PS252- Chapter 14, 15, & 16
T
A compulsion is a behavior that a person cannot keep from performing. True False
D
A critical intracellular trigger for the development of Alzheimer's disease is overproduction of the short form of the β-amyloid protein. reduced amounts of the tau protein in brain cells. overproduction of the long form of the β-amyloid protein. an unfolding of the long form of the β-amyloid protein.
C
A drug such as methylphenidate that blocks the dopamine transporter would be expected to reduce the likelihood of activation of other neurons. impair dopamine neurotransmission. increase synaptic levels of dopamine. decrease synaptic levels of dopamine. aggravate the behavioral symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
E
A drug such as methylphenidate that blocks the dopamine transporter would be expected to reduce the likelihood of activation of other neurons. impair dopamine neurotransmission. increase synaptic levels of dopamine. decrease synaptic levels of dopamine. aggravate the behavioral symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B
A general finding is that the brains of young autistic children exhibit reduced volume of the hippocampus. enlarged brain size of around 10 percent. fewer axons within the corpus callosum. loss of cells within the cerebral cortex. increased volume of the brain ventricles.
C
A homeless person who believes that he is the President of the USA is most likely suffering from a delusion of perception. control. grandeur. low self-esteem. hypochondiasis.
D
A key function of monoamine oxidase is to convert norepinephrine into epinephrine. convert dopamine into norepinephrine. provide the precursor for the catecholamines. degrade catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms. speed up the digestion of cheese within the gut.
A
A key prediction of the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is that children born a few months after the start of a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia. mothers taking antibiotics should not have schizophrenic offspring. children born a few months before a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia. exposure of the fetus to a virus during the third trimester is most likely to induce schizophrenia. All of the above are correct.
D
A major difference between electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) and treatment using antidepressant drugs is that antidepressant drugs act more rapidly to lift depression than does ECT. antidepressant drugs are more likely to impair memory. ECT has fewer dangerous side effects. ECT lifts depression faster than do antidepressant drugs. antidepressant drugs may work in depressed persons who do not respond to ECT.
A
A major difficulty for the treatment of opiate addition is that antagonists for the opiate receptors trigger withdrawal effects. block the euphoric effects of the opiates. are useful for preventing overdose. cannot easily get into the brain. have very short half-lives, and therefore require more frequent treatments.
E
A negative consequence of alcohol addiction is cirrhosis of the liver. automobile accidents. heart disease. fetal alcohol syndrome. All of the above are correct.
B
A serious problem for the use of lithium in treating mania is that lithium can only be used for short periods of time. the drug can produce a fatal overdose. lithium may not work in up to 50 percent of patients. lithium suppresses normal emotions. B and D are correct.
C
A tumor of the ________ type is dangerous because it ________. neuroma; can compress neural tissue benign; is malignant and fast growing malignant; has an encapsulated border glioma; is malignant and fast growing benign; induced seizure activity.
C
Abnormal or misfolded intracellular proteins are tagged by ________ molecules, which targets them for destruction by the ________. parkin; ubiquitin α-synuclein; parkin ubiquitin; proteasomes parkin; Lewey bodies ubiquitin; neurofilaments
T
All natural reinforcers that have been studied cause release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. True False
SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL
All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT
D
All of the following are true of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) EXCEPT OCD symptoms are similar across different cultures. OCD is associated with damage to the basal ganglia. PET scans have shown increased activity in the frontal lobes of OCD patients. OCD is much more common in men than in women. OCD is characterized by counting, checking, and cleaning rituals.
A
All of the following occur during a stress response EXCEPT the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated. norepinephrine is released as a neurotransmitter in the brain. glucose is made available for energy, due to the effects of epinephrine. an increased output of the heart increases blood flow to the muscles. the adrenal gland releases steroid hormones.
A
Although obsessions are seen in schizophrenia and in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a person with OCD is aware of his or her obsession and would like it to stop. experiences more intense anxiety than does a schizophrenic. is less likely to recover from his or her disorder. is more likely be an older male. responds better to haloperidol than does a schizophrenic.
