Prompts and Prompt fading
model prompt
exhibiting the correct response
stimulus fading
fading out a prompt that is a controlling stimulus or highlighted physical dimension of the target SD
shadowing
following the movements of a learner's behavior in close proximity serves as a visual guide (does not involve touching the learner) part of graduated guidance
graduated guidance
full guidance is provided immediately, but faded immediately contingent upon correct responding
stimulus shape transformation
changing the topography of the physical stimulus (the shape looks like the word that is to be read)
prompt
a supplemental antecedent stimulus that is used to occasion the correct response presented with an SD or after the SD alone has failed to occasion the response *temporary stimuli* (SD's are permanent) increases the probability that an individual will EMIT the correct response
stimulus prompt
alter a feature of the target SD or adds a stimulus to the target SD (changing the shape of letters, changing the color of the background, etc)
least to most prompting
initial opportunity to respond independently, if not response then immediate low-level assistance, higher level assistance follow subsequent errors
constant time delay (prompt delay)
interval starts at 0 and after several trials jumps to a predetermined maximum delay (4-7sec)
response prompt
involves behaviors of other people (model, instruct, or cue) (verbal instructions, modeling, physical guidance)
redundancy cues
pairing one or more dimensions of a shape, color, size, or position with the correct selection
spatial fading
part of graduated guidance involves moving the location of the prompt
gestural prompt
physical movement to evoke the target response
physical guidance
physically moving the person's body to assist them to complete the target behavior
position cues
placing the correct selection closest to the student
time delay (prompt delay)
prompt is provided immediately on first trial, prompt is delayed progressively allowing the learner increasing time to respond
progression prompt delay
starts at 0 and increases (to no more than 7 seconds) , which progression over several trials, few sessions, or few days
most to least prompting
the initial prompt is known to occasion the behavior, progressive fading of the prompt follows after every few sessions
movement cue
touching, pointing to, or tapping the correct response