Proteins

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

Identify a key component of the immune system.

Antibody proteins

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true? Select all that apply.

Fatty liver is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor. A young child may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels. Edema is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor.

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Nonessential

______ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood

Proteins

______ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins

Which shape of the protein determines the function?

Tertiary

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______, such as insulin and glucagon.

hormones

The RDA for protein would be higher

in highly trained athletes. during recovery from illness or injury.

Which of the following diseases is most likely to result from a severe protein deficit accompanied by an illness or infection?

kwashiorkor

North Americans consume ______ protein from animal sources in comparison to people from other countries.

more

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins.

Both animal proteins and human tissue have a _____ amino acid composition.

similar

If your carbohydrate intake is inadequate, the liver is forced to make glucose from ______.

stored glycogen amino acids in body tissues protein in body tissues

Identify the different levels of protein organization.

tertiary structure primary structure quaternary structure secondary structure

Whenever Suzy eats spinach she gets an upset stomach. Suzy is most likely experiencing a

food intolerance.

Put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish.

1) Proteins are partially digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid 2) Final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine 3) Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and transported to the liver 4) Little dietary protein is present in the feces

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that protein intake does not exceed ___% of energy intake.

35

Proteins supply the body with about kilocalories per gram.

4

Proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram.

4

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the code.

DNA

is a double-stranded molecule in a helical form.

DNA

Most vital body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair. What is this process called?

Protein turnover

Which nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues?

Proteins

The amino group is in what form in the urine?

Urea

Which structural proteins make up more than a third of body protein?

actin myosin collagen

The most common nutritional concerns for infants and children following vegetarian and vegan diets are:

Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Iron

The blood proteins _______________ are important in maintaining fluid balance.

albumin globulin

Denaturation is the process of

altering the 3-dimensional structure of a protein.

A carbon skeleton is an amino acid without the .

amine group

A(n) is composed of four elements: a nitrogen, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group.

amino acid

Most of the ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins.

amino acids

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies

calorie deficiency. lack of nutrients.

Amino acids that are dispensable ______.

can be made from other amino acids

If a food _______ it should allow for efficient incorporation of food-derived amino acids into body protein.

contains all 9 essential amino acids

What can cause denaturation?

exposure to alkaline solutions exposure to acid solutions agitation

The major sources of protein in many areas of the world, excluding North America, are

plants.

Amino acids are the basic elements used in the synthesis of ______.

protein

The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes is ______.

protein

Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

protein

The process of protein turnover involves protein _____.

repair rebuilding breakdown

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except

sodium.

The amino acids needed for the synthesis of protein are supplied by

the diet. recycling of body protein.

Which hormone is made only from one amino acid?

thyroid hormone

What proteins function as transporters for other nutrients?

transferrin lipoproteins

Healthy individuals need to consume protein in an amount that replaces the protein lost in ____.

urine feces hair

Healthy individuals who are not in periods of growth or recovering from an illness or injury need to consume protein in an amount that is ______ the amount lost in urine, feces, sweat, skin cells, hair, and nails.

equal to

There are _____ nonessential amino acids.

11

This is a measurement of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein.

Biological value

Which population has a high prevalence of PEM?

Central America

Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids?

Help to maintain body fluid

Match the protein transporter with its function.

Hemoglobin-Carries oxygen Lipoprotein-Transports lipids Retinolbinding protein-Carries vitamin A Transferrin-Carries iron

_____ -protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease.

High

What will happen if the DNA code contains errors?

Incorrect mRNA will be produced. The polypeptide chain will be incorrect. Ribosomes will read the incorrect message.

______ is known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes."

Kwashiorkor

Which of the following is the primary cause of marasmus?

Lack of food/nutrients

What individuals are at risk for PEM?

Living in poverty Suffering from anorexia nervosa Hospitalized patients

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. Proteins aid in cell synthesis. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions.

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

Pump ions into and out of cells Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

Stomach

What is the reason why energy needs may not be met in infants and children following a vegetarian or vegan diet?

They consume a diet rich in high fiber, low calorie foods that cause fullness.

Which of the following are the four (4) building blocks of DNA?

Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

Proteins from ______ are considered to be a good source of all 9 essential amino acids.

animals

An essential amino acid

cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts. must be included in the diet or a deficiency will occur.

An amino acid without an amino group is called a

carbon skeleton.

Each three nucleotide unit or codon ______.

codes for a specific amino acid is made of DNA

The nucleotide units that contain instructions for protein synthesis are called ____.

codons.

Nonessential amino acids are also called

dispensable amino acids.

Diets containing excessive amounts of protein ____ provide additional health benefits.

do not

The 11 nonessential amino acids ______.

do not need to be present in the diet can be made in our bodies

A(n) amino acid, also called indispensable, cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, if at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential

Meat, poultry, fish, and eggs are a good source of all nine , or indispensable, amino acids.

essential

A high-protein diet can affect the kidneys by

increasing the production of urea.

Which form of PEM is characterized by edema and the development of a fatty liver?

kwashiorkor

When carbohydrates are in short supply, the ______ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues.

liver

Chronic protein-energy malnutrition results in

marasmus.

The biological value of plant proteins is usually _____ that of animal proteins.

much lower than

A(n) amino acid, sometimes called dispensable, is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

The bond that links amino acids together to form a protein is called a ____ bond

peptide

A(n)_______ usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients.

protein deficiency

During periods of mental stress, physical labor, and routine weekend sport, a person's protein needs ______.

remain unchanged