A
An alcoholic who abruptly stops drinking may experience a seizure because of a sudden release from the inhibiting effects of the drug. this abrupt withdrawal excites GABA receptors. alcohol withdrawal induces hyposensitivity of glutamate receptors. withdrawal leads to brain damage. long-term alcohol abuse causes brain damage.
E
An effective therapy for treatment-resistant depression involves the use of anticonvulsant drugs. fluoxetine. electrical stimulation of the vagus. chlordiazepoxide. electrical stimulation of the subgenual ACC.
B
An effective treatment for unipolar depression involves lithium salts. electroconvulsive shock therapy. drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine. sleep deprivation. drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAOi).
F
An embolus is a blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel. True False
E
An example of a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia is poor abstract thinking. poor problem-solving. deficits in learning and memory. low psychomotor speed. All of the above are correct.
E
An example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia would be hearing voices that repeat senseless words and phrases. experiencing a feeling of euphoria at the start of an episode. believing that doctors are part of a plot to poison you. thinking that you are the most powerful being on earth. exhibiting flattened emotional expression.
A
An example of a positive benefit associated with a manic episode is intense effort at completing a project. intense euphoria. delusions of grandeur. increased energy to take on many projects at once. severe disorganization.
E
An example of a recreational drug that is found in nature is caffeine. nicotine. opium. ethyl alcohol. All of the above are correct.
A
Another name for the major affective disorders is mood disorders. anxiety disorders. addictive disorders. schizoaffective disorders. manic-depressive disorders.
B
At low doses, alcohol decreases GABA activity. has an anxiolytic effect. acts as a potent sedative. inhibits cerebellar function. inhibits the spinal cord, thereby blocking incoming pain messages.
T
At low doses, alcohol reduces anxiety. True False
C
Autistic disorder can be induced by childhood immunization. affects 1-2 percent of the population. includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. typically wanes during the early adult years. can be effectively treated with serotonin agonist drugs.
F
Because cigarette smoking does not produce intoxication, tobacco is not considered an addictive drug. True False
T
Benign tumors have a distinct border. True False
B
Chronic stress may impair memory by releasing acetylcholine in the hippocampus. destroying cells within field CA1 of the hippocampus. increasing the entry of glucose into neurons. increasing the reuptake of glutamate into hippocampal neurons. inducing apoptosis of glial cells.
A
Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" antischizophrenic drug because it reverses both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. has little blocking action within the striatum. is more potent at blocking D2 receptors than D4 receptors. effectively treats schizophrenia, but also produces motor side effects. B and D are correct.
T
Craving involves the desire to use a drug. True False
C
Decreased sensitivity to a drug after repeated use is termed euphoria. drug depression. tolerance. inverse mania. addiction.
A
Delusions are beliefs that are contrary to fact. indicate the presence of depression. are perceptions that occur without the presence of stimuli. are linked to brain damage. are common negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
C
Difficulty in concentrating, remaining still, and working on a task that interfere with learning are the key characteristics of tubercular sclerosis. autism. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. anxiety disorder. psychostimulant abuse.
D
Down syndrome is caused by improper migration of brain cells during brain development. an inherited faulty gene. a genetic error in which a vital enzyme is missing in the brain. the presence of an extra twenty-first chromosome. obstetric difficulties at the time of birth.
E
Elevated glucocorticoid levels during stress may explain loss of hippocampal cells. development of memory problems in older persons. poor performance of stressed rats in a spatial memory task. poor wound healing in caregivers for people with Alzheimer's disease. All of the above may be correct.
E
Episodes of depression are characterized by strong feelings of guilt. extreme sadness. weeping. suicidal thoughts. All of the above are correct.
B
Fetal alcohol syndrome can result from chronic paternal alcoholism. from as little as a single drinking binge during a critical period of fetal development. from the combined effects of alcohol and other drugs. only from chronic maternal alcoholism. from a single exposure to a beer by the mother.
