it when adequate funding is no longer available to complete the requirements?
Starvation
5 Process Groups
"Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing"
Conflict Management Approaches
(1) Forcing (2) Avoiding (3) Compromising (4) Accommodating (5) Collaborating
Standard Deviation formula
(P - O) / 6 (Pessimistic - Optimistic) / 6
Coding, Testing, Listening, Designing, Feedback and Simplicity are basic principals of what?
(XP) Extreme Programming
Name 3 Estimation Techniques.
1. t-shirt sizing - using t-shirt sizes to assign values. 2. story pointing - assign story points using numbers in Fibonacci sequence. 3. planning poker - using a deck of cards with modified Fibonacci numbers to vote on user stories. AKA scrum poker.
What are the responsibilities of the Governance Steering Committee?
1. Clarifying the project charter and objectives. 2. Allocating the resources to the project. They do not sign off on the acceptance of project deliverables, that is the responsibility of the sponsor. Might include: Project Sponsor a Senior user PMO resources
What is the primary benefit of the Sprint Review Meeting?
1. Elicit feedback on the work that was completed. 2. The evaluation and delivery of the project value.
Kotter's Change Model
1. Establish a sense of urgency 2. Create the guiding coalition 3. Develop a vision and strategy 4. Communicate the change vision 5. Empower the broad-based action 6. Generate short-term wins 7. Consolidate gains and produce more change 8. Anchor new approaches in the culture
Stakeholder Register includes: Initiation Process Group
1. Identification information (name, org, role, contact info) 2. Assessment information (expectations, influence, interest) 3. Classification (int/ext, attitude, direction of influence)
What are the four Agile paired values?
1. Individuals and interactions over processes and tools 2. Working software over comprehensive documentation 3. Customer collaboration over contract negotiation 4. Responding to change over following a plan
Agile: Four Paired Values
1. Individuals and interactions over processes and tools 2. Working software over comprehensive documentation 3. Customer collaboration over contract negotiation 4. Responding to change over following a plan
Characteristics of a Project Life Cycle
1. stakeholder involvement high early on. 2. stakeholder influence should decrease as PM manages expectations. 3. Cost and staffing levels increase as the work is carried out and drop as project comes to a close. 4. Risk is highest at inception. There are fewer uncertain factors as the project progresses, so risk decreases. 5. Risk can be positive (opportunities) or negative (threats).
Configuration Management Plan
A component of the project management plan that describes how to identify and account for project artifacts under configuration control, and how to record and report changes to them.
What are the 12 Agile principles
1. Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software. 2. Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage. 3. Deliver working software frequently, from a couple of weeks to a couple of months, with a preference to the shorter timescale. 4. Business people and developers must work together daily throughout the project. 5. Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done. 6. The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation. 7. Working software is the primary measure of progress. 8. Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely. 9. Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility. 10.Simplicity - the art of maximizing the amount of work not done - is essential. 11. The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams. 12.At regular intervals, the team reflects on how to become more effective, then tunes and adjusts its behavior accordingly.
Agile: Principles #1 to #4
1. Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software. 2. Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage. 3. Deliver working software frequently, from a couple of weeks to a couple of months, with a preference to the shorter timescale. 4. Business people and developers must work together daily throughout the project.
Active Listening
1. Reflecting - repeat message 2. Attending - lean in, eye contact 3. Following - non-verbal gesture, questions
Agile Ceremonies (4)
1. Sprint Planning 2. Daily Standup 3. Sprint Review 4. Sprint Retrospective
Lewin's Change Model
1. Unfreezing 2. Changing 3. Refreezing
Project Charter includes the following
1. project purpose 2. objectives and success criteria 3. high-level requirements 4. high-level description and deliverables 5. milestone schedule 6. approved financial resources 7. key stakeholder list 8. approval requirements 9. exit criteria 10. PM and responsibility/authority level 11. Sponsor name and authority level
There are 4 prioritization techniques in a product backlog. What technique gives each stakeholders 100 points and they get to assign importance?
