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140. Conception of the dynamics of scientific knowledge, that implies both "a period of normal science" and "period of paradigm shift" belongs to
T. Kuhn
42. The revolutionary model of reconstruction and development of scientific knowledge, is presented by
T. Kuhn
150. Hermeneutics is understood by this thinker not only as a method of the humanities,but also as a kind of ontology
H.-G.. Hadamer
141. According to T. Kuhn, paradigm is
a model of formulation of the problem and solving research tasks
147. Position, which is based on an idea of the limited possibilities of science, interpreted as a force alien to the true nature of man
anti-scientism
36. The method of investigation of the historical phenomenon when a "live" image is restored, i.e. its content is reproduced in all the specific historical details
antikvarizm
143. The method of deductive construction of a scientific theory, at which some initial statements that cannot be provable in this theory, are placed in its foundation
axiomatic
10. Totality of procedures and methods of acquiring knowledge about the phenomena and the laws of the objective world
cognition
11. Mental activity, the result of which is the awareness about the real world, as well as the ideas and imaginations that reflect the real world
cognition
101. Division into basic and applied sciences depends on the ... goals of knowledg
cognitive and applied
126. Scientific rationality means
correlation of knowledge with logical and methodological norms
4. The idea is called true if it
corresponds to its object
37. Epistemological model of growth of scientific knowledge, according to which the evolution of science is reduced to a gradual continuous gathering of absolutely reliable, unproblematic (or highly probable) theories
cumulativism
22. Elementary empirical laws are set by
deductive method
134. The essence of the ideographic method is
description of the individual characteristics and facts
19. There are two levels of scientific knowledge depending on the depth of penetration into the essence of investigated phenomena and processes
empirical and theoretical
21. The sensible objects of reality, an important elements of scientific knowledge
empirical objects
106. Natural science of XVII-XVIII centuries was based on the idea that the mind is
endowed with the status of sovereignty
149. M. Foucault's one of the key concepts in the book "The Order of Things An Archaeology of the Human Sciences"
episteme
18. The philosophical-methodological discipline that concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge and is also referred to as "theory of knowledge"
epistemology
14. Section of philosophy that studies the nature of human knowledge, its sources and conditions, the relation of knowledge to the subject of knowledge, conditions of reliability and truthfulness of knowledge
epistemology/ gnoseology
102. According to the substantial conception of space and time, they are
exist irrespective of material objects
15. The method of cognition, by which the phenomena of reality explore in a controlled and managed conditions
experience
8. Sensual-empirical knowledge of reality, based on practice; in a broader sense - the unity of skills and knowledge
experience
129. Methodological position that recognizes the outer social factors as a source of the science's development
externalism
17. The direction in XX century's historiography and philosophy of science, explaining the origin and development of scientific ideas and theories as a result of the decisive influence of socio-economic, that is non-scientific factors
externalism
104. Random deviations of the system from some middle position
fluctuation
133. The essence of the nomothetic method is
generalization and establishment of laws
131. The science that studies the laws and conditions of creative activity
heuristics
112. Form of knowledge, which requires of further justification
hypothesis
130. One of the methods of scientific knowledge, involving the advancement and subsequent experimental verification of assumptions, as well as a structural element of the scientific theory
hypothesis
119. Mental designing concepts about objects that do not exist and is not feasible in reality, but for which there are prototypes in the real world
idealization
29. A set of rules, patterns of scientific and cognitive activity that provide the verity of cognition's outcome
ideals and norms of research
26. The bases of scientific cognition include
ideals, norms and principles of research
135. Proliferation of theories means
impetuous quantitative growth of competing theories
138. According to this principle, various theories cannot be compared with each other in terms of their truthfulness, because the creation of precise universal standards of separation the true knowledge from the false is artificial
incommensurability
121. Epistemological concept according to which the intelligence is only a mean of adaptation to changing environmental conditions
instrumentalism
2. The trend in XX century's historiography and philosophy of science that explains the origin and development of scientific ideas and theories by intrascientific factors
internalism
142. The fundamental operation of thinking, imparting a meaning to any manifestations of human activity, the basis of any communication process
interpretation
136. The ability to comprehension of the truth through its direct discretion without justification by proving
intuition
128. Externalism is the view that the history of science is due to
its social context
1. The result of the process of cognition, usually expressed in language or in any symbolic form
knowledge
25. Theoretical laws, unlike empirical regularities, are
laws of unobservable objects
146. According to neopositivism, a truly scientific philosophy is possible only as
logical analysis of the science's language
139. Cognitive procedure aimed at determining the quantitative relationship
measuring
105. The ideals, norms and ontological principles of natural science of XVII-XVIII centuries were based on
mechanistic ideas
127. The set of receptions and modes of practical and theoretical mastering of the surrounding reality
method
33. The ideals and norms of scientific cognition include the principle of
minimum of assumptions in constructing a theory
45. The work of Francis Bacon, in which he regarded induction as the shortest path leading to the truth
New Organon
132. The principle of proliferation of theories has been put forward by
P. Feyerabend