B
Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an effective treatment for ________ that works by ________. schizophrenia; blocking dopamine receptors depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder; blocking serotonin reuptake anxiety disorders; inhibition of MAO delusions and hallucinations; blocking serotonin reuptake obsessive-compulsive disorder; releasing glycine
C
In coining the term schizophrenia, Bleuler emphasized the inability to make important decisions. delusional thinking. a separation of thoughts and feelings. extreme sadness in the presence of mania. multiple personalities.
T
Individuals born a few months after a major flu season are more likely to develop schizophrenia. True False
A
Infections that result in autoimmune disorder and in symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder are likely to involve damage of the basal ganglia. hypothalamus. cingulate sulcus. somatosensory cortex. cerebellum
B
Intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror are key signs of psychosis. posttraumatic stress disorder. generalized anxiety. "flashbacks." neurotic depression.
A
John has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has shown improvement in positive symptoms while taking chlorpromazine (CPZ). Which of the actions below, if taken by John, would be expected to greatly worsen his positive schizophrenia symptoms? John stops taking CPZ and takes part in a cocaine party. John takes double his normal CPZ dose per day. John takes reserpine in addition to CPZ. John mixes alcohol with CPZ. John ingests α-methyl-para-tyrosine in addition to CPZ.
T
Lithium is used to treat bipolar disorder. True False
A
MRI studies of schizophrenic brains indicates a sharp dip in brain volume during early adulthood. that schizophrenic patients showed more cortical volume than controls. a loss of brain volume starting in the occipital lobes. that excessive volume loss from the temporal lobes was related to the development of tactile hallucinations. a loss of brain volume starting in the temporal lobes.
C
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with low levels of brain dopamine activity. usually require long hospital terms to treat. represent the absence or diminution of normal behaviors. indicate that the patient cannot accurately perceive reality. are specific to schizophrenia.
C
Nicotine reinforcement is due to the release of ________ within the ________. glutamate; VTA norepinephrine; nucleus accumbens dopamine; nucleus accumbens GABA; hypothalamus acetylcholine; lateral hypothalamus
F
PCP (phencyclidine) induces negative and positive symptoms of depression. True False
A
Panic disorder occurs about twice as often in women as in men. rarely lasts more than a few seconds. rarely appears before the age of 35. is five times more likely to occur in older men than older women. is a disorder of young women, but not young men.
A
Parkinson's disease ________, but Huntington's disease ________. is characterized by a poverty of movement; is characterized by uncontrollable movement cannot be controlled; can be cured using pallidotomy is a hereditary disorder; does not usually have genetic origins usually occurs in the twenties and thirties; almost always occurs in the fifties and sixties can be cured with drug treatment or surgery; can only be controlled
T
Parkinson's disease can be induced by drugs such as MPTP. True False
F
Poor parenting is an important cause of autistic disorder. True False
T
Posttraumatic stress disorder is caused by exposure to a situation of extreme danger, trauma, and stress. True False
C
Research conducted by Weinberger and others shows anatomical changes in the brains of schizophrenic patients, relative to controls. Which of the following was the major finding of these studies? decreased number of gyri and sulci in control patients increased number of cells within the corpus callosum in schizophrenic patients Schizophrenic patients show increased size of the lateral ventricles. Schizophrenic patients show an increase in cortical volume. Schizophrenic patients show fewer problems with eye tracking than do controls.
A
Seizures that result in uncontrollable muscle contractions involve the motor system. hypothalamus. cerebellum. limbic system. parietal cortex.
B
Studies indicate that cocaine craving is associated with increased activation of the parietal cortex. activation of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. increased blood flow in the anterior cingulate cortex. decreased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex. decreased dopamine production in the nucleus accumbens.
B
Suffering from a major affective disorder carries with it a serious risk of developing delusions and compulsions. death by suicide. cardiac disease. loss of dopamine cells within the prefrontal cortex. poor grooming habits.