100 Points Method
What is the ideal size of an agile team?
3-9 members
Agile: Principles #5 to #8
5. Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done. 6. The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation. 7. Working software is the primary measure of progress. 8. Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.
Standard Deviation
68% +/- 1 SD 95% +/- 2 SD 99.7% +/- 3 SD 99.9% +/- 6 SD
Agile: Principles #9 to #12
9. Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility. 10.Simplicity - the art of maximizing the amount of work not done - is essential. 11. The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams. 12.At regular intervals, the team reflects on how to become more effective, then tunes and adjusts its behavior accordingly.
Change Management Plan
A component of the project management plan that establishes the change control board, documents the extent of its authority, and describes how the change control system will be implemented.
Schedule Management Plan
A component of the project management plan that establishes the criteria and the activities for developing, monitoring, and controlling the schedule.
Stakeholder Register
A project document including the identification, assessment, and classification of project stakeholders.
Who is responsible for coaching, mentoring, training and oversight of Project Managers?
PMO
Precedence Relationship Finish to Start
A must finish before B can start
Precedence Relationship Start to Finish
A must start before B can finish
Precedence Relationship Start to Start
A must start before B can start
Daily Standup/Scrum
A brief, daily collaboration meeting in which the team reviews progress from the previous day, declares intentions for the current day, and highlights any obstacles encountered or anticipated. Also known as a daily scrum.
Grade
A category or rank used to distinguish items that have the same functional use (e.g., "hammer") but do not share the same requirements for quality (e.g., different hammers may need to withstand different amounts of force).
Product Backlog Prioritization Techniques: 100 Point Method
A chart broken down by key stakeholders and each one is provided 100 points to a list of requirements.
Sprint Planning
A collaborative event in Scrum in which the Scrum team plans the work for the current sprint. Part of the Agile Ceremony.
XP Metaphor
A common Extreme Programming (XP) technique describes a common vision of how a program works, which is called the metaphor.
Resource Management Plan
A component of the project management plan that describes how project resources are acquired, allocated, monitored, and controlled.
Stakeholder Engagement
A component of the project management plan that identifies the strategies and actions required to promote productive involvement of stakeholders in project decision making and execution. Contains a strategy to involve each project stakeholder based on needs, expectations, interests, and potential impact on the project Enables the implementation of appropriate management strategies to engage stakeholders with the right-level of management based on the number of stakeholders Encourages the formation and maintenance of relationships between the project team and stakeholders
Procurement Management Plan
A component of the project or program management plan that describes how a project team will acquire goods and services from outside the performing organization. RFP - Request for Proposal RFQ/IFB - Request for Quote/Invitation for Bid RFI - Request for Information
Requirements Management Plan Planning Phase
A component of the project or program management plan that describes how requirements will be analyzed, documented, and managed.
Decision Making Process: Consensus (4)
A decision making process used by a group to reach a decision everyone can support. 1. fist of five - five fingers agree/fist disagree 2. roman voting - thumbs up/down 3. polling - share POV, agree or if objections the facilitator works to resolve issues. 4. dot voting - use sticky dots to prioritize items in a list
Delphi Technique
A decision-making technique in which group members do not meet face-to-face but respond in writing to questions posed by the group leader.
Quality Metrics
A description of a project or product attribute and how to measure it.
What is a Vision?
A desired end state. May Include: 1. solution description 2. intended users or consumers 3. desired objectives 4. differentiators 5. key features and benefits
Vision
A desired end-state, a set of desired objectives and outcomes. May Include: Product or solution description Intended users or consumers of the solution Key desired objectives Differentiators from competitive approaches Key features and benefits
WBS Dictionary
A document that provides detailed deliverable, activity, and scheduling information about each component in the work breakdown structure. Code of account identifier • Description of work • Assumptions and constraints • Responsible organization • Schedule milestones • Associated schedule activities • Resources required to complete the work • Cost estimations • Quality requirements • Acceptance criteria • Technical references • Agreement information
Issue Log
A document where information about issues is recorded and monitored. When there's an issue, first thing you do is log it. Documentation first, then resolve, then LL, then OPA
Project Benefits Management Plan
A documented created and maintained by the project sponsor and the project manager. Defines what benefits the project will create, when the benefits will be realized, and how the benefits will be measured.
