psb set 7

periodic limb movement disorder

"restless leg syndrome" can cause insomnia

Vomernasal organ

( is a set of receptors located near the olfactory receptors that are sensitive to pheromones

structures that make up the limbic system

(Ah Momma Hit Four Cute Squirrels Over Here) amygdala, mammillary body, hippocampus, fornix, cortex of the cingulate gyrus, septum, olfactory bulbs and hypothalamus

development with eye

(block 1 eye, all signal goes to the other eye; block both eyes- doesn't cause cortical blindness)

muscles 3 kinds; 2 types

(composed of many individual fibers) receives info from only one axon but an axon may innervate many muscle fibers

odorants

(hydrophobic, airborne molecules)- depolarize olfactory receptors in cavity

nerve travels back into processing area

(inferior colliculus (midbrain)> medial geniculate nucleus (thalmus)> auditory cortex (temporal lobe)mostly contralaterally

Cyclone

(meteorology) rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low-pressure center

cochlear implant

(works for warning signals, and voices but not music) 1. microphone>speech processor> transmitter & receiver/stimulator> Electrode array nerve deafness (inner ear)- neuron damage to cochlea, hair cells or auditory nerve

What is the different types of glial cells and their functions. ESPECIALLY which one puts myelin on axons in the CNS and which one myelinates axons of the PNS?

*Do not transmit info over long distances *Do exchange chemicals, nutrients with neurons -Microglia: repair (remove waste, fungi, microorganisms) -Radial glia: guide cell & axon migration during development; after development turn into neurons

taste cells

- 1. detects tastants via membrane receptors 2. when tastant interacts with cell it depolarizes taste cell 3. neurotransmitter release to taste neuron 4. sends taste signal to brain thru cranial nerves

Anaphase

During the __________ of cellular division, sister chromatids are pulled apart into single-stranded chromosomes, which migrate to opposite ends of the cell.

premotor cortex

Integrates information about position and posture of the body; organizes the direction of the movement in space a. Mirror neurons (in premotor crtex) copying

Ecosystem

Interactions and relationships between biotic and abiotic things.

ligand

During the process of a neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, any molecule that binds to another is referred to as a(n) ______ of its receptor.

Water deprivation

ECF and ICF volume decrease

Osmotic thirst

ECF solute concentration increase, ICF volume decreases and cells shrink

Hemorrhage

ECF volume decreases, ICF volume no change

IC isotonic NaCl

ECF volume increases, ICF vol no change

Hypertonic NaCl

ECF volume increases, ICF volume decreases

Ingestion of Water

ECF volume increases, ICF volume increases

Spinal cord:

Each segment of this contains one pair of sensory nerves and one pair of motor nerves.

Ecosystem size

Ecosystems come in all sizes.

Ecosystem purpose

Ecosystems need to bring matter and energy into the system and make them continually available to biotic things.

Electrons

Electrical Charges consist of e_________.

conductors

Electrical charges may move from atom to atom within substances that are called c________.

Potential

Electron _________ is used as a measure of the energy needed to remove electrons from certain metallic atoms.

endogenous opioids

Endorphins and enkephalins are examples of ______.

What/where is the blood brain barrier? What does it keep out, let in?

Endothelial cells w/ tight junctions surrounding capillaries Astrocytes surround endothelial cells -BBB keeps out viruses & bacteria chemicals nutrients -BBB lets thru small uncharged molecules fat-soluble molecules (vit A and D, psychotropic drugs) glucose (special transport)

Heat

Energy that flows from a higher-temperature object to a lower-temperature object

Kinetic Energy

Energy that is in motion

Potential Energy

Energy that is stored

Hemorrhage

- Neurons are flooded with excess blood, calcium, oxygen, and other chemicals.

Ischemia

- Neurons lose their oxygen and glucose supply.

voltage source, conductor set (wire), load, switch

Every electric circuits has 4 parts. what are they v____ s___, c___ s__ , L___, s___.

First Nations and Metis web

Everything is alive and has a spirit. Everything is related. Give back equally to what you take.

What are examples of environmental influences on traits with otherwise high heritability?

Ex. Mice in elevated plus maze Ex. Phenylketonuria (PKU): mental impairment due to genetic inability to metabolize a certain amino acid (phenylalenine) Moral of story: inherited or genetic does not necessarily equal unmodifiable!!

Hydrocephalus

Excess CSF is shunted to abdomen to relieve pressure on the brain.

Fallacy: Irrelevant Appeal to Authority

Expert opinion but not from the relevant field

non-disjunction

Failure of the chromosomes to separate during meiosis

Fallacy: Appeal to tradition

Falsely assumes that if it has been believed for many generations, it must be true

Fallacy: Ad populum

Falsely assumes that if many people believe it then it must be true

Fallacy: Appeal to ignorance

Falsely assumes that something is true only because it hasn't been demonstrated false, and vise versa

Fallacy of Composition/Division

Falsely assumes what is true of the parts(/whole) is true of the whole(/parts)

positive frequency selection

Favors the same trait expressed in individual of the population

Complexes

Features of a particular region.

asomatognosia

Following a stroke, Mrs. Hamilton is unable to recognize her hand as belonging to her body. She has a condition known as _____.

Somatic Nervous System

For control of voluntary movements.

Mass

Fossil records indicate that ____ extinctions often occurred at the end of each evolutionary era resulting in the loss of a number of species groups over a relatively short time frame.

Sedimentary

Fossils, the preserved remains of organisms that existed a long time ago, are most often found in _________ rock layers.

Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex and give functions associated with each. Included in this, be sure that you can locate motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, auditory cortex, visual cortex, prefrontal cortex.

Frontal Lobe Prefrontal cortex: executive functions Planning Working memory Socially appropriate behavior Foresight Insight Impulse control This is called "association cortex" Highly evolved in humans Motor cortex Voluntary movement Somatotopic organization Other motor areas between this & prefrontal cortex Language: Broca's area Parietal Lobe Somatosensory cortex First cortex to process somatosensory info Proprioception too Somatotopic organization Spatial organization Especially in non-dominant hemisphere (side where language is not...or is less) Contralateral neglect Temporal Lobe: Auditory cortex (hearing)* Spoken language comprehension Wernike's aphasia Visual association cortex* Face recognition; "what pathway" Occipital Lobe: Vision Primary & secondary visual cortex Damage causes cortical blindness

Alveoli

Gas exchange occurs in the lungs in tiny air sacs known as ________, where oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules are exchanged between the air that is inhaled and the blood that circulates around the tiny sacs.

Fallacy: Hasty Generalization

Generalization based on a non-representative sample

epistasis

Genes interact to make or change the effect of each other

Substantia Nigra:

Gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.

Democritus

Greek philosopher who coined the term atom

Green plants

Green plants make their own food to supply the energy and matter that they need for survival.

spinal cord is comprised of

Grey and White matter

color constancy

- V4 of visual cortex compares object to surrounding enviro. adjusts how we see color/brightness (cubes)

The Forebrain: Basal Ganglia

Highly conserved across evolution (amphibians - mammals).

Several interlinked structures comprise the limbic system.

Important for motivated/emotional behaviors (eating, drinking, sexual activity, aggressive behavior).

The Forebrain: Basal Ganglia

Important for sequences of behavior and certain aspects of memory and emotional expression.

Sutton

In 1900, Walter ______ "rediscovered" the work of Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) and concluded that the late geneticist had been correct; he also took what Mendel had called "factors" (units located in chromosomes) and renamed them "genes."

Asexual

In _______ reproduction one cell divides and produces an identical copy of itself through the process of fission, budding, regeneration, conjugation, sporulation, or fragmentation.

Reduction

In a chemical reaction, the term _________ describes the gain of electrons by an atoms, ion, or molecule.

Atomic Number

In a neutral atom, the ______ ______ is the number of protons and electrons in that atom.

Group

In describing the arrangement of elements in the periodic table, a _____ is a vertical column.

Metals

In general, ______ are elements that are positive components.

Evolutionary

Historical influence of natural selection

Matter cycle

How matter cycles through the ecosystem. Soil, sunlight and water from the non-living environment give plants what they need so that they can grow and live their lives. Herbivores eat the plants, and sometimes other consumers eat the herbivores. Plants and animals grow, produce wastes, reproduce, and die. Scavengers and decomposers eat the waste and remains, breaking down once-living matter into simpler and smaller particles, eventually even breaking down solid skeletons. Skeletons have chemicals (minerals) such as calcium, carbon and phosphorus that other biotic things such as plants need to survive. The minerals are abiotic so they are part of the abiotic environment.

Temperature

How warm or cold an object is relative to some standard

Water cycle

How water cycles through the ecosystem through evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation, and surface runoff, infiltration, and perculation..

basal ganglia

- initiates actions not guided by stimulus; learning motor skills 3 partss 1. Caudate Nucelus 2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus (GP)- inhibits thalamus

Language

Huge brain regions; words stored all over the place

Human activities and ecosystems

Human activities can change ecosystems.

Pitfall: Testimonial used as evidence

Human perception is prone to error

Lateral Hypothalamus

Hunger Center

hybrid infertility

Hybrid offspring are sterile or have reduced fertility.

hybrid inviability

Hybrid offspring fail to survive maturity.

(a) Stroke affected the right side of the brain.

- major tissue swelling on right side - death was immediate

opponent process theory

- mechanism where some colors are on scales; red- excites, green inhibits. continuum 4rm red>green & yellow>blue; bipolar cells excited by one set of wavelengths and inhibited by other set

taste receptors

- modified skin cells; release neurotransmitters to excite neighboring neurons; replaced every 10-14 days

(b) Stroke affecting the left side of the brain.

- person survived for several years - autopsy revealed considerable cell death and enlarged ventricles on the left side of the brain

complex cells in v1&v2

- responds if line is moving in certain direction (position/orientation)

rising phase; repolarization; hyperpolarization

In order, the three phases of an action potential are______.

amusia

- tone deaf; thicker than average auditory cortex and fewer conections to frontal cortex

•Research has begun to attempt to save neurons from death by:

-Blocking glutamate synapses. -Blocking calcium entry.

When the cell is at rest, which ions are most highly concentrated inside of the cell, and which ones are most highly concentrated outside of the cell?

-Chloride -sodium

What does the hypothamus do?

-Communicates with pituitary gland to alter hormone release -Involved in drive-related behaviors and maintenance of homeostasis feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, arousal (activity level), sleep/wake rhythms

Understand the forces working on the ions (electrical gradient and concentration gradient).

-Concentration gradient: ions flow from areas of high concentration to low concentration -Electrical gradient: ions flow to areas of opposite charge negative to positive, positive to negative

What does the medulla do?

-Controls vital reflexes -Damage to medulla can be fatal -trauma, drugs

What does the pituitary gland?

-Endocrine gland (hormone producing) -Attached to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk -Makes and releases hormones into bloodstream

What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain and what major structures are in those division?

