Prompts and Prompt fading

model prompt

exhibiting the correct response

stimulus fading

fading out a prompt that is a controlling stimulus or highlighted physical dimension of the target SD

shadowing

following the movements of a learner's behavior in close proximity serves as a visual guide (does not involve touching the learner) part of graduated guidance

graduated guidance

full guidance is provided immediately, but faded immediately contingent upon correct responding

stimulus shape transformation

changing the topography of the physical stimulus (the shape looks like the word that is to be read)

prompt

a supplemental antecedent stimulus that is used to occasion the correct response presented with an SD or after the SD alone has failed to occasion the response *temporary stimuli* (SD's are permanent) increases the probability that an individual will EMIT the correct response

stimulus prompt

alter a feature of the target SD or adds a stimulus to the target SD (changing the shape of letters, changing the color of the background, etc)

least to most prompting

initial opportunity to respond independently, if not response then immediate low-level assistance, higher level assistance follow subsequent errors

constant time delay (prompt delay)

interval starts at 0 and after several trials jumps to a predetermined maximum delay (4-7sec)

response prompt

involves behaviors of other people (model, instruct, or cue) (verbal instructions, modeling, physical guidance)

redundancy cues

pairing one or more dimensions of a shape, color, size, or position with the correct selection

spatial fading

part of graduated guidance involves moving the location of the prompt

gestural prompt

physical movement to evoke the target response

physical guidance

physically moving the person's body to assist them to complete the target behavior

position cues

placing the correct selection closest to the student

time delay (prompt delay)

prompt is provided immediately on first trial, prompt is delayed progressively allowing the learner increasing time to respond

progression prompt delay

starts at 0 and increases (to no more than 7 seconds) , which progression over several trials, few sessions, or few days

most to least prompting

the initial prompt is known to occasion the behavior, progressive fading of the prompt follows after every few sessions

movement cue

touching, pointing to, or tapping the correct response