A
The brain damage noted in a human who has contracted BSE ("Mad Cow Disease") is caused by a type of protein known as a prion. virus. bacterium. deficiency in blood levels of calcium. kuru virus.
A
The common aspect of all natural reinforcers relates to the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens. the release of norepinephrine within the locus coeruleus. the release of dopamine within the lateral hypothalamus. inactivation of the frontal cortex. activation of the medulla.
T
The concordance rate for schizophrenia is higher in twins who shared the same placenta. True False
C
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is caused by damage to ascending dopamine fibers. a breakdown product of the neurotransmitter serotonin. overactivity of dopaminergic synapses. low levels of one or more of the monoamines. an imbalance between acetylcholine and dopamine within the frontal cortex.
A
The experience of stress has been found to increase the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats. reduce the high produced by cocaine. render rats resistant to the reinforcing effects of cocaine. block the craving for cocaine in abstinent addicts. B and D are correct.
B
The incidence of schizophrenia in the world population is approximately ________ percent. 0.1 1 2.5 5 8
D
The initial phase of a grand mal seizure is termed the ________ and is denoted by ________. clonic phase; relaxation of all muscles tonic phase; rhythmic jerking movements of the body aural phase; perception of music tonic phase; forceful contraction of all muscles aural phase; release of glycine within the spinal cord
C
The key property of addictive drugs relates to their ability to inhibit dopamine in brain. the withdrawal that follows termination of the drug. their reinforcing effects. their capacity to produce tolerance. their ability to rapidly produce physical dependence.
B
The majority of schizophrenia cases will develop the disorder between the ages of 12-14. 20-24. 30-34. 40-44. 55-59.
C
The most common treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is daily administration of Prozac. daily administration of a benzodiazepine drug. daily administration of methylphenidate. ablation of the cingulum bundle. drugs that are dopamine antagonists.
A
The most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is the use of serotonin agonist drugs. self-medication using alcohol and cocaine. neurosurgery. long-term psychotherapy. antibiotic drug therapy.
D
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are best illustrated by hallucinations. represent additions to normal behaviors. are likely to be caused by excessive brain dopamine activity. represent the absence of normal behaviors. are best illustrated by delusions.
D
The poor judgment shown by drug addicts involves inactivation of the caudate nucleus. the reorganization of the motor cortex. inactivation of the cingulate cortex. abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex. All of the above are correct.
C
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to result from overactivity of ________ neurons of the ________. cholinergic; basal forebrain NPY; hypothalamus dopaminergic; ventral tegmental area noradrenergic; nucleus accumbens serotonergic; raphe nuclei
C
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia may be caused by poor parenting. a single recessive gene. excessive activity in dopamine circuits in the brain. a degenerative disorder of the brain. an imbalance of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain.
T
The rate of death by unnatural causes is 28.8 times higher in people with affective disorder than in normal people. True False
E
The reinforcing effects of alcohol may be due to decreased activity within the ventral tegmental area. indirect antagonism of NMDA receptors. inhibition of the limbic system. release of glycine from cells within the spinal cord. increased activation of GABAA receptors.
A
The relatively poor ability of an autistic person to interact socially with others is likely due to a failure of activation of their fusiform face area by faces. damage to the ascending visual pathways. visual acuity problems. enhanced activity within their orbitofrontal cortex. an infection involving the corpus callosum.
T
The risk of developing schizophrenia increases if one has physical anomalies AND has a relative who is schizophrenic. True False
B
The strongest support for a genetic influence on autism is that autism is effectively treated using serotonin agonist drugs. the concordance rate for autism is 5 percent in fraternal twins and 70 percent in identical twins. siblings of autistic children are less likely to develop autism than the normal population. parents of autistic children are usually autistic. the concordance rate for autism is 70 percent in fraternal twins and 0 percent in identical twins.
D
The symptoms of ADHD resemble those of persons with damage involving the amygdala. hippocampus. cerebellum. prefrontal cortex. anterior cingulate cortex.