-Forebrain thinking, perceiving, big part of emotion & memory, drive-related behaviors cortex (folded stuff), structures deep to cortex: thalamus & hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala, basal ganglia, etc. -Midbrain sensory pathways, visual and auditory processing/reflexes top portion of brainstem -Hindbrain Some motor control, reflexes (breathing, heart rate, etc) Bottom of brainstem (pons, medulla) and cerebellum

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

-Graded depolarization -Results from an influx of sodium ions -Increases probability of an action potential

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

-Graded hyperpolarization -Results from influx of chloride ions or efflux of potassium -Decreases probability of an action potential

Know what happens at a synapse (chemical transmission).

-Ligand-gated channel -At synapses -Open when a ligand (neurotransmitter) binds - Allow ions thru, -Changes voltage of cell -May also start biochemical cascade within cell

What does the pineal gland do?

-Makes and secretes melatonin -Daily and seasonal rhythms *Unpaired structure on midline Seat of the soul and connection between mind and body, according to Descarte

What does a cerebellum do?

-Movement Rate, range, force, direction -Well-learned movements -Sensory timing -Balance & postural control

What are the four different ways to look at behaivors in biological psycology?

-Ontogenetic explanation -Evolutionary explanation -Functional explanation -Physiological explanation

What are the structure of cell membrane?

-Phospholipid bilayer 2 layers of fat molecules that are free to float around one another - Semipermeable Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide move freely Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl- move thru ion channels (protein channels) Most chemicals cannot cross cell membrane

Graded potentials

-Reflect the magnitude of the stimulus (not all-or-none) -Conducted throughout cell (not just axon) -Occur primarily in interneurons (also call intrinsic or local neurons) -Can be excitatory (push the cell toward depolarization) or inhibitory (push the cell toward hyperpolarization)

what does a thalamus do?

-Relay station/ filter for sensory info on its way to cortex -Involved in many other systems (motor, emotional, memory, etc)

What is the hindbrain?

-Some motor control, reflexes (breathing, heart rate, etc) -Bottom of brainstem (pons, medulla) and -cerebellum

new branching of dendrites and axons

-Some of the mechanisms of recovery are similar to brain development such as the..

Causes of Brain Damage

-Spinal Cord damage -Tumors -Infections -Exposure to toxic substances -Degenerative diseases

temporal lobe, larger

-The _____ of professional musicians in the right hemisphere is 30%_______ than non-musicians. -Thicker gray matter in the part of the brain responsible for hand control and vision of professional keyboard players.

Reasons for animal research?

-We are interested in animals for their own sake Research can be beneficial to animals Knowledge for knowledge sake (aka: we are naturally curious) What we learn about animals sheds light on human evolution How are we similar and dissimilar to other animals?

BUT: fever above 39 C (103 F) fevers above 41 C (109 F)

-does the body more harm than good -are life-threatening

phantom limb sensations

-e.g., a touch on the face can bring about the experience of a phantom arm. -Use of an artificial limb can reduce the likelihood of experiencing phantom limb.

Your osmotic balance is off when

-eat salty foods: causes sodium ions to spread through the blood and extracellular fluid of the cell pulling water out of the cell -secrete water: sweat = your solute concentration is too high. Leaves too much sodium behind in not enough water.

water can be conserved by:

-excreting concentrated urine -decreasing sweat and other autonomic responses

camel

-hump is fat, does not sweat -hyper-concentrated urine and dry feces -when dehydrated they do not urinate but store urea in tissues -drink 80L in 10 minutes

kangaroo rat

-lives in burrow, nocturnal -kidneys hyper-concentrate urine -rectal absorption of water from feces -don't drink ANY water = make metabolic water from their food

hypertension = high blood pressure

-normally the kidneys control the level of salt. If there is too much salt the kidneys pass it into urine

the brain detects osmotic pressure from:

-receptors around the third ventricle -the OVLT and the subfornical organ detect osmotic pressure and salt content -these areas have a "leaky" BBB

Homeothermic characteristics

-requires energy and fuel -sweating and panting decrease temperature -increasing temperature accomplished via: shivering, increasing metabolic rate, decreasing blood flow to the skin

What is a midbrain?

-sensory pathways, visual and auditory -processing/reflexes top portion of brainstem

Sodium

-some say need 500 mg a day to function -US dietary guidelines say limit to less than 2300 mg a day -Americans eat average 3300 mg a day -90% Americans eat more sodium than recommended for diet

detecting the imbalance works via a complex negative feedback system

-the kidneys detect low blood volume and secrete renin -this starts a chain reaction that results in thirst & salt appetite

What is a forebrain?

-thinking, perceiving, big part of emotion & memory, drive-related behaviors -cortex (folded stuff), structures deep to cortex: thalamus & hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala, basal ganglia, etc

sodium specific hunger:

-unlearned appetite -females during menstruation may have a higher sodium appetite (sometimes) -many animals display great drive for sodium

the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say a condition in which:

-water or fluid loss far exceeds fluid intake -the body becomes less able to maintain adequate blood pressure, deliver sufficient oxygen and nutrients to the cells and rid itself of wastes

How are hormones transported around the body? What types of receptors do hormones use?

...

Understand the principle of negative feedback in hormone release.

...

What are some other glands in the body that pituitary hormones influence?

...

What brain region controls hormone release from the pituitary gland?

...

What is different between the anterior and posterior pituitary, including what hormones are released from each lobe?

...

sodium-potassium pumps

...

Understand the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of (1) when each one is activated, (2) placement of ganglia (as well as location of preganglionic neurons), (3) length of fibers, (4) neurotransmitters used, (5) physiological effects.

..Compare and contrast: Both controlled by hypothalamus Both originate in CNS (brainstem and/or spinal cord), but at different levels Both use 2-neuron chain, with synapse b/t the 2 in a ganglion The ganglia themselves are in different locations in SNS compared to ANS Both use acetylcholine (Ach) in preganglionic cell ANS uses norepinepherine (NE) and SNS uses Ach in postganglionic cell (ie, on target organ, so different effects of each on the target organ) not completed

three main ideas of Darwin's theory of emotional expression

1) Expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next 2) if signals provided by such behaviors benefit animal that displays them then they will evolve in ways that enhance communicative function and their original function may be lost 3) opposite messages often signaled by the opposite movements and postures (principle of antithesis)

Evaluating Arguments

1) Judge the reasons given (evidence) 2) Judge the reasoning of the arguer (logic) 3) detect relevant omitted information

How does genetic variability occur?

1-Mixing of DNA (recombination) 2-Random mutations Of even a single nucleotide Usually disadvantageous A-T mutation in Ob/Ob mouse 3-Duplications or deletions Could contribute to schizophrenia, for example Trinucleotide repeats important in diseases like Huntington's disease

What are dermatomes? What disease is associated with them?

1. -Segment of skin/muscle/bone associated w/ a spinal nerve -Each nerve innervates (defines) a dermatome 2. Shingles

How is the PNS subdivided? What are the distinct roles of the somatic, enteric, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

1. 2.In the somatic nervous system, it takes just 1 neuron to get from the spinal cord to a muscle (middle neuron below). 3. Axons activate organs for "fight or flight" 4. Facilitates vegetative, nonemergency functions Para means "beside" or "related to"; opposite action of sympathetic NS

Types of Inductive Logic

1. Argument by Analogy 2. Inductive Generalization 3. Hypothetical Reasoning

Protocols based on Mill's Methods

1. Controlled Experiment: Two unbiased samples; one gets A, one does not get A -> Look for B 2. The Prospective (Cohort) Study: Two unbiased samples; one has had A, one has not had A -> Look for B 3. The Retrospective (Case-Controlled) Study

Chloroplasts

In plants, the process of photosynthesis occurs in organelles known as ________, which take in light energy from the sun.

4 postulates

1. Each element consists of indivisible, minute particles called atoms 2. Atoms can be neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions 3. All atoms of a given element are identical. Atoms of different elements have different masses

random motion and electrostatic pressure

In resting potentials, the homogenizing factors of ______ act to distribute ions equally throughout intracellular and extracellular fluids of the nervous system.

What is an excitatory synapse? What is an inhibitory synapse? For each one, what ion enters the cell? What does that do to the cell? Does it make an action potential more or less likely?

1. Excitatory neurotransmitters allow sodium and/or calcium (positively charged ions) into the postsynaptic cell and lead to an excitatory postsynaptic potential- Yes ( makes cell less negative) 2. Inhibitory neurotransmitters allow chloride (a negatively charged ion) into the postsynaptic cell and lead to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential- No ( makes cell more neg)

Steps of Hypothetical Reasoning

1. Formulate question raised by initiating fact 2. Come up with possible answers (hypotheses) 3. Deduce prediction(s) for each hypothesis 4. Test the predictions 5. Formulate argument to confirm or disconfirm hypothesis

Proof Earth is old

1. Isochron dating of oldest moon/Earth rocks 2. Radiometric dating of moon meteors 3. Law of superposition

Mill's Methods

1. Method of Agreement: If A-> B, then where we find B we should find A 2. Method of Difference: If A->B, then if A is not present there should be no B 3. Method of Concomitant Variation: If A->B, then the amount of B found should be proportional to the amount of A found

Development

1. Patch of tissue in the ectoderm invaginates (folds in) to become the neural plate 2. This fold pinches off 3. Genes trigger chem. signals that tells cells how 2 develop 4. tube becomes brain

3 hard wired shapes

1. Place 2. Face 3. Body

Characteristics of Pseudoscience

1. Unfalsifiable 2. Burden of proof on skeptic 3. Small effects remain small over time 4. Use of ad hoc hypothesis 5. Selective use of data 6. Use of personal anecdotes as evidence 7. Use of conspiracy theories 8. Dogmatic refusal to give up idea in the face of overwhelming evidence that the idea is false 9. Many pitfalls of human perception

Understand different types of ion channels (ligand- and voltage-gated). Where are ligand-gated channels located? What is a "ligand"?

1. and 2. Ligand-gated channel: At synapses Open when a ligand (neurotransmitter) binds Allow ions thru, Changes voltage of cell May also start biochemical cascade within cell Voltage-gated channel:On the axon Open when cell reaches a certain voltage Allow ions in or out Changes voltage of cell 3.

With regard to those last 2 terms, What voltage is resting potential? What voltage is threshold? Where must threshold be reached for an action potential to occur?

1.-70 2.-50 3.The critical level of depolarization that must be achieved to trigger an action potential 4. refractory period-That period of hyperpolarization

Terms to know and understand with regard to neurophysiology: polarized, depolatization, hyperpolarization, repolarization, resting potential, threshold

1.Because of unequal distribution of ions, the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared to outside the cell. 2.As cell becomes less negative, it is 3.As cell becomes more negative, it is 4. 5. 6.The critical level of depolarization that must be achieved to trigger an action potential

What is heritability, how do we study it (what are twin and adoption studies...what do their results tell us?), and what are the problems with studying it?