Change Control Board (CCB)
A formally chartered group responsible for reviewing, evaluating, approving, delaying, or rejecting changes to the project, and for recording and communicating such decisions
Burnup Chart
A graph to show the progress and gains made by the project team over time
Burndown Chart
A graph to show the progress by plotting the burning down of work during an iteration or other time period
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. Predictive - used to identify the work needed to produce the deliverables and assign work to team members
Pareto Chart vs. Histogram
A histogram is a bar graph that illustrates the frequency of an event occurring using the height of the bar as an indicator. A Pareto chart is a special type of histogram that represents the Pareto philosophy (the 80/20 rule) through displaying the events by order of impact. Used to focus corrective action on the problems having the greatest effect on overall quality performance.
Activity Dependency
A logical relationship that exists between two project activities. The relationship indicates whether the start of an activity is contingent upon an event or input from outside the activity. mandatory (contractually required) or discretionary (based on a best practice) external (outside team's control) or internal (within the team's control)
Monte Carlo Simulation
A mathematical technique that allows you to account for risk and help you make data-driven decisions. It is based on historical data that is run through many random simulations to project the probable outcome of future projects under similar circumstances. Quantitative
Stakeholder Engagement Assessment Matrix
A matrix that compares CURRENT and DESIRED stakeholder engagement levels.
Stakeholder Engagement Assessment Matrix
A matrix that compares current and desired stakeholder engagement levels. Unaware Resistant Neutral Supportive Leading
Earned Value Management (EVM)
A methodology that combines scope, schedule, and cost measurements to assess project performance and progress. PV = Planned Value EV = Earned Value AC = Actual Cost
Precedence Relationship Finish to Finish
A must finish before B can finish
McKinsey's 7-S Model
Can be used to assess internal change in a business, objective is to improve business performance, look at effects of change across the business and show the best ways to put change into all operations - Strategy - Skills - Structure - Style - Systems - Staff - Shared values by using all elements together Pros: - Management can identify where change is required within the business - Can be used in any situation of change Cons: - Ignores external environment - Static model - Difficult to assess
What term is part of contract procurement and administration. In creating a contract, contested and potential constructive changes often arise. These changes arise when both buyer and seller do not agree that a change has occurred during the creation of the contract.
Claims Administration
What is the practice of locating all team members in a central location?
Co-location
What is it called when you enable an experienced team member to coach a less experienced team member.
Coaching Think of coaching Thomas/Juan.
Collaborate vs. Compromise
Collaborate: discuss all options and work through the problem to find solutions that are agreeable to all. Compromising: meet in the middle without much real discussion.
Hearing different opinions and thoughtfully working through the problems to find solutions that are agreeable to all is referred to as what?
Collaboration
The following collaboration tools are examples of what? Shared task boards (Kanban) Messaging & Chat boards Knowledge Repositories to store shared documents Video conferencing tools
Collaboration Technology
What is a Project Overview Statement? What are the 5 component parts?
Communicates enterprise-wide the intent and the vision of the project. Problem or opportunity Project goal Project objectives Success criteria Assumptions, risks, and obstacles
Agile Paired Value #2 Working Software OVER
Comprehensive Documentation
Enterprise Environmental Factors (EEF)
Conditions, not under the immediate control of the team, that influence, constrain, or direct the project, program, or portfolio. Internal to Organization & External to Organization.
All changes approved by the change control board are implemented on the project, then updates are made where?