A
Use of ________ by pregnant women is one of the leading causes of mental retardation. alcohol marijuana nicotine cocaine caffeine
D
Weinberger argues that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to increased neural activity within the ventral tegmental area. elevated dopamine activity within the nucleus accumbens. increased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. decreased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. gains in brain volume during young adulthood.
C
Which drug below is useful for the treatment of opiate overdose? heroin demerol naloxone methadone codeine
C
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression? constipation and dry mouth sleep disturbances increased appetite for sex decreased appetite for food periods of intense crying
D
Which of the following is NOT true of schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder. The term means "split mind." The incidence of schizophrenia is about 1 percent of the world population. The term means "split personality." Schizophrenia has been recognized as a disorder for thousands of years.
E
Which of the following is true of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? ADHD can persist into adulthood. Boys are 10 times more likely to be classified as ADHD than are girls. ADHD is the most common childhood behavior disorder. ADHD interferes with learning. All of the above are correct.
B
Which of the following is true of the neural substrates of reinforcement? Aversive stimuli do not increase dopamine levels within the accumbens. Release of dopamine within the accumbens is a necessary condition for reinforcement. Damage to brain dopamine systems enhances the reinforcing properties of addictive drugs. Release of dopamine within the accumbens is a sufficient condition for reinforcement. Drugs that increase dopamine by blocking reuptake are not addictive.
A
Which of the following is true of withdrawal symptoms? Withdrawal symptoms are usually the opposite of the effects of the drug. Withdrawal can be seen in the absence of tolerance. Withdrawal symptoms are not an indicator of physical tolerance. Withdrawal symptoms are less intense versions of the normal effects of a drug. All of the above are correct.
C
Which of the following provides the best evidence that there is a difference between bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression? Chlorpromazine is only effective in treating unipolar depression. There is a sex difference in the incidence of these disorders. Lithium is effective in treating only bipolar disorder. The age of onset differs between the two disorders. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective for bipolar disorder but not unipolar depression.
B
Which of the following supports the contention that schizophrenia is associated with brain damage? The size of the lateral ventricles decreases in schizophrenic patients. The size of the lateral ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients. The neurological symptoms noted in schizophrenia are unique to this disorder. Control subjects are more likely to show neurological symptoms. Older people, who have already lost substantial numbers of neurons, are more likely to develop schizophrenia than are younger people.
C
Which of the following supports the notion that the prefrontal cortex is related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia? Schizophrenic patients show a greater number of neurons within the gray matter of the frontal cortex. Schizophrenic patients show greater activity of the frontal cortex than do controls. Schizophrenic patients do poorly on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to damage of the prefrontal cortex. MRI studies indicate abnormalities within the parietal cortex of schizophrenics. MRI studies indicate abnormalities within the temporal cortex of schizophrenics.
B
Which of the following tumors is most dangerous? benign gliomas angiomas blastocytes neningioma
E
Which type of drug should be avoided by a person suffering from panic disorder? benzodiazepine agonists tricyclic antidepressants MAO inhibitors ethyl alcohol benzodiazepine antagonists
T
Withdrawal symptoms are usually the opposite of the effects induced by a drug. True False
T
Women are more likely to suffer from unipolar depression than are men. True False
D
________ involve(s) periodic bouts of overactivity of cerebral neurons. Dementia Metastases Parkinson's disease Seizure disorders Strokes
D
________ involves the inability to develop normal social relations and a tendency to be self-absorbed. Tourette's syndrome Fragile X syndrome Obsessive-compulsive disorder Autism Parkinson's disorder
B
________ is caused by degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons of the substantia nigra. Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease Acute anterior poliomyelitis Encephalitis All of the above are correct.
B
________ reverses the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms by schizophrenia by acting as a ________ in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. L-DOPA; competitive antagonist Aripiprazole; partial agonist Reserpine; monamine agonist Aripiprazole; reuptake inhibitor Amphetamine; reuptake inhibito