1.Estimate of how much of the variance in a characteristic (within a population) is due to differences in heredity (genes) Is a difference between you and me due more to differences in our genetics or to differences in our past/present environment? Estimates of heritability apply to a certain population at a certain time; they are not absolute. 2. -Biochemical methods: Identification of certain genes linked to behaviors or disorders Ex: Certain genes more common among people with depression -Twin studies (MZ vs DZ) Resemblence: MZ > DZ  high heritabiltiy The more DNA 2 individuals share, the more likely they are to share a trait if the trait has high variability Resemblence: MZ = DZ  low heritability The amount of DNA that 2 individuals share has no impact on a trait if the trait has low heritability Adoption studies: If adopted kids resemble biological parents more than adoptive parents, we assume high heritability "Virtual twins" Children of the same age, with no relation to each other, adopted into home at same time 3.

Know the common neurotransmitters. What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter? What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter?

1.Glutamate (+) GABA (-) Acetylcholine (Ach) Dopamine Serotonin (5-HT) Norepinepherine 2.Glutamate (+) 3.GABA (-)

What is the purpose of myelin? What happens at the nodes of Ranvier? What is saltatory conduction?

1.In Myelinated axons, action potential can "jump" down axon. Much faster. Allows long distance rapid communication 2. -The Action Potential is the signal that conveys information over distances in the nervous system. -The action potential is a rapid reversal of the situation at rest --for an instant, the inside of the membrane becomes positively charged relative to the outside. -Action potentials are "all or none". -The frequency and pattern of action potentials is the code used by neurons to transfer information from one location to another. While rate can change, speed cannot!! *All of this occurs at the nodes of ranvier, between the segments of myelin.... 3.energy & speed

Generally speaking, what is a reflex? Describe the stretch reflex. How are reflexes "modifiable"?

1.Involuntary, stereotyped response to a sensory input 2.Stretch reflex: Muscle contraction in response to stretch Monosynaptic Reciprocal inhibition 3.some reflexes are suppressed or enhanced depending on our behavior (ie, sitting should stretch quads, which would cause reflex contraction of quads and we'd stand right up again. BUT gamma motor neurons to quads decrease firing rate when we sit  decrease excitability of quad spindles). Walking is another example (Nolte p237) Require: Sensory structure Associated afferent neuron (soma in DRG) Efferent neuron (soma in CNS) 1 or more interneuron* Includes complex neural routines Modifiable 2 other names: monosynaptic (b/c no interneuron so 1 synapse) or myotactic (b/c in muscle) reflex All skeletal muscles contract at least a little in response to being stretched Afferent arc is IA afferent with muscle spindle primary ending Knee jerk reflex: tap patellar tendon  stretches quads (slightly)  Ia endings in quad muscle spindles are excited  excitation of quad alpha motor neurons These are also called deep tendon reflexes b/c they are elicited by tapping a tendon Stretch reflexes responsible for constant automatic corrections during movements or postures...but maybe other reflexes involved even more in this Reciprocal inhibition: reflex activity in a given muscle also causes similar activity in ipsilateral synergists and opposite activity in ipsilateral antagonists. Happens via interneurons

For dopamine and serotonin: what are they involved in?

1.Involved in: Reward - NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS a. natural (food and sex) b. artificial (drugs of abuse) Movement - Parkinson's Disease Disorders: ADHD, Depression, Schizophrenia, etc? 2.Removed from synapse by reuptake or broken down by enzyme (COMT, MAO) *Sleep, calm, eating; ↓ in depression, anxiety, aggression

What is evolution? What types of traits move on to the next generation? What is natural selection? What are adaptive characteristics?

1.Similarities that we see between species suggests a common ancestor. Differences between species allow us to question what pressures may have caused certain animals to develop certain traits. 2. 3.The process by which inherited traits that confer a selective advantage (increase an animal's likelihood to survive and reproduce) become more prevalent in a population. The key mechanism of evolution; how species acquires their adaptive characteristics 4.

What is a sex-linked gene? Understand the heritability of sex-linked genes. What is a sex-limited gene? What are examples of each (sex-linked and sex-limited)?

1.The genes on the sex chromosomes (X and Y) Usually on the X, b/c it has lots more genes on it than the Y 2.Consider a gene on the X chromosome... If a male gets this gene, he will display the trait. A female must get it on BOTH of her X chromosomes to display the trait. If a female has it on 1 X chromosome and not the other, she is a carrier. *Usually have a family history... otherwise due to a spontaneous mutation. 3. Present in both sexes but has an effect only (mostly) in one sex. *Genes are "turned on" under influence of sex hormones 4. Ex: for sex link:Fragile X Syndrome Red-green color blindness Duchenne muscular dystrophy Hemophilia Ex. for sex limited: Genes for chest hair (men), breast size (women)

What structures comprise the CNS and what structures comprise the PNS?

1.brain & spinal cord 2.nerves outside brain and spinal cord

What is epigenetics? Why does this new field of research "blur the line between environment and genetics"?

1.changes in phenotype (appearance) or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence 2.DNA is wrapped around a histone core. Things (acetyl groups, methyl groups, etc) can get into the structure and loosen or tighten the wound-up DNA. This will make a gene more or less likely to be expressed.... ...AND these changes are heritable... ...SO you can alter the probability that a gene will be expressed without actually altering the DNA itself.

Extracellular fluid

1/3 of water

at what age can one discriminate between all phonemes (sounds of all different languages)

10 months

Energy flow rule

10% of the energy is transferred while 90% of the energy is used by the organism to survive.

kidneys can process

15 liters of water a day so it is hard to drink TOO MUCH water -- but infants and extreme athletes can = water intoxication. Diluting the sodium in the body (hyponatremia). Cells are drowning in freshwater.

Robert Boyle

17th-century scientist who created Boyle's Law

Jacques Charles

18th-century French scientist and daring balloon aviator who discovered the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and its temperature at a constant pressure

Malaria extermination

1950's humans tried to get rid of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in Borneo by spraying them with Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT). DDT got on cockroaches, and geckos eat the cockroaches. The geckos suffer nerve damage and move slowly. Cats switch to eating geckos instead of rats. Cats die from DDT poisoning. With less cats, the rats reproduce quickly and move from the jungle into the villages, bringing fleas that carry a bacterium that causes plague. Humans get plague.

Amedeo Avogadro

19th-century Italian scientist who created Avogadro's Law

Units for Density

1g/mL

before-and-after design

2 groups of subjects receive the same series of drug injections and the same series of repeated tests but the subjects in one group receive the drug before each test of the series and those in the other group receive the drug after each test. In the end they all receive the same dose of drug followed by the test so that the degree to which drug disrupts test performance in the two groups can be prepared.

Intracellular fluid

2/3 of water

What are the meninges and what is the general function of the meninges?

3 layers Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater Stabilize & protect the CNS Mechanically CSF within meninges (b/t arachnoid and pia) for buoyancy

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

3 phases of GAS

isotonic

300 mM, normal concentration of solute in intracellular and extracellular fluid

Mammals evolved to have a constant temperature around

37 C and 98 F

Similarities and differences to humans, Evolutionary perspective, and ethics and limitations with humans

4 reasons fro Animals in research

body water content

45-75% of body is water; individuals with more fat have less water

water constitutes

70% of the mammalian body

Hypotonic

< 300mM, less than normal concentration

Hypertonic

> 300mM, greater than normal concentration of solute

Curare

A South American native hunting for game tips his dart with ______, which will bind to nicotinic receptors and block transmission at neuromuscular junctions, thus paralyzing and killing the recipient by blocking respiration.

Cell Wall

A ____ ____ is a rigid outer layer surrounding plant cells that serves to provide the cells with structural support and protection.

Cell Membrane

A ____ ________ is composed mainly of a double layer of lipids (hydrophobic, water hating, molecules) and phosphorus molecules (hydrophilic, water loving) that surround and protect the cell and serve as a "gatekeeper" by letting various substances in or out.

Salt

A ____ is an ionic compound composed of positively charged ions known as cations (other than hydrogen) and a negatively charged ions (anions), resulting in a neutral (no net charge) product.

Solid

A _____ is a state of matter that resists bending, warping, or changes in volume and consists of atoms or molecules that are closely arranged together and have fixed positions relative to one another.

Gene

A _____ is an individual hereditary trait that is part of a chromosome.

Solute

A ______ is a substance that is dissolved in a homogenous mixture.

Solvent

A ______ is the substance in a homogenous mixture in which a solute is dissolved.

Colloid

A _______ is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance.

Hypothesis

A _______ is a suggested, tentative explanation that must be tested and proven.

Hybrid

A _______ is an organism that carries different, unlike genes for the same trait in order to achieve both desirable characteristics not typically found in the parent organisms or populations.

Punnett

A _______ square is a diagram that is used to determine the probable outcome of an offspring having a certain genetic cross or genotype.

Chemical Bond

A ________ ____ forms when atoms or molecules join due to attraction or their tendency to join with like atoms or molecules.

Chemical Reaction

A ________ ________ is a process in which two or more substances undergo chemical change, yield a product of one or more substances that are different from the original ones, and the original substances (reactants) cannot be returned to their original state.

Centriole

A ________ is a barrel shaped microtubule structure within an animal cell that is very important in cell reproduction.

Catalyst

A ________ is a substance that controls the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed as a result of the reaction.

Suspension

A ________ is a type of heterogeneous mixture in which particles are combined with other particles such that the mixture doesn't quickly settle out and the particles can be seen with the naked eye or under a microscope.

Genotype

A ________ is the entire genetic makeup of an organism.

Chromosome

A __________ is a very long rod-shaped structure that contains genes that is located in a cell's nucleus.

Decomposition

A _____________ reaction is one in which chemical compounds break up into smaller compounds or basic elements.

segregated

A biopsychologist would describe a sensory system that has functionally distinct areas as functionally _____.

Consumer

A biotic thing that must find and eat or consume other living things for food.

Producer

A biotic thing that produces the energy and matter itself that it needs for survival as well as the food and oxygen that all food consumers need for survival.

Oxidation

A bonded atom's _________ number is the number of electrons that it lost, gained, or shared in a certain chemical reaction.

Nucleus

A cell's ________ is separated from the cell's cytoplasm by a double membrane that protects the cell's DNA from molecules that could harm it.

Formula

A chemical _______ is the short way of describing how a chemical reaction is composed and organized.

autosomal chromosome

A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

Ideal Gas Law

A combination of Boyle's Charles's, and Avogadro's gas laws that shows the relationship of all these quantities in a single equation: PV=nRT

Climax community

A community that is usually stable made up of a varied number of species.

Decomposer

A consumer that breaks down or decomposes dead animals and plants. Decomposers can be helpful or harmful. They are used in the making of cheese, wine, vinegar, mining, and the clean up of oil spills. They are in composers and turn the compost into fertilizer.