Configuration Management Plan
Contingency Reserves vs. Management Reserves
Contingency (known-unknowns) Owned by Project Manager Management Reserves (unknown-unknowns) Owned by Management
What theory emphasizes the importance of both the leader's personality and the situation in which that leader operates?
Contingency Theory
Agile Paired Value #3 Customer Collaboration OVER
Contract Negotiation
The approved version of the time-phased project budget, including contingency reserves and excluding any management reserves, which can be changed only through formal change control procedures and is used as a basis for comparison to actual results.
Cost Baseline
Product Backlog Prioritization Techniques: Kano Model Is set up on a x and y axis and has four categories of customer preferences. Name the preferences.
Exciters Features that deliver new high-value to the customer Satisfiers Features that bring value to the customer Dis-satisfiers Features that if not included, would cause the users to dislike the product Indifferent Features that have no impact on the customer
What theory proposes that employees are motivated when they are given assignments they feel confident they can achieve, when they value the compensation you offer and when they believe you will compensate them as promised?
Expectancy Theory
What kind of knowledge can be codified using symbols such as words, numbers, and pictures? Can be documented and shared with others.
Explicit Knowledge
What kinds of failure costs are found by the customer?
External Failure Costs
A negative risk, when it occurs, meets the definition of an issue.
FACT
Control accounts can contain more than one work package, but each work package is assigned to only one control account
FACT
In Predictive - The scope baseline for the project is the approved version of the project scope statement, work breakdown structure (WBS), and associated WBS dictionary. Once approved, must follow change request process.
FACT
Work packages and activities (or tasks) have a distinct meaning: • A work package is the lowest level of the WBS • An activity is a smaller component of a decomposed work package
FACT
Agile Project Suitability Questionnaire FLOWS INTO A Suitability Assessment Radar Chart
Facilitate assessment and discussion about whether projects should be undertaken using predictive, hybrid, or agile approaches and are used to help gauge likely fit and potential problem areas. They assess: Culture: Is there a supportive environment with buy-in for the approach and trust in the team? Decision Making Team: Is the team of a suitable size to be successful in adopting agile, do its members have the necessary experience and access to business representatives to be successful? Will the team be given autonomy to make their own local decisions about how to undertake work? Project: Are there high rates of change? Is incremental delivery possible?
A Team Facilitator in Agile is focused on what?
Facilitating collaboration. Sometimes called a project manager, scrum master, project team lead, team coach, or team facilitator.
What are the 4 project phases? FDDD
Feasibility, Design, Develop, Deploy
Process Group: Closing
Finalizing all activities across all process groups to formally close a project, phase or contract.
The Ishikawa diagram is also called what?
Fish Bone diagram Cause & Effect Diagram. Helps identify various potential causes of quality defects. Finds root cause.
The concept of slack time between activities, or the amount of slack time and activity can be delayed without delay in the project, or the amount of time that a project to be delayed without overrunning an imposed deadline.
Float
A Project Sponsor is:
Focused on business value. Accountable for the success of a project. Able to fund and staff the project. Addresses internal political and strategic issues that impact the team/project. Regularly engaged in Agile.
Agile Paired Value #4 Responding to Change OVER
Following a Plan
As a new team member joins, the team will return to what stage of the Tuckman Ladder stage of team development?
Forming (starts all over)
Tuckman Ladder (5 Stages of Team Development) Freddie Sailed North Past Alaska
Forming: team members get to know each other and trust one another. Storming: team members begin to assert themselves and control emerging issues. Norming: team begins to work productively, without worrying about personal acceptance or control issues. Performing: team is working at optimum productivity and is collaborating easily, communicating freely, and solving its own conflict problems. Adjourning: team members complete their assigned work and shift to the next project or assigned task.
The amount of time a schedule activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any successor or violating a schedule constraint is known as:
Free Float
The amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of the earliest successor.
