PS103 Chapter 5 Review

Why was the court case Plessy v. Ferguson important?

it established the idea of separate but equal

When it comes to the criminal justice system, blacks are

More likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted.

Which group formally received the right to vote in 1924?

Native Americans

While court rulings on affirmative action have left substantial grey areas, which of the following best summarizes the current legality of affirmative action in college and university admissions decisions?

Race may be one of several factors in a holistic approach to determining admissions. *Race may be used in admissions decisions, though it must be one of a number of factors as part of a holistic approach to reviewing applicants.

As outlined in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from the Birmingham Jail", what was one of the key parts of civil rights protests in the South in the early 1960's?

nonviolence

The integration of the armed forces in 1948 and the establishment of affirmative action in government hiring in 1961 and 1965 are examples of civil rights reform being pushed by which branch?

Executive

NAACP litigation leading up to Brown v. Board of Education challenged and weakened the __________ doctrine.

Separate but Equal

The toughest test for allowable discrimination, which is used in situations involving potential discrimination against racial minorities, is the _____ test:

Strict scrutiny *Only discrimination that has a "compelling state interest" is allowable under this test or if the policy is substantially related to an "important government objective." Very few laws meet the standards of discrimination.

What did the Separate but Equal doctrine do?

permitted a system of segregated social facilities

Cases involving gender discrimination fall under which legal test?

intermediate scrutiny

What is the geographic relationship between poverty and minority population?

the poverty rate is higher in areas that have higher concentrations of minorities

How has the Supreme Court ruled on attempts to establish English as the official language in several states?

they have upheld such attempts

Why was the Brown v. Board of Education case filed?

to challenge the separate but equal doctrine

Which of the following amendments provides the most substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation?

14th amendment *The Fourteenth Amendment is important for both civil rights and civil liberties. The due process clause specifically lays the legal framework that requires federal government intervention to prevent discrimination.

When was the era of "Jim Crow" laws?

1877 to 1964

The Court is concerned with classification based on _____ if it is using the rational basis test.

Age

In _________________, the Supreme Court ruled that homosexual behavior was not protected by the Constitution, but overruled this decision nearly twenty years later.

Bowers v. Hardwick

Which case ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education

Which of the following people was an important leader in the fight for Latino rights in America?

Cesar Chavez

____________ immigrants have faced discriminatory practices since the California gold rush and the transcontinental railroad.

Chinese

What act prevented Chinese immigrants already in the United States from becoming citizens and halted almost all immigration from China?

Chinese Exclusion Act

As a condition of admitting California to the United States as a free state, representatives from southern states demanded Congress pass what law?

The Fugitive Slave Act

In the landmark decision _____________, the Court ruled that rigid racial quotas were unconstitutional but allowed race to be a "plus factor" used in admissions decisions.

University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978)

Jim Crow laws were passed ___________ the civil war, leading to complete ___________ of the races.

after; segregation

Imagine two government actions. The first is a Supreme Court ruling that the government cannot prevent someone from sending out pamphlets protesting a war. The second is a part of the bureaucracy that reviews complaints about racial and gender discrimination of employers. The first example deals primarily with ______, while the second is more about ______.

civil liberties; civil rights *Civil liberties are about preventing abuse of citizens by the government, while civil rights are about protecting equality.

Under the strict scrutiny standard, a law that discriminates based on race must be shown to serve some _____ in order to be upheld.

compelling state interest

Segregation that exists because of circumstances that occur outside the law is called ____________ segregation.

de facto *De facto segregation means segregation "by fact." It would often happen that residential patterns in cities reflected segregation not because laws specified where people of different races had to live, but because banks would only give mortgages to people of a certain race in a certain area.

The ____________ holds that discrimination exists if a practice has a negative effect on a specific group, whether or not this effect was intentional.

disparate impact standard

Some civil liberties are rooted in the ___________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; the grounding for civil rights is found in the ______________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

due process; equal protection