Omnivore

A consumer that eats other animals and plants.

Carnivore

A consumer that eats primarily meat.

Herbivore

A consumer that eats primarily plants and plant-like substances.

Predator

A consumer that gets the matter and energy it needs for survival by preying upon other organisms.

Joints

A dense connective tissue known as cartilage is found at _____, the place where bones come together and make contact.

Food pyramid

A diagram that depicts the energy flow in ecosystems. Producers are on the bottom while consumers are on the higher levels of the pyramid.

Phenotype

A genotype codes for the organism's _________, that is the outward, total observable appearance or expression of a trait or gene action.

the cingulated gyrus

A gyrus is a ridge or a hill between fissures and sulci. Which of the following is NOT among the relatively large gyri of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes of the brain?

Scientific Hypothesis

A hypothesis becomes this when, and only when, it can be tested through experiments.

Biome

A large area with a certain climate that supports select vegetation.

Photolysis

A light reaction known as _________ occurs when light is present in the chlorophyll allowing carbon dioxide and water to be broken down into free atoms; this is the first step in the photosynthesis process.

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

Mendeleev

A man named D.L. _________ composed the first periodic table in 1896 when he listed various known elements in order with regard to their atomic weight and number of electron shells (energy levels).

Lamarck

A man named Jean _______ (1744-1829) was a precursor to Darwin's evolutionary theories and an early supporter of the idea that organisms adapt to their changing environment by acquiring various traits and thus, those traits are passed on to the organism's offspring.

Dalton

A man named John ______ developed the atomic theory, which proposed that everything is composed of atoms, single, invisible particles that the theorist described as small round balls.

Pollutant

A material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in a sample, which is a function of how many atoms the sample contains.

autoreceptor

A metabotropic receptor binds to its own neurotransmitter molecule and is located on the presynaptic, not postsynaptic, membrane. It is a(n) ______.

Parasympathetic(ANS)

A network of nerves that facilitates energy conservation and storage -- "Rest and Digest".

What happens to neurotransmitters when they are released, and how are they cleared from a synapse?

A neurotransmitter is released from a neuron terminal into a synapse The neurotransmitter binds to a receptor/channel in the postsynaptic cell. The neurotransmitter opens that channel, The channel lets ions into the cell, The ions slightly change the charge of the cell If enough positive ions enter the cell, the cell's charge is sufficiently changed, and there is an action potential

Chlorophyll

A pigment in plants that absorbs all colours except for green, which it reflects which is why plants are green. It absorbs light energy from the sun.

Apex predator

A predator that has few or no predators of its own at the top of the food chain.

Endothermic

A reaction that takes in energy is known as an ___________ reaction.

Electromagnet

A temporary magnet that is induced to carry a magnetic field by wrapping coil of wire around an iron core is known as an E_____.

Theory

A well tested explanation for a broad set of observations

Fallacy of Equivocation

A word is used with dual definitions

Kinetic

According to the _____ model, when particles collide, no loss of energy occurs. -ionic -kinetic -chemical -covalent -none of the above

sodium-potassium pumps

Active energy consuming mechanisms in the neural membrane that continuously transfer Na+ ions out of the neuron and K+ ions into the neuron are ______.

Physiological

Activity of brain and other organs

What is the sodium/potassium pump? What does it do? What purpose does it serve?

Acts to maintain proper concentrations of Na+ and K+ Needed for maintaining resting potential and for recovery from an action potential. 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in, so more positive on outside

Know the terms agonist and antagonist.

Agonist A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter Antagonist Drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

First Nations and Metis entities

Air, earth, fire, and water are alive and interact with one another to form biotic and abiotic things.

Pollution

Air, water, soil, and radioactive contamination are forms of ________ that provide threats to the populations residing with ecosystems and the ecosystems themselves.

Relativity

Albert Einstein's theory of __________ corrected Netwon's universal gravitation as related to planetary movement and theorized that gravity is an expression of curved time and space and specifically, that a planet takes the shortest orbit around the Sun.

Have present and fully functioning systems

All but which of the following descriptions accurately describes the Fungi biological kingdom? -Have present and fully functioning systems -May produce sexually or asexually and have various reproductive structures -Contain root-like structures called hyphae, cell walls of chitin, caps, and filaments -Eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that often live in symbiotic or parasitic relationships with other organisms, including mycorrhizal symbiosis in which plants and fungi live in a mutualistic relationship necessary for each organism's survival. -Have a decomposing, digestive-like function that serves to decompose organic matter in the environment

pyramidal cells are large unipolar neurons.

All of the following statements about pyramidal cells are true EXCEPT ______?

Occam's Rasor

All other things equal, the hypothesis with the fewest number of far-fetched assumptions is most likely to be the best description

Telophase 1

In the _________ __ of meiosis, a new nuclear membrane forms to surround each new nuclei containing each haploid set (half the original chromosomes) and cytoplasm divides.

Pinna

Altering the reflection of sound waves into the middle ear from the outer ear - Helps us to locate the source of a sound

Kingdom, Species

Although Aristotle first classified organisms into two groups, plants and animals, subsequent scientists have developed a classification system includes the following levels from largest to smallest: _______, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and ______.

Isaac Newton

Although his theories were applicable for many practical purposes, _____ ______'s theory of universal gravitational, when applied to planetary movements, was incorrect.

Allele

An _____ is the location or position of a certain gene on a chromosome.

Element

An ______ is a type of atom that is labeled according to the number of protons in its nucleus, known as the atomic number.

Element

An _______ is a form of matter composed of only one type of atoms.

Allergy

An _______ is a hypersensitivity to environmental substances that results in a localized or systemic inflammatory response.

Estuary

An _______ is a partially enclosed body of water that contains mixtures of salt and fresh water and provide biological support to a large variety of species.

near the axon hillock

An action potential is generated ______.

Genetic Fallacy

An argument's validity is related to how it originated

Electron

An atomic particle known as the ________ carries a negative charge; the ways in which elements transfer or share these particles provides the basis for the study of matter and its chemical behavior.

Cycle

An over-and-over again movement of matter.

conceptual word problem

Analyze and Solve

Numerical Word problem

Analyze, Calculate, and Evaluate

the periaqueductal gray

Animal research revealed electrical stimulation of _____ has pain blocking effects.

Unit

Any measurement of a physical quantity must always include a number followed by a unit that tells us what was measured.

Mass

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Biotechnology

Applies science to the production of biological products of processes, uses techniques that can alter the DNA in living organisms

Electrons

As elements proceed across a row or period (horizontal column) on the period table, their atomic number increases while their ability to hold onto tiny particles known as _________ increases.

Temperature

As the __________ increases, particles collide with greater frequency and thus a reaction will occur at a faster rate.

Boyle's Law

As volume decreases, pressure increases.

Backwards Fallacy

Assumes A causes B when really B causes A

Fallacy: Common Cause

Assumes A causes B when really C causes both A and B

axon hillock

At the junction between the cell body and the axon of a neuron is a cone shaped region called the ______.

Fallacy: Ad hominem

Attack on the user instead of the argument

Fallacy: Straw Man

Attacks an argument which is different from, and usually weaker than, opposition's best argument

retinex theory

BRAIN makes choices. a. Color constancy; cortex interferes with color perception and helps you compare info from various parts of the retina to determine brightness and color b. Combined color theory- all of that

How are neurons similar to other cells in the body? How are they different?

Basic unit of the nervous system Cells that receive and transmit information

What is The Binding Problem?

Binding occurs if you perceive 2 sensations happening at the same time and in the same place. Used to think association cortex...now not so sure b/c few cells actually respond to multiple sensory modalities.

co-dominance

Both alleles are expressed equally

two-stage

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves follow a ________ neural path on the way to target organs.

Parasympathetic(ANS)

Both the long pre-ganglionic neurons and the shorter post-ganglionic neurons release acetylcholine.

which drug though very addictive, causes relatively mild withdrawal effects?

COCAINE

central canal (SC

CSF drains from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space and enters the general circulation through arachnoid granulations.

prefrontal cortex

Calculates predictable outcomes of actions and plans movement according to those outcomes

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Can reduce the effects of ischemic strokes but can make hemorrhagic strokes worse

Alternative hypothesis test

Can you think of any other hypotheses that the same evidence would support just as well?

Geographical isolation

Cannot mate due to physical barriers between populations

Carbon cycle

Carbon-based substances such as plants are changed to become fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which are burned and released into the air as carbon gas.

Hydrocephalus

Caused by inflammation and enlargements of the third and lateral ventricles (often due to small cerebral aqueduct).

Proteins

Cells use substances known as ______, which are vital for the provision of cellular energy and the maintenance of cellular activities such as growth and reproduction.

Mitochondria

Cellular respiration, the process in which cells release energy by oxidizing food, occurs in an organelle known as the ___________.

Galvanic

Certain electrochemical cells, which are known as ________ cells, have two different metals which are joined by a salt bridge, a porous border used to connect the electrochemical cell's oxidation and reduction half-cells so that ions can move while keeping them separated and neutral.

embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane of a neuron

Channel and signal proteins are______.

Origin of Species

Charles Darwin presented his theory of evolution in his 1859 book called The ______ __ _______.

Natural Selection

Charles Darwin's theory of _______ _________ states that favorable adaptive traits inherited from parents to their offspring give the offspring an increased chance of survival, and that those traits become more common in following generations, while less favorable traits become less common due to the fact that they decrease an organism's chance for survival.

Equilibrium

Chemical _________ is achieved when forward chemical reactions are carried out at the same rate of reverse reactions.

Neuromodulators

Chemicals that are released into extracellular space by the dendrites of the presynaptic cell after repeated stimulation and, based on activity at a receptor, have an effect on the membrane potential of many cells in that region.

parallel

Circuit with 2 or more path for current flow which will increase the amperage is known as a P___ circuit. (the current of this circuit will be = to the sum of the currents in each cell)

Series

Circuit with only one path for electron flow to move from positive to negative pole is known as a S___ circuit. (the voltage of this circuit will be = to the sum of the voltage in each cell added together)

Fallacy: Begging the question

Circular argument: Conclusion disguised as its own premise

Conclusion of Argument

Claim or action

The Forebrain: Hypothalamus

Communicates with the pituitary gland to regulate the release of several hormones.

Spinal Cord

Comprised of nerves that regulate the automatic behaviors of the body (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, etc.) that we aren't consciously aware of

Avogadro's Law

It states that the volume of a gas is a function of the number of gas particles it contains, or in other words, as the number of gas particles increases, so does the volume.

Photosynthesis importance

It turns the light energy into chemical energy in plants that biotic things can use for their energy, it provides plants with food that biotic things can use to function properly,, it provides the oxygen need for all biotic things.

Somatic Nervous system:

Consists of sensory neurons that convey information from the sense organs to the brain and motor neurons that convey information from the CNS to the muscles.