Free Float
Cost Estimating Techniques
From least accurate (quickest) to most accurate (time consuming): 1. Analogous: using historical info 2. Parametric: using historical with math 3. Bottom-Up: break info details 4. Three-Point: pessimistic, most likely, optimistic a. simple average (P+M+O) / 3 b. PERT/Beta (P+ (4*M) + O) / 6
Control Chart
Includes control limits and specification limits. Specification limits related to the product. Control limits related to the process and calculated at +/- 3 standard deviations. Rule of 7: If seven consecutive data points are plotted on the same side of the mean (either all above or all below the mean), even if they are within the control limits, the project manager should investigate, because the process is out of control
What project methodology is best when... Dynamic requirements, as well as frequent small deliveries • Speed to deliver small increments is a major goal
Incremental
What kind of power applies flattery to win favor or cooperation?
Ingratiating Power
Sourced-Based Risk Classification
Internal External Technical Non-Technical Industry Specific Generic
What kind of failure costs are found by the project?
Internal Failure Costs
Cost of Quality: Cost of Non-Conformance
Internal Failure Costs (Failures found by the project): Rework, scrap. External Failure Costs (Failures Found by the Customer): Liabilities, Warranty Work, Lost Business Money spent during and after the project because of failures.
Conflict is inevitable and are usually related to what?
Interpersonal OR task
Earned Value Analysis (EVA)
Is commonly used to compare actual results to the performance measurement baseline to determine if a change, corrective action, or preventive action is required to maintain planned value. Example from class where we hired a builder to build wall. The entire packet is based off EVA.
What is a Stakeholder Register?
It identifies the people, groups, and organizations interested in the project or its outcome.
Another term for Sprint Planning is called?
Iteration Planning.
Product Backlog vs. Iteration Backlog
Iteration backlogs include items from the product backlog that can conceivably be completed within the time period based on the team's capacity A product backlog is a list of the expected work to deliver the product
What project methodology is best when... Dynamic requirements and activities are repeated until they are deemed correct
Iterative
What are the 4 Prioritization Techniques used in the Product Backlog?
Kano MoSCoW Analysis Paired Comparison Analysis 100 Points Method
There are 4 prioritization techniques in a product backlog. What technique has four categories of customer preferences including: exciters Q1, satisfiers Q2, dissatisfiers Q3, indifferent (0,0)? x-axis = Presence of Characteristic y-axis = Customer Satisfaction
Kano Model
Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Model (Five Levels of Conflict)
Level 1: Problem to Solve Everyday passing conflict; easily resolved Level 2: Disagreement Self-preservation is as important as a solution Level 3: Contest Goal is to win; overshadows resolution Level 4: Crusade Resolving situation is not enough; members take sides & protect their group Level 5: World War Someone MUST lose; little to no communication between groups
A Project Manager in Predictive is focused on what?
Managing coordination of project. Two stakeholders in mind: sponsor and team.
The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform.
McGregor Theory X
The assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.
McGregor Theory Y
What is the transfer of knowledge to advise, counsel, or guide individuals? Discuss past experiences.
Mentoring Ross/Anthony
Consolidate ideas created through individual brainstorming sessions into a single map to reflect commonality and differences in understanding and to generate new ideas
Mind Mapping
There are 4 prioritization techniques in a product backlog. What technique includes: Must Have - required feature Should Have - important but not critical Could Have - possible if budget and schedule allows Won't Have - nice to have but won't be included
MoSCoW Analysis
Cost of Nonconformance
Money spent during and after the project because of failures. Internal failure costs and external failure costs
Cost of Conformance
Money spent during the project to avoid failures. Prevention costs and appraisal costs
Product Backlog Prioritization Techniques: MoSCoW Analysis Has four categories on "haves". Name the haves.
Must Have Should Have Could Have Won't Have
Organizational Theory: McClelland's Theory of Needs
Need for affiliation (top) Need for power Need for achievement (bottom)
Are Enterprise Environmental Factors (EEF) under the control of the project team?
