Proteins
Give 3 examples of proteins in living organisms.
1. hormones 2. movement 3. enzymes
How many different amino acids are there?
20
How many essential amino acids are there?
8
Proteins most common elements are....
C,H,O,N,S carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
What is it called when a protein unfolds?
Denaturation
What do you notice when you compare the proteins of different people?
Difference in appearance such as hair color and skin tone
What protein is responsible for transporting oxygen?
Hemoglobin
Identify the bonds that hold together the tertiary structure. What bond is the strongest.
Hydrogen and Covalent bonds are the strongest bonds that hold together tertiary structure.
What bonds hold together the secondary structure?
Hydrogen bonds
How do hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophilic amino acids cause proteins to have a specific shape?
Hydrophobic amino acids hide in the protein to avoid water. Hydrophilic amino acids stay on the outside of the protein to get water. This all affects the shape.
What causes the R-groups to interact with each other and the polypeptides to join together? (Tertiary structure)
Hydrophobic regions face inward, and hydrophillic face out.
Why does unfolding a protein make it not able to do its job in a living organism?
If the protein unfolds, the shape will be altered making it unable to function and do its job in a living organism.
How is the primary structure determined.
It is determined by DNA genetic code, A,G,C,T
How are proteins built?
Making a chain of amino acids and molding into the correct shape in order for it to function properly. The molecule folds to create the right shape.
List 3 ways that living creatures use proteins.
Muscles, skin, and nails are examples of ways that creatures use protein.
Tertiary structure
Polypeptides join together, r-groups interact with each other
How a protein functions depends on its what?
Structure or shape
What main feature distinguishes one amino acid from another?
The R-group
Amino acids are divide up into what two basic groups?
The amino group and the carboxyl group
How is the tertiary structure of a protein determined?
The tertiary structure is determined by the chemistry and laws.
Discuss how only 20 amino acids can give rise to an infinite number of different protein shapes.
There are many different combination options. The order can change in many different sequences.
Why are the 8 amino acids called "essential"?
They cannot be made and must be eaten
Quaternary structure
a combining of two or more polypeptides chains to form the final protein.
A different sequence of amino acids =
a different protein
Monomers
amino acids
Proteins are chains of what smaller organic molecule?
amino acids
How are proteins constructed?
by the linking of amino acids through dehydration synthesis bonds from to hold the amino acids together.
what role do enzymes have in your body?
enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Collagen
gives structure and support to our skin, tendons, and even bones
How does insulin act as a regulating protein hormone?
helps cells store sugar in the bloodstream as glycogen
keratin
makes up our hair and nails
List three foods that contain mostly proteins.
meats, nuts and beans
Myofibril proteins like actin and myosin can be found in what?
muscles
Name 2 environmental factors that can affect protein shape.
ph and temperature
polypeptide
protein polymer
How else can protein structures be affected besides environmental factors?
protein structures can be affected by genetic change and amino substitution.
Secondary structure
refers to the localized organization of parts of a polypeptide chain, which can assume several different spatial arrangements. May form alpha helix or pleated sheets.
Primary structure
specific sequence of amino acids in a protein