The Forebrain:

Consists of the outer cortex (cerebral cortex) and several subcortical regions.

What are ventricles? What is in them?

Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CSF is made in walls of ventricles by choroid plexus CSF then circulates around the brain CSF finally reabsorbed into blood vessels, so continuous turnover Protective Reservoir for hormones, nutrients

Substantia Nigra:

Contains an important group of dopamine neurons.

tegmentum

Contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation.

The Forebrain: Hypothalamus

Contains several distinct nuclei; widespread connections.

Pons:

Contains the reticular formation (arousal and attention) and the raphe system (serotonin).

What controlls the medulla?

Control via cranial nerves (sensory and motor control of head and parasympathetic output to organs (vagus nerve))

Cerebellum:

Controls movement, balance, coordination of limbs.

Convection Currents

Convection currents are the flow that is created due to this heat transfer. As a fluid is heated, it becomes less dense and rises. The cooler fluid (at the surface) is denser and sinks causing a current.

Dmitri Mendeleev

Created the Periodic Table

dendritic branching

DB; data base)- gives you more connections/ learning (Tryna figure out what movie it is; go around to get bck to the movie cell)

4

DNA is a polymer composed of __ nucleotides

nucleus

DNA storage in neuron

Phosphate groups, Four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, 5-carbon sugars

DNA, the basic chemical of life, is a huge molecule that is comprised of which of the following (pick all that apply)? *6 lipid groups *3 amino acid chains *Phosphate groups *Four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine *5-carbon sugars

ide

In writing out chemical formulas, the suffix -____ refers to monoatomic anion (single, negatively charged ion).

ic

In written chemical formulas, the suffix -___ is used to describe the ion (atom that has gained or lost an election) with the higher charge.

Molecules

Incredibly small units of matter

Terms to know and understand: DNA, RNA, gene, chromosome, transcription, translation, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive

DNA:self replicating molecule double stranded template for RNA 4 nucleotides: C- Cytosine G- Guanine T- Thymine A- Adenine RNA: Copy of one strand of the DNA template for protein 4 nucleotides: CGUA Homozygous: Person with identical set of genes on the 2 chromosomes is homozygous for that gene Heterozygous: Person with unmatched pair of genes on the 2 matched chromosomes is heterozygous for that gene *A gene that shows strong effect in heterozygous or homozygous condition is dominant *A gene that shows strong effect only in homozygous condition is recessive (so you need 2 copies of it to see the effect) Translation: transcription:

numerous parallel pathways

Damage to the primary somatosensory cortex often results in only mild impairment because of _____.

Substantia Nigra:

Death of these dopamine neurons is associated with Parkinson's disease.

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)

Defines "dietary supplements" as a separate regulatory category and liberalized what information could be distributed by their sellers. Ingredients that are useless but harmless are protected, and manufacturers of supplements are not required to submit a safety report before marketing.

The Forebrain: Basal Ganglia

Deteriorates in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases.

Sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the current generation without hindering the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Competition between species

Different species competing for a limited amount of resources.

Antoine Lavoisier

Discovered law of mass conservation; also defined element

caused by both ischemia and hemmorhage strokes

Disruption of the sodium-potassium pump leading to the accumulation of potassium ions inside neurons

Missing or Omitted Information

Do you know of further relevant information?

scanning electron microscope

Dr. Ramos wants to view a neuron in three dimensions. She should most likely use a(n) __________.

bottleneck

Drastic reduction in population size brought about by natural catastrophe or overhunting

Prophase 1

During ________ __ of meiosis, chromosomes condense and thicken within the nucleus, homologous chromosomes pair, the nucleoli disappears and the nuclear membrane disintegrates, and centrioles begin to migrate to opposite poles of the cell.

Interphase 1

During _________ __ of meiosis, individual chromosomes start to duplicate.

pleiotropy

Individuals alleles effect more than one phenotype

Aristotle

Influential Greek philosopher who described behavior of matter as hot, cold, moist, and dry

Inductive Generalization

Info on some members of a set draw conclusions to the whole -> Sample must be representative

Tectum

"Roof" of the midbrain"

stage 2 of sleep

K-complexes- wave forms that protect a person from being awakened by sudden stimuli

cerebrospinal fluid

Kari has had some of this drained away and as a result experiences raging headaches and stabbing pain each time she jerks her head.

mesencephalon

Komal's anatomy class is studying major structures of the brain. He is analyzing the tectum, tegmentum, and superior and inferior colliculi. Komal's class is studying the ______.

vision goes to

LGN and superior colliculus

Where are neurotransmitters made?

Large made in soma; small in terminal

Basic Research

Leads us to a greater understanding of how the natural world operates

Cerebellum:

Lies dorsal to the medulla

Biotic

Living

Organic

Living organisms need various elements to survive, including carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, and use these elements to create ______ molecules, which are necessary for maintaining and constituting life.

lateral and medial superior olives

Localization of sounds in space is mediated by the ________.

Pons:

Located in the Hindbrain Lies anterior and ventral to the medulla.

When detecting relevant omitted information...

Look for alternative hypotheses

permanent, temporary

Magnets can be either p___ or t___.

negative frequency selection

Maintains different traits in a population

Wernickes area

Makes sense of words

large and myelinated

Mammalian motor neurons conduct action potentials at a speed of 100 meters per second. These axons are _______.

Nebula

Many scientists believe that the solar system developed from a _____, an accumulation of dust, gas, and plasma.

microtubules

Material is rapidly transported throughout neurons. The internal structures responsible for this transport are called______.

physical activity

Measurable expansion of neurons has also been shown in humans as a function

Thermometer

Measures temperature by means of teh expansion and contraction of liquid, usually mercury or colored alcohol

Dominance

Mendel's genetic Law of _________ states that each organism inherits a trait from each the mother and father and that one trait may be dominant over the other, thus preventing the recessive trait from showing in the offspring.

Independent Assortment

Mendel's genetic Law of ___________ __________ states that the appearance of a single trait won't affect the emergence of another trait; each characteristic for a trait is independently inherited and no pattern or relationship exists between the separation and rejoining of different traits.

Segregation

Mendel's genetic law of ___________ and recombinantion states that when gametes (sperm and egg) unite, genes for each characteristic segregate into single units and then each characteristic joins with a like character in order to create a gene.

The Meninges

Meninges are membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

Causal Reasoning

Mill's Methods

Fallacy: False cause

Misinterprets correlation for causation by not considering all all factors; assumes A causes B when C really causes B

Post Hoc/Coincidence Fallacy

Mistaking coincidence or random correlation as causation

meningitis

Most common cause is viral infection of the meninges, but bacterial and fungal infections

neurons and glial cells

Most of the cells of the nervous system are ______.

Compare motor neurons & sensory neurons: How are they different from each other & how are they the same? Be able to draw each one. Which one is multipolar and which one is unipolar?

Motor- The cell body (soma) lives in the spinal cord. The axon is part of a nerve in your body. The terminals synapse with muscle fibers. ( multipolar Sensory-The soma lives just outside of the spinal cord (in a dorsal root ganglion). Most of its length is an axon. It has specialized endings in the skin, and its terminals are in the spinal cord.( unipolar)

Gene flow

Movement of alleles from one population to another

antagonistic contraction

Movement requires the alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles called antagonistic muscles

polygenic inheritance

Multiple genes are involved in the expression of the trait

taste goes to

NST

taste in brain

NTS projects to gustatory portion of thalamus>>insula- primary gustatory cortex; tongue ipsilateeral

What ions are important in the action potential?

Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl- sodium in potassium out

sexual selection

Natural selection that favors traits that help an organism acquire a mate. Traits can also make individuals more vulnerable to predators.

Gas

Neither definite volume nor definite shape

glial cells

Neurons are not the only cells found in the nervous system. ______ predominate in some brain structures, although recent research suggests that their number overall is about equal to neurons.

Paraventricular Nucleus and Supraopticnucleus

Neurons in these release vasopressin in circulation of posterior pituitary

amino acids

Neuropeptides are large-molecule neurotransmitters that are composed of ______.

acetylcholine

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are two subtypes of ______ receptors.

Unfalsifiable

No evidence can be held against it

Abiotic

Non-living

Fallacy: False analogy

Objects of analogy lack relevant similarities

Microscopic

Objects that can bew seen only under magnification

Solid

Occupies a constant amount of space and does not readily deform upon the application of pressure

Liquid

Occupies a constant amount of space but its form changes readily

glomeruli

Olfactory receptor axons terminate in clusters known as olfactory _____.

Period

On a periodic table, a ______ is a horizontal row of elements.

What is a voltage-gated channel? Where are they?

On the axon Open when cell reaches a certain voltage Allow ions in or out Changes voltage of cell

Know what EPSP and IPSP are. How do these differ from an action potential?

One has more action potential than the other

Mitochondria

Organelles known as ____________, which are highly prevalent in muscle cells, produces ATP, a high level energy source that is sent from muscle cells to other cells and tissues.

Plants are chemotrophs

Organisms in the biological plant (plantae) kingdom contain all except which of the following characteristics? -Plants are chemotrophs -Reproduce through asexual means or sexual methods including flowers, cones, spores, and seeds -Plants are always nonmotile and have present, functioning, well-developed systems -Are multicellular organisms that have eukaryotic cells with cell walls made of cellulose -Growth is based on hormone activity and is influenced by various environmental factors including the availability of water, lights, and nutrients

supplementary motor cortex

Organizes rapid sequence of movements in a specific order; (habits)

Two mechanisms of Thirst

Osmotic Thirst and Hypovolemic thirst

Cranial Nerves:

Part of the peripheral nervous system.

Ore

Permanent magnets contain natural magnetic o__.

Island succession

Plants and animals that reach newly created land.

are called inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Postsynaptic hyperpolarizations ______.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Postulates: 1. A gas consists of tiny particles, either atoms or molecules or both. 2. Gas particles are in constant random motion, colliding among themselves and with the walls of their container. 3. The impacts of gas particles on the walls of the container produce a jittery force that appears as a stady push against the inner surface. This pushing force provides the pressure of the enclosed gas. 4. Deviations from gas laws arise primarily because of the interactions occurring among gas particles and because gas particles are not infinitely small. 5. The average kinetic energy (energy use to motion) of the gas particles is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas.

Know the parts of the spinal cord (dorsal horn, ventral horn, dorsal root, ventral root, central canal, dorsal root ganglion). Be able to label them on a figure.

Printed

Weight

Proceeding down a vertical column or group on the period table, the atomic _____ increases.

Amino Acids

Protein degradation is the process by which proteins are broken down into _____ _____, building blocks that make up the smallest unit of a protein.

what do astrocytes do?

Protoplasmic (gray matter) and Fibrous (white matter); Structural support (well-developed cytoskeleton); Form dense scars upon injury; Process can abut surface of CNS, capillaries*, neurons, dendrites, nodes of ranvier, synapses; Transfer of nutrients (like glucose) to and from neurons & Regulation of extracellular ionic concentrations (lots of K+ channels); *Blood brain barrier

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid )

Provides "cushioning" for the brain

Uracil

RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains three of the same nitrogenous bases as DNA with the different base being ______, which replaces thymine.