No. They can be internal or external to the organization.
Are the Project Business Case and Benefits Management Plan static documents?
No. They should be regularly evaluated against the external business environment.
Supplement functional requirements to describe environmental conditions or qualities required for the product to be effective • e.g. reliability, security, performance, safety, level of service, supportability, retention/purge, etc.
Non-Functional Requirements
A Training Calendar consists of what?
PM needs to publish a calendar for training dates/locations. Need also be published to stakeholders. Needs mechanism for registration/confirmation messages Provide class roster/way to capture signature of attendees
All of the following are guidelines for collecting what? Review the project charter Review the scope management plan Review the requirements management plan Review the stakeholder register Review the stakeholder engagement plan Use tools and techniques such as interviews, focus groups, facilitated workshops, decision making techniques, and so on Document requirements in the requirements documentation and the requirements traceability matrix
Project Requirements
What is the difference between project requirements and product requirements?
Project Requirements: The actions, processes, or other conditions the project needs to meet e.g. milestone dates, contractual obligations, constraints, etc. Product Requirements: The agreed-upon conditions or capabilities of a product, service, or outcome that the project is designed to satisfy.
All of the following are guidelines for developing what? Review the scope management plan for the activities for developing, monitoring, and controlling the project scope Review the project charter for the high-level project description and product characteristic and project approval requirements Review the requirements documentation Review the OPAs Use tools and techniques such as expert judgment, product analysis, alternatives analysis, and facilitated workshops to define the project scope Document the project scope statement and update any project documents, as needed
Project Scope Statement
Whose responsibility is it to officially sign off on the project deliverables?
Project Sponsor since they provided the resources for the project.
A Program is a collection of related _______________?
Projects
Projects vs. Operations
Projects are temporary. Operations are ongoing.
A Portfolio is a collection of _________________________?
Projects, Programs and other work.
Organizational Theory: Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
Proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors: Work satisfaction from so-called motivating factors Work dissatisfaction from so-called hygiene factors
Organizational Theory: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Pyramid: Self-actualization (top) Esteem Belonging Safety Physiological (bottom)
Focus groups are considered what kind of research?
Qualitative
What kind of risk prioritizes identified risks by assessing their probability and impact?
Qualitative Risk Analysis
Quality Control vs. Quality Assurance
Quality Control can be defined as "part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements." Quality Assurance relates to how a process is performed or how a product is made, quality control is more the inspection aspect of quality management.
A facilitation technique which seeks out customer needs, uncovers positive quality to impresses the customer and translates these into design characteristics and deliverable actions is known as what?
Quality Function Deployment
What kind of risk uses mathematical models to calculate risk responses, and can be time consuming and expensive. Therefore, only the highest priority risks are advanced to quantitative analysis.
Quantitative Risk Analysis
A common type of responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) that uses responsible, accountable, consult, and inform statuses to define the involvement of stakeholders in project activities. The purpose is to show the relationship between work packages and the team members. Predictive. Only 1 person or entity can be accountable for any one piece of work.
RACI Chart
This authority comes from the extent to which people admire, respect, and like a specific leader. Credibility.
Referent Power
What kind of power is related to networking and has connections and alliances?
Relational Power
The following are tools & techniques for collecting what? Expert Judgement Data Gathering Data Analysis Decision Making Data Representation Interpersonal and Team Skills Context Diagram Prototypes
Requirements
What tool helps identify and maintain the status of the projects requirements and deliverables? Specifically for product requirements and is used as the measurement tool for product scope.
Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM)
What is the amount of risk remaining after implementing the response plan?
Residual Risk
What is the document that encapsulates the list of resources needed for each task to complete a project? It is the simplest way to gather info on groups of resources.
Resource Breakdown Structure
What is the difference between the Risk Management Plan and the Risk Register?
