Proteins

Give 3 examples of proteins in living organisms.

1. hormones 2. movement 3. enzymes

How many different amino acids are there?

20

How many essential amino acids are there?

8

Proteins most common elements are....

C,H,O,N,S carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

What is it called when a protein unfolds?

Denaturation

What do you notice when you compare the proteins of different people?

Difference in appearance such as hair color and skin tone

What protein is responsible for transporting oxygen?

Hemoglobin

Identify the bonds that hold together the tertiary structure. What bond is the strongest.

Hydrogen and Covalent bonds are the strongest bonds that hold together tertiary structure.

What bonds hold together the secondary structure?

Hydrogen bonds

How do hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophilic amino acids cause proteins to have a specific shape?

Hydrophobic amino acids hide in the protein to avoid water. Hydrophilic amino acids stay on the outside of the protein to get water. This all affects the shape.

What causes the R-groups to interact with each other and the polypeptides to join together? (Tertiary structure)

Hydrophobic regions face inward, and hydrophillic face out.

Why does unfolding a protein make it not able to do its job in a living organism?

If the protein unfolds, the shape will be altered making it unable to function and do its job in a living organism.

How is the primary structure determined.

It is determined by DNA genetic code, A,G,C,T

How are proteins built?

Making a chain of amino acids and molding into the correct shape in order for it to function properly. The molecule folds to create the right shape.

List 3 ways that living creatures use proteins.

Muscles, skin, and nails are examples of ways that creatures use protein.

Tertiary structure

Polypeptides join together, r-groups interact with each other

How a protein functions depends on its what?

Structure or shape

What main feature distinguishes one amino acid from another?

The R-group

Amino acids are divide up into what two basic groups?

The amino group and the carboxyl group

How is the tertiary structure of a protein determined?

The tertiary structure is determined by the chemistry and laws.

Discuss how only 20 amino acids can give rise to an infinite number of different protein shapes.

There are many different combination options. The order can change in many different sequences.

Why are the 8 amino acids called "essential"?

They cannot be made and must be eaten

Quaternary structure

a combining of two or more polypeptides chains to form the final protein.

A different sequence of amino acids =

a different protein

Monomers

amino acids

Proteins are chains of what smaller organic molecule?

amino acids

How are proteins constructed?

by the linking of amino acids through dehydration synthesis bonds from to hold the amino acids together.

what role do enzymes have in your body?

enzymes speed up chemical reactions

Collagen

gives structure and support to our skin, tendons, and even bones

How does insulin act as a regulating protein hormone?

helps cells store sugar in the bloodstream as glycogen

keratin

makes up our hair and nails

List three foods that contain mostly proteins.

meats, nuts and beans

Myofibril proteins like actin and myosin can be found in what?

muscles

Name 2 environmental factors that can affect protein shape.

ph and temperature

polypeptide

protein polymer

How else can protein structures be affected besides environmental factors?

protein structures can be affected by genetic change and amino substitution.

Secondary structure

refers to the localized organization of parts of a polypeptide chain, which can assume several different spatial arrangements. May form alpha helix or pleated sheets.

Primary structure

specific sequence of amino acids in a protein