Genetic Drift

Random change in allele frequency over time (chance)

Pitfall: Misinterpretation of random events

Random events appear as streaks, counting hits and ignoring the misses, etc.

Premise of Argument

Reasons in support

Thalmus

Receives and processes sensory information (except olfaction).

Cranial Nerves:

Receives sensory information from, and controls voluntary and involuntary movements of, the face, head and neck.

apoptosis

Receiving neuron will either agree by sending out a neurotrophin r remain silent and so it will cause

order of who tells

Receptor cells tells bipolar, bipolar tells ganglion, ganglion tells optic (axons of ganglion form optic nerve- which travels to the brain), when optic nerve leaves back eye, that's blind spot because it contains no receptors

When judging logic...

Recognize and avoid common fallacies evaluating sufficiency of reasons

When judging evidence...

Recognize and avoid common pitfalls evaluating credibility of evidence

What does midbrain do?

Reflexive orienting to visual and auditory stimuli Intrinsic/descending pain control Substantia nigra -Parkinson's disease And more...

The Forebrain: Hypothalamus

Regulates motivated behavior (e.g., eating, drinking, sex).

posterior; anterior

Research suggests that the locating of sounds occurs in the _____ auditory pathway, and the identification of sounds occurs in the _____ auditory pathway.

Applied Research

Research that focuses on developing basic research

Applied Chemistry

Research that is directed toward a practical goal of application

ventral stream

Research using functional brain imaging to examine the ability to discriminate among stimuli based on shape or color demonstrated an increased activity in the _____.

Evolutionary Perspective

Research what processes have been changed or preserved

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid )

Reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord

Know the different parts of a synapse (presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters, receptors, vesicles)

Review

ions

Salts in neural tissue that separate into positively and negatively charged particles are called ______.

Ways to deal with garbage

Sanitary landfill, compost, recycled waste, incineration, recycling depot, hazardous household waste operation.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Satiety Center

Pitfall: Pereidolia

Seeing pattern in vague stimuli

Thalmus

Sends the output to the cerebral cortex.

X

Sex-linked traits are carried on the __ chromosome.

repel, attract

Similar poles r____ while opposite poles a____.

Argument by Analogy

Similar things act in similar ways -> Relevant similarities must outweigh relevant dissimilarities

founder effect

Small number of individuals leave a large population and establish a new isolated population

Understand the steps of the action potential, and how one leads to the next.

Sodium in Potassium out Refractory period (The neuron cannot fire another action potential until it is back up to resting potential) and repolarization *The sodium inside the cell diffuses to the next node of Ranvier. The membrane at that node is now -50 mV... VG sodium channels open  sodium rushes in. VG sodium channels close & VG potassium channels open  potassium rushes out. The sodium inside the cell diffuses to the next node of Ranvier....

What neurotransmitters share a pathway of synthesis? What are the initial precursors (the first thing in the synthesis pathway) for dopamine, norepinepherine, epinepherine, serotonin and acetylcholine?

Some neurons release more than 1 kind of neurotransmitter Sometimes from the same terminal Sometimes from different terminals: Motor neuron in spinal cord release acetylcholine (Ach) onto muscle fibers, and other branches of the same axon release both Ach and glutamate onto other spinal cord neurons.

temporal isolation

Species cannot mate because they breed at different times

behavioral isolation

Species cannot mate because they have different courtship and mating rituals

ecological isolation

Species cannot mate because they occupy different habitats

Allele

Specific Gene for a specific person; Eye color: Blue is one, brown is another

gametic incompatibility

Sperm from one species cannot fertilize eggs of another

Humans hurt themselves

Spray bugs, bugs are eaten, bodies decompose, food grown.

Inorganic Chemistry

Study of chemicals that in general do not contain carbon

Nutrients

Substances such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals that give your body energy and the material needed to move, grow, and repair and maintain the health of a biotic thing.

Glia Cell

Support Cell

migraine headaches.

Swollen blood vessels in the meninges are the cause of these

Facts VS. Fiction?

T or F: Computer models and cell cultures can replace animal testing. F: even the most sophisticated technology models cannot mimic the complex cellular interactions that occur in a living system T or F: Dogs, cats and monkeys are used more than any other animal in medical research. F: mice and rats, bred for research; BTW, dogs essential for research in cardiovascular disease T or F: Lost/stolen pets are sold to laboratories most bred for research, a few come from "death row" of pounds, fewer still purchased from USDA-licensed dealers T or F: There are no laws or government regulations to protect research animals. F: Institutional ACUC is required by law T or F: There is no need to test consumer products on animals - some companies don't. F: obligated to for public safety, many products/ingredients were previously tested on animals

moovement

THALMUS INHIBITS MOVEMENT; GLOBUS PALLIDUS INHIBITS THALMUS; CAUDATE NUCLEUS AND PUTAMEN TELLS GLOBUS WHAT TO DO/ STOP INHIBITING>>>

Pitfall: Confirmation bias

Tendency to look for confirming info when disconfirming info is more powerful

Hypothetical Reasoning

Testing of hypothesis through logical consequences -> Must protect against all fallacies and pitfalls of perception

What does it mean that an action potential is "all or none"?

That is, in most (but not all) neurons, subthreshold depolarizations have no effect, but once the threshold is crossed, an action potential is generated.

thymine, adenosine, guanine, cytosine

The 4 nucleotides in DNA

Are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls, Most animals have bodies that are separated into various tissues and contain structures that are unique to each type of organism, Most animals have the capability of being motile at some stage in their life, Animals grow based on hormonal activity and the presence of nutrients

The Animal kingdom in biological classifications includes which of the following characteristics? -Are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls -All animals reproduce through sexual means -Most animals have bodies that are separated into various tissues and contain structures that are unique to each type of organism. -Most animals have the capability of being motile at some stage in their life -Animals grow based on hormonal activity and the presence of nutrients

Definite Composition

The Law of _______ ___________ states that a compound, which is composed of two or more elements, will always have a fixed elemental composition in a specific ratio by mass.

Conservation

The Law of __________ of Matter and Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another.

Mole

The ____ is a scientific unit that is used to measure the amount of substance, such as the amount produced in a chemical reaction.

Cell

The ____ is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

Cell

The ____ theory proposes that all living things are made up of one or more cells.

Monera

The _____ kingdom is a biological kingdom comprised of bacteria and blue-green algae; organisms in this kingdom reproduce via binary fission, are prokaryotic microorganisms that are primarily autotrophic, may live alone or form groups of cells called colonies, and have flagella capsules.

Hardy

The _____-Weinberg Law states that in a population that exists in equilibrium, genes and genotype frequencies at a single gene locus will remain the same from one generation to the next.

limbic system

The ______ is a circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus.

Thymus

The ______ is a human organ that plays an important role in the development of cells that will eventually become T cells, white blood cells that contain a special receptor for antigens.

Spleen

The ______ is an abdominal organ that functions to destroy old red blood cells, serves as a reservoir for blood-forming stem cells, and produces an immune response to blood antigens.

Dermis

The ______ is the skin layer composed of connective tissue that contains many sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, glands (such as sweat glands), and blood vessels.

Nucleolus

The _______ lies within a cell's nucleus and is responsible for rRNA synthesis.

Reaction

The _______ rate is the amount of product that is formed over a certain time frame during a reaction or how fast a reaction will take place.

Mesozoic

The ________ Era is an evolutionary geologic era that included the origination of organisms such as the first birds and mammals, reptiles, and more complex plants including flowering ones.

Cenozoic

The ________ Era, the most recent of the geological eras, is an ongoing period involving the adaptive radiation of diverse, complex mammals, birds, reptiles, marine life, and flowering plants.

Circulatory

The ________ system is an organ system that functions to transport material throughout the body and includes components of blood (including red and white blood cells, plasma, antibodies, and thrombin), the heart, and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins).

Endocrine

The ________ system is composed of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical messengers, that enter the circulatory system and affect various target cells in body organs.

Excretory

The ________ system is responsible for removing wastes from the body and includes the kidney system: kidneys, bladder, urethra, ureters, and capillaries connected to the kidneys.

Skeletal

The ________ system provides physical support and framework for the human body and contains bones and cartilage.

Digestive

The ________ system serves to take in and digest food in order to provide the body with needed energy and nutrients and to remove waste products from the body.

Paleozoic

The _________ Era of geological evolution included multicellular organisms and primitive fern-like plant forms.

Chloroplast

The _________ is an organelle in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that performs the process of photosynthesis in order to create energy for the cell.

Telophase

The _________ of cellular division involves the uncoiling of chromosomes and the reappearance of the nucleoli and the nuclear membrane around each set of sister chromosomes.

Lymphatic

The _________ system is a major part of the immune system and contains a network of organs, ducts, tissues, vessels, and capillaries that function to remove extra fluids from tissues and return them to the circulatory system and to produce immunity, including white blood cells that work to kill harmful substances.

Precambrian

The __________ era of geological evolution, which is the earliest of the geological eras, was characterized by the origination and presence of one-celled organisms.

Integumentary

The __________ system functions to cover the body and is composed of glands, skin, and nails.

autonomic; somatic

The ______nervous system interacts with the body's internal environment; while the______ nervous system regulates the body's external environment.

magnetism

The ability of a substance to produce a magnetic field is known as m___.

Density

The amount of mass contained in a sample divided by the volume of the Sample D=m/v

Volume

The amount of space a material occupies

Analytical Chemistry

The area of study that focuses on the composition of matter

Physical Chemistry

The area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change

efferent

The autonomic nervous system has two kinds of ______nerves.

They are beginning to develop specialized systems

The biological kingdom Protista can be described by all except which of the following characteristics? -They are beginning to develop specialized systems -They have various methods of locomotion including flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia or may be non-motile -They are single or multicellular microorganisms that have membrane bound cell organelles -They consume food via phagocytosis and are able to grow according to the availability of food and according to restrictions determined by the cell membrane -They reproduce by sexual or asexual means

Edema

The blood is white, and there is slightly darker than normal areas surrounding this, due to local brain swelling

The Meninges

The brain has no pain receptors, but these do

Energy

The capacity to do work

Golgi Apparatus

The cell's _____ _________ is an organelle involved in the synthesis, manufacture, storage, and distribution of various macromolecules including hormones and enzyme materials.

Peripheral

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord while the _______ nervous system is comprised of all nerves and neurons that lie outside of the CNS and connect body parts.

smell and taste

The chemical senses within the human body are _____.

Species

The closest related group of biotic things that can mate and reproduce more of the same kind of living thing.

Alchemy

The concept that it is possible to transform any substance to another substance simply by altering the relative proportions of the four basic qualities.

anterior cingulate cortex

The cortical area most frequently linked to pain is the _____.