Risk Management Plan is HOW the risk is managed. Risk Register is a listing of all the risks.
Who is responsible for ensuring that agreed-upon responses will be executed for risk events that occur?
Risk Owner
Risk vs. Issue Risk is focused on the _________? Issues are focused on the ________?
Risk is focused on the future (what could or may happen) Risk can be positive or negative. Documented in Risk Register Response is called "risk response" Issue is focused on the present. Issues can only be negative. Documented in the Issue Log Response is called a "workaround"
Types of Voting (4)
Unanimity Everyone agrees on a single course of action Useful in project teams with great cohesion Majority Decision reached with > 50% of group support Tip: Create groups of an uneven number of participants to ensure decisions are made and tie votes avoided Plurality Decision reached with largest block in a group deciding, even if majority is not achieved Use this method when more than 2 options are nominated Agile Methods Thumbs up/down/sideways Fist of Five
Retrospective
Used to identify what the team can improve during the upcoming sprint.
Short descriptions of required functionality; told from user's point of view As a (role), I want to (goal), so that (benefit).
User Story
A technique for determining the difference between baseline and actual performance
Variance Analysis
What is the term that describes the number of story points that a team can finish per sprint based on past performance?
Velocity
Delivery Models for Training might include:
Virtual Instructor Led Self-Paced e-Learning Document Review
Definition of Done
When all conditions, or acceptance criteria, that a software must satisfy are met and ready to be accepted by the end user.
In predictive project management, use a _________________________________ to assign work to team members?
Work Breakdown Structure
Work defined at the lowest level of breakdown in a WBS for which cost and duration can be estimated and managed
Work Package
Data reviewed in context with the baseline. Work performance information is put into a physical or electronic report. Predictive: % of work complete quality and performance metrics change requests defects costs Agile: completed user stories product backlog progress
Work Performance Report
A Resource Calendar identifies what?
Working days, shifts, and when specific resources (people, equipment, material, etc.) are made available to the project. ex: when a contractor will be available. when a team member is on vacation.
Conflict Management: Cooperativeness x Assertiveness
X-axis: cooperation Y-axis: assertiveness avoid/withdraw (turtle) smooth/accommodate (teddy bear) compromise/reconcile (fox) force/direct (shark) collaborate/problem solve (owl)
Continuum of Life Cycles
Y-axis: frequency of delivery X-axis: degree of change low/low - predictive high/high - agile low/high - incremental high/low - iterative
Trigger Condition in Risk
an event or situation that indicates a risk is about to occur.
Impediment
an obstacle that prevents the team from achieving it's objectives AKA blocker.
What is Brainwriting and how is it used?
it can be used to generate new ideas, encourage creative problem-solving, and develop innovative solutions. But, instead of getting people to discuss ideas out loud, brainwriting gets people to write them down and share them anonymously.
Risks can be positive or negative. Minimize individual project threats AND
maximize individual projet opportunities
Autocratic Decision Making
one team member makes the decision for the group
Who is responsible for approving the project management plan?
project manager, sponsor and key stakeholders
Name the four PMI Code of Ethics?
responsibility, respect, fairness, and honesty RESPECT, responsibility Fairlife Hones-T
Bidder Conference
• Meetings conducted by the buyer prior to submissions of a bid or proposal by the vendors • The buyer explains the requirements, proposed terms, and conditions, and the buyer clarifies the vendors' queries • Buyer ensures all prospective vendors have a clear and common understanding of the technical and contractual requirements of the procurement • Also known as vendor conferences, pre-bid conferences, pre-proposal conferences, and contractor conferences
Disciplined Agile (DA)
• Use DA approaches to support dynamic work environments • Product owner creates a minimum business increment (MBI) that defines work requirements to deliver the stated value • The MBI creates value quickly and incrementally, so the business can start using and benefitting from it • Advantages: • Feature or capability assessment • Improve organizational tolerance for change • A time cadence for subsequent releases