137. The methodological conception which is called "epistemological anarchism" was proposed by
P. Feyerabend
109. Scientist and thinker who proposed the concept, in which evolutionary and religious-christian approach to the problem of human origin have been combined
P.T. de Chardin
122. The principles of deductive research method developed by
R. Descartes
44. The author of intuitive-deductive model of substantiation of scientific knowledge
R. Descartes
9. The philosophical doctrine and direction in the methodology of science, which recognizes empirical studies as the only source of true, real knowledge and denies the cognitive value of philosophical inquiry
positivism
12. The general name used in the philosophy of science to denote the set of methodological concepts, which replaced the methodology of logical positivism
post-positivism
13. Phase in the development of the philosophy of science, which began around the end of the 1950s and is characterized by a variety of methodological concepts and their mutual criticism
post-positivism
118. The philosophy that recognizes the utility function as a main result of cognition
pragmatism
34. The method of research and understanding of the historical and scientific phenomena in terms of the current state of science and culture
presentism
35. The position according to which the history of science should be expound by language of modernity is
presentism
115. The conception of scientific development, proposed by I. Lakatos
research program
41. The model of science's development, opposite to the cumulative one
revolutionary or discrete
20. Empirical knowledge in science starts from an analysis of data obtained through
scientific observation and experiment
113. Synthesis of the most fundamental knowledge in natural science, the highest form of integration of knowledge for a certain period
scientific picture of the world
27. The bases of scientific cognition include
scientific picture of the world
114. In the dynamics of science Kuhn distinguishes two phases normal science and
scientific revolution
123. Position, which is based on an idea of scientific knowledge as a high cultural value and sufficient condition for human orientation in the world
scientism
31. The principle of ... of knowledge belongs to the ideals and norms of scientific cognition
simplicity and precision
103. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, during the transition from one reference system to another
spatial and temporal intervals change
108. Until the end of the XIX century the orig of life was understood as
spontaneous generation
32. The principle of ... of knowledge belongs to the ideals and norms of scientific cognition
succession
111. Interdisciplinary science, that attaches major importance to the factor of randomness in the development
synergetics
30. The most important norm of rationality of scientific knowledge is its
systematic and organized character
117. Internalism is the view in the history and philosophy of science, which recognizes
the interior, intelligent factors as the driving force of the science's development
125. The criterion of falsifiability in science, that proposed by Karl Popper, means
the opportunity to refute any scientific proposition
5. One of the fundamental concepts in natural sciences, a specific form of systematization of knowledge, qualitative generalization and philosophical synthesis of various scientific theories
the scientific picture of the world
6. Holistic system of representations about the general properties and laws of nature, resulting from generalization and synthesis of basic natural scientific concepts and principles
the scientific picture of the world
47. Hegel's statement that "a quality implicitly contains a quantity and, on the contrary, a quantity implicitly contains a quality" complies with the law of
the transition of quantity into quality
145. In his law of "three stages" A.Comte identifies the following stages of development
theological, metaphysical, positive
23. The process of cognition, that starts from separate concepts and judgments, and completed by construction of the theory and theory-based assumptions (hypotheses)
theoretical
24. The level of research, which is linked with extensive use of abstraction and idealization, the formulation of the laws of a higher degree of generality than empirical regularities
theoretical
50. An important aspect of the Marxist philosophical system is a methodological principle of unity
theory and practice
3. Epistemological characteristic of thinking in its attitude to own subject
truth
16. In science an experiment serves for testing a hypothesis for
truthfulness
48. The phenomena of magnetic attraction and repulsion demonstrate the effect of the law of
unity and struggle of opposites
107. The basic mechanism of biological evolution
variability, heredity, natural selection
124. The methodological procedure for establishing the truth of scientific statements in the process of empirical testing is reflected in principle of
verifiability
116. The concept is used in methodology of science to describe the process of establishing the truth of scientific statements as a result of their inspection
verification
43. The author of empirical-inductive model of substantiation of scientific knowledge
F. Bacon
46. According to this scientist, organized and structured experience is the only reliable foundation of scientific knowledge
F. Bacon
110. The conception of the "end of history" has put forward by
F. Fukuyama
38. The first scientist who has put forward cumulative model of growth of scientific knowledge
Galilei
39. Scientist who believed that human knowledge is equal to divine knowledge of their authenticity of content, conceding him only in relation to a set of cognizable objects
Galileo Galilei
144. These thinkers adhered the idea of a cumulative and progressive development of science
A. Comte and H.Spencer
120. Who formulated a detailed concept of instrumentalism
J. Dewey
49. The expression "there is nothing in nature that is stiffened, constant" characterizes operation of the law of
negation of the negation
148. The dilemma of "sciences of nature" and "human sciences" has been put forward in philosophy of
neo-kantianism
7. One of the main philosophical trends of the XX century, connecting the basic positions of positivist philosophy with extensive use of the technical apparatus of mathematical logic
neo-positivism
28. The bases of scientific cognition include
philosophical ideas and principles
40. The cumulative model of scientific development was designed and developed by
positivism