First Nations and Metis change

The coyote or a trickster causes change.

membrane

The difference in the electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell is the ______ potential.

Know the Bell-Magendie law and understand how that incorporates the dorsal and ventral horns and roots. Understand that a spinal nerve has a sensory and a motor component,

The entering dorsal roots carry sensory information to the brain & the exiting ventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands In other words: Dorsal=sensory; Ventral=motor

Purine

The four nitrogen bases that contribute to DNA's construction include adenine and guanine, which are known as _____, and thymine and cytosine, which are known as pyrimidines.

Weight

The gravitational force exerted on an object by the nearest most massive body, such as Earth.

Composed of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles that are controlled by a central pacemaker, Composed of involuntary muscle tissue, Blood pumped out of the heart circulates through two loops, one reaching the lungs and the other all parts of the body, The pacemaker sends signals to the atria and ventricles in order to coordinate their rhythmic pumping activity

The heart is a muscular organ that can be described by which of the following answer choices? -Composed of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles that are controlled by a central pacemaker -Composed of involuntary muscle tissue -Blood pumped out of the heart circulates through two loops, one reaching the lungs and the other all parts of the body -The pacemaker sends signals to the atria and ventricles in order to coordinate their rhythmic pumping activity -Deoxygenated blood pumped from the heart goes to the lungs via a vein and oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart via arteries

Muscular

The human ________ system allows all body voluntary and involuntary movement.

First Nations and Metis human and wolf relationship

The human and the wolf walk separate but parallel paths.

anosmia; ageusia

The inability to smell is known as_____, whereas the inability to taste is known as _____.

saltatory conduction

The jumping of action potentials from node to node

telencephalon

The largest division of the human brain that mediates the brain's most complex functions is the ______.

Technology

The means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired

Amperage

The measure of amount of electron flow thru the circuit is known as a___.

The Forebrain:

The most anterior and prominent part of the brain (in humans).

medulla

The myelencephalon of the brain is commonly called the ______.

Neurons

The nervous system contains _______, cells that transmit electrochemical signals across synapses in order to initiate action in muscles, organs, and glands.

Carbon Dioxide

The normal respiratory system is under control of the autonomic nervous system (a division of the PNS), which controls the respiratory rate based on the levels of ______ _______ in the blood.

Somatic Nervous system:

The other branch of the peripheral nervous system

auditory

The perception of objects and events through the sounds they make occurs within the _____ system.

Growth Rate

The population ______ ____ refers to the change in a population over time determined by birth and death rates and immigration and emigration and influenced by environmental factors such as natural disasters, droughts, or diseases.

proprioceptive

The position of one's body is monitored by the _____ system, part of the somatosensory system.

loci

The position that a given gene occupies on a chromosome

Succession

The predictable pattern of change in ecosystems.

Argument

The presentation of a reason(s) in support of some claim or action

somatotopically

The primary somatosensory cortex system is organized _____.

Melting

The process by which a solid transforms in to a liquid

Colonization

The process of a creating a new community.

Photosynthesis

The process of how plants make their food. Light energy, carbon dioxide, and water is turned into food (sugars and starvhes) and oxygen.

exocytosis

The process of neurotransmitter release is known as ______.

perception

The process of recognizing, integrating, and interpreting patterns of sensation is known as _____.

Cellular respiration

The process that almost all biotic things use to release the energy stored in their food. Food (sugars and starches) and oxygen is turned into carbon dioxide, water, and energy that can be used by all living things.

Freezing

The process where liquid changes to solid

Boiling

The process where liquid evaporates and becomes a gas

Pure Chemistry

The pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake.

ratio; inside; outside

The resting potential of a neuron results when the ____ of negative to positive charges is greater____ the neuron than _____ the neuron.

Amylase

The salivary glands produce saliva that contains an enzyme known as _______ that helps to begin the breakdown carbohydrates.

How is an action potential started and propagated? What ion enters first?

The sodium inside the cell diffuses to the next node of Ranvier. The membrane at that node is now -50 mV... VG sodium channels open  sodium rushes in.

the myelin sheath

The speed and efficiency of axonal conduction is increased by ______.

hair cells; auditory nerve

The stimulation of the _____ within the organ of Corti increases the firing of axons of the _____.

Double Helix

The structure of DNA can be described as a ______ _____.

Organic Chemistry

The study of all chemicals containing carbon

Biological Psychology

The study of behavior, looking at the physiological process used to produce this behavior.

Chemistry

The study of matter and the transformations it can undergo

Bio Chemistry

The study of processes that take place in organisms

Chemistry

The study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes

taste buds; 50

The taste receptors found on the tongue are _____, and are found in clusters of about ____ .

Synthesis

The term ________ describes how a cell forms a more complex molecule from simpler compounds.

Regulation

The term ________ describes how an organism maintains the balance and stability of its chemical composition in the midst of internal and external environments that are continually in a state of change (basically, this process is how the cell maintains homeostasis).

Oxidation

The term _________ describes when a ion, atom, or molecule loses an electron in a chemical reaction.

Irritability

The term _________ means an excessive response of a cell to a stimuli.

Adenoids

The tonsils and ________ are masses of lymph tissue that serve to trap and filter out infectious substances (antigens) such as bacteria and viruses that enter the body through the mouth or nose

superior/inferior

The top and bottom of the head of a primate are often referred to as ______ respectively.

decremental

The transmission of EPSPs and IPSPs is __________, meaning that they decrease in amplitude as they travel through the neuron.

central and peripheral

The two divisions of the vertebrate nervous system are the ______ nervous systems.

Why can we use animal research to understand human processes?

The underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species and sometimes easier to study in nonhuman species. Non-human vertebrates have similar anatomy, chemistry and physiology as humans Even invertebrate nerves follow same basic principles as our own Squid giant axon - Certain experiments cannot use humans because of legal or ethical restrictions. Electrophysiology Developmental biology (ocular dominance columns, sensitive periods for development, etc) Repair after brain damage The list goes on...

Responding variable (Dependent Variable)

The variable that is observed during the experiment

Manipulated Variable (Independent Variable)

The variable that you change during an experiment

The Ventricles

The ventricles are four hollow, interconnected cavities within the CNS containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Charles's Law

The volume and absolute temperature of a gas are directly proportional

Macroscopic world

The world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye

gray matter; white matter

There are two different areas within the spinal cord, an inner H-shaped core known as ______ and the surrounding area of ______.

amacrine

They control the ability of the ganglion cells to respond to shapes, movements, or other specific aspects of visual stimuli

What are the implications of this for drug use and medicine?

They must be able to pass the BBB

hypothalamus

This part of the brain plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors, such as eating, sleeping, and sexual behavior. It works in part by regulating hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. This part of the brain is called the _______.

nueral reorganization

This results in greater neural representation in adjacent regions of the somatosensory cortex

axoaxonic

This synapse mediates presynaptic facilitation and inhibition, which allows for the advantage of selective influence on one particular synapse rather than the entire presynaptic neuron. This is a _______ synapse

The Forebrain: Basal Ganglia

Three major structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus.

Goal of Critical Thinking

To guarantee, as far as possible, that one's beliefs and actions are justifiable and can stand the test of rational analysis -> to be OPEN-MINDED and SKEPTICAL

enzymatic degradation

To terminate a message in the synapse, neurotransmitters are broken apart by the action of proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical reactions without being affected by them. This process is called ________.

Critical Thinking

To think critically is to think clearly, accurately and fairly while evaluating the reasons for accepting some belief or taking some action -> Actions follow belief

To argue

To try to support/defend a claim or action

dominant

Traits expressed with a capital letter

recessive

Traits expressed with a lower case letter

lissencephalic

Trisha is studying a mammal that does not have convoluted cortices. She is studying a ______ animal.

sound waves go through

Tympanic membrane>malleus/incus/stapes>oval window>vestibular canal>tympanic canal>cochlear canal>basilar membrane

Endocytosis

Using a process known as _________, cells absorb substances from outside the cell by engulfing the material within its membrane.

What channel opens next? What ion moves thru that? What forces drive that ion? Etc etc.

VG potassium channels open  potassium rushes out. *axon b/t myelinated segments.

Thru what type of channel does it enter? What forces drive it inside? Why does that channel close?

VG sodium channels close & VG potassium channels open  potassium rushes out.

What causes neurotransmitter release from the axon terminal?

VGCC in terminal let Ca2+ in which makes vesicles bind to membrane for release of NT

genetic diversity

Vast numbers of different species as well as the diversity within a species.

Hydrocephalus

Water on the brain

Six basic needs of all living things

Water, oxygen, energy, interactions with living and non-living things, suitable living conditions, and food.

Pitfall: Expectation (Selection) bias

We see what we expect to see

Pitfall: Subjective Validation

We tend to see much more than we should in information said to be about ourselves (Graphology, horoscopes)

Falsifiable

What evidence could I show you that would have you change your mind?

voltage

What is the electromotive force that pushes electrons through the circuit. v___.

Scientific Law

When a hypothesis has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted.

ionotropic

When a neurotransmitter molecule binds to a(n) ______receptor, associated ion channels open and close immediately thereby inducing an immediate potential.

Compound

When matter composed of two or more kinds of elements join and chemical bonding occurs, the result is a ________.

Anaerobic

When oxygen is not present, cells undergo ________ respiration through the process of fermentation, which produces lactic acid as a byproduct.

static electricity

When the electrical charges are not moving it is called s_____ e_____.

cerebellum

When the large convoluted structure of the metencephalon known as the ______ is damaged, often there is an inability to precisely control movement and or adapt movement to changing conditions.

Mixture

When two or more kinds of elements are blended, but chemical bonding or change does not occur, a _______ is formed.

Observation

When you use your senses to obtain information you make this

monoamines

Which class of neurotransmitters is synthesized from a single amino acid and has cell bodies frequently located in the brain stem?

tympanic membrane

Which ear structure vibrates in response to sound passing from the outer ear and down the auditory canal?

telencephalon

Which of the five divisions of the brain is NOT a part of the brain stem?

seratonin

Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine? epinephrine norepinephrine serotonin dopamine

medial-distal

Which of the following is NOT one of the three axes of the vertebrate nervous system?

Turn pink litmus paper blue

Which of the following is not a property of acids? -Turn pink litmus paper blue React with bases in a neutralization process that produces a salt and water -React with carbonates to form carbon dioxide -React aggressively with most metals -Will conduct electricity when in a water solution

Conduct electricity in a weak or strong solution

Which of the following is not a property of bases? -React with acids in a process called neutralization that produces water and salts -Conduct electricity in a weak or strong solution -Turn pink litmus paper blue -When in a chemical reaction with fats, they form compounds known as soaps -Feel slimy on the skin and can be caustic to the skin in strong solutions

In the last part of the digestive system, the large intestine, used food matter and wastes are further broken down, digested, and excreted.

Which of the following statements does not accurately describe the digestive system? -Food travels down the esophagus and reaches the stomach where digestive enzymes such as hydrochloric acid breakdown nutrients, including proteins, and the food is churned into a liquid substance. -The mouth, tongue, and teeth, take part in the mechanical digestion of food -In the last part of the digestive system, the large intestine, used food matter and wastes are further broken down, digested, and excreted. -The majority of digestion occurs in the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream by way of microscopic finger-like projections called villa on the intestinal wall. -Undigested food is excreted from the large intestine via the anus.

Electrolytic

While some reactions, known as spontaneous reactions, can occur almost spontaneously with very little energy involved, other reactions known as ___________ reactions require force from an external energy source.

Example of physiological explanation?

Why did she run from the tiger? Sympathetic nervous system, HPA axis, stress hormones and neurotransmitters, etc.

they exist for only a few seconds

Why do scientists find soluble-gas neurotransmitters difficult to study?

nerve deafness

With age, some people experience damage to part of the cochlea that results in an inability to perceive high frequencies as well as difficulty distinguishing what people are saying. This condition is known as _____.

cochlear nuclei

Within the auditory system, the superior olives receive the majority of their input from the _____.

conscious and unconscious

Within the sensory system, which two different parallel streams of analysis ultimately influence behavior?

Fallacy: False dilemma

Wrongly assumes two alternatives exist

John Dalton

Wrote 4 postulates

Recessive

X-linked ________ traits are expressed in all males (heterogametics) because the allele is carried on a single X chromosome.

Can a neuron release more than 1 neurotransmitter? Can you think of an example of this?

YES: Nicontene

arteries

__ adjusts pressure through contraction and dilation

capillaries

__ deliver nutrients through pressure, osmosis, and diffusion

ureters

__ move urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

heat

__ transfer can never occur from a cooler object to a warmer object

ATP

___ , a nucleotide that is the most important molecular form of intracellular energy transfer, serves to transport chemical energy within cells during cellular metabolism.

CO2 Fixation

___ _______, the second step in the photosynthesis process, is the dark reaction in which carbon joins with oxygen and hydrogen to form carbohydrates and in which water and oxygen are given off as waste products.

insulin

___ helps regulate the amount of glucose in the body

DNA

___ is a nucleic acid containing all of the genetic instructions, "blueprints," necessary for making all of the proteins a cell needs.

work

___ is equal to force plus distance

compound

___ machine that employs 2 or more simple machines

Bone Marrow

____ ______ is soft tissue located inside of hollow bones that produces stem cells, early cells that give rise to blood cells.

RNA

____ is a companion chemical to DNA that serves as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes and forms proteins from amino acids.

AIDS

____ is a disease that causes damage to the immune system, including a reduction in the number of helper T cells and as a result, leaves the body unable to form antibodies against conditions such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, or diarrhea.

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

_____ __________ __________ is the transportation network within a cell containing attached protein-generating ribosomes.

Endogenous

_____ attention is thought to be a top-down mediated process.

Ionic

_____ bonds, are chemical bonds which are formed based on electrical forces between negatively charged ions (anions) and positively charged ions (cations).

Aerobic

_____ cellular respiration occurs when there is oxygen present and energy is released as organic compounds are broken down; enzymes and acids in and around the mitochondria stimulate oxidation, the process of breaking down and releasing energy.

Ionic

_____ compounds contain bonds that are formed based on electrical forces between negatively charged ions (anions) and positively charged ions (cations).

Lupus

_____ is a chronic autoimmune disease in which people develop immune responses to their own cells' nucleic acids.

Integration

_____ is the adding or combining of individual postsynaptic potentials reaching the area of an axon. The neuron fires or does not fire determined on the overall sum.

Simultanagnosia

_____ is the inability to attend to more than one object at a time.

Gregor Mendel

______ ______ is known as the "father of modern genetics" because of his extensive study of trait inheritance in garden pea plants.

Carbon Dioxide

______ _______ and water are present as raw materials in the chloroplast at the beginning of the photosynthesis process.

Active Transport

______ _________ is a method by which materials (biochemicals, molecular substances, etc.) move across membranes; this process requires a cell to use energy in order to move the materials "uphill" against a gradient.

Biotic Potential

______ _________ refers to the rate at which a population could reproduce if every member within the population lived in the best environmental conditions.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

______ ___________ ________ is the cell's transportation system that does not have attached ribosomes.

Plasma

______ is a state of matter that has been subjected to very high temperatures and is composed of electrically charged particles that can conduct electricity.

Matter

______ is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Zoology

______ is the biological study of animals.

GABA; glutamate

______ is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter, while ______ is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system.

Liquid

______ is the state of matter that takes the shape of its container and the atoms or molecules in this state freely move within the volume.

Anatomy

______ is the study of the structure of living things.

Smooth

______ muscle is generally involuntary muscle that is located in the linings of body organs such as the respiratory tract, the bladder, and the digestive system.

Absorption

______ occurs on the cellular level when a cell takes in dissolved material across its cell membrane via diffusion.

Turgor

______ pressure is the pressure of a cell's contents against its wall or membrane. This pressure serves to determine the amount of water kept inside the cell in order to offset the environment outside the cell.

Physical

______ properties of matter are the aspects that can be measured or perceived without changing the substance's identity or makeup.

Trisomy

_______ __, also known as Down's Syndrome, is a genetic disorder that occurs when an individual inherits all or part of an extra twenty-first chromosome.

Protein synthesis

_______ _________ is the process by which cells take amino acids and form them into peptide chains in order to build proteins.

Plastids

_______ are structures within plant and eukaryotic algae cells that store chlorophyll (product necessary for photosynthesis) so it can be used by chloroplasts.

Tendons

_______ are tough fibrous bands of connective tissue that connect paired muscle groups to bones or to other muscles to aid in movement.

Metallic

_______ bonding occurs when metal atoms bond and share free electrons.

Organic

_______ chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies carbon and its chemical compounds, structure, properties, composition, and reactions.

Valence

_______ electrons are those found in the outer shell that may be shifted or transferred when atoms combine.

Kinetic

_______ energy is that which matter possesses as result of its motion.

Abiotic

_______ factors are those nonliving chemical and physical components in the environment such as light, temperature, and salinity (salt content).

Mitosis

_______ is the process by which a body cell duplicates its chromosomal information and divides its cytoplasm and cell membrane in order to generate two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

_______ is the process by which one diploid cell divides to form two haploid cells, each containing one-half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid cell.

Meiosis

_______ is the process by which sex cells (sperm in males or egg in females) divide.

Cytology

_______ is the study of cells.

Ecology

_______ is the study of how groups of living organisms interact with their environments.

Biology

_______ is the study of living organisms.

Botany

_______ is the study of plants.

Ecology

_______ is the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment.

Cardiac

_______ muscle is involuntary and contracts in order maintain the flow of blood throughout the circulatory system.

Sexual

_______ reproduction occurs through the processes of meiosis, a form of cellular division in which each of the two daughter cells receive the same chromosomal material as the parent cell, and fertilization in which two gametes join in order to restore the original number of chromosomes.

Metaphase 2

________ __ in meiosis involves the chromosomes lining up at the equatorial plane of the new spindle; the new plane is rotated 90 degrees from its position in meiosis I.

Anaphase 2

________ __ in meiosis involves the cleaving of the centromeres, which allows the daughter chromatids (now chromosomes) to pull apart and move to opposite poles.

Prophase 2

________ __ in meiosis involves the disappearance of the nucleoli and nuclear envelopes and the shortening and thickening of the chromatids in each of the two haploid daughter cells as well as the division of the centrioles and formation of a new spindle in each cell.

Transfer RNA

________ ___ is a type of RNA that uses ribosomal RNA and proteins to carry out protein synthesis in the cell's cytoplasm.

Cellular Respiration

________ ___________ is a process by which cells release energy through oxidizing food.

Binomial nomenclature

________ ____________ is a formal classification system that describes the organism using its genus and species names.

Covalent

________ bonds are chemical bonds that are formed when atoms share pairs of electrons.

Covalent

________ compounds contain bonds that are formed when atoms share pairs of electrons.

Potential

________ energy is that which is stored.

Chemistry

________ is a study concerned with the composition and properties of elements and their transformations and interactions with one another.

Diffusion

________ is the net movement of molecules across a cell's membrane from an area in which they are highly concentrated to an area in which they are less concentrated.

Prophase

________ is the phase of cellular division (mitosis) involving the shortening and thickening of chromatids, replicated strands of DNA making up a chromosome, dissolving of the nuclear membrane and disappearance of the nucleoli, and formation of spindle fibers (microtubules).

Genetics

________ is the study of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms.

Digestion

________ occurs in cellular metabolism when a cell uses enzymes to break down food into more basic and usable forms.

Movement

________ refers to the ability of an organism to change position.

Metaphase 1

_________ __ of meiosis involves tetrads, two homologous pairs of chromosomes, migrating along the equatorial plane.

Anaphase 1

_________ __ of meiosis involves the separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes and migration to opposite poles, resulting in the reduction to the haploid number in each new cell.

Messenger RNA

_________ ___ is a type of RNA that functions to carry information from the DNA, out of the nucleus, and to ribosome sites where protein synthesis can occur.

Vacuoles

_________ are spaces in a cell that serve to remove unwanted wastes and water from the cell and also can function as a storage space for chemicals and compounds.

Mutations

_________ are sudden changes in the base pair sequence of genetic material causing the appearance of a new trait or inherited variation.

Polyploidy

_________ is a condition that occurs when an organism inherits an extra homologous set of chromosomes.

Cytoplasm

_________ is a gel-like substance that fills most cells and serves to surround and protect organelles.

Corrosion

_________ is a type of chemical reaction in which metals react with water or oxygen and are destroyed through this process.

Metaphase

_________ is the phase of cellular division in which the centromeres of the chromosomes align along the equator (middle) of the cell's spindle and the chromosome pairs attach to the spindle at the centromere, a specialized region of the chromosome.

Interphase

_________ is the phase of the cell cycle (mitosis) in which a cell grows through protein synthesis and oxidation reactions in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, DNA replication occurs.

Saturation

_________ is the point at which no more solute can be dissolved in a solvent.

Physiology

_________ is the study of the function of the body in living things.

Mitochondria

__________ are the cell's "powerhouse" and play a vital role in generating energy.

Prokaryotic

__________ cells do not have a nuclear membrane or a membrane surrounding their intracellular organelles.

Activation

__________ energy is the energy that has must be present for a chemical reaction to begin.

Combustion

__________ is a type of decomposition reaction in which substances are broken down into products that have less potential energy than the original substances.

Embryology

__________ is the study of embryo development.

Heterogeneous

__________ mixtures are those that do not have the same composition and properties throughout.

Heterozygous

__________ traits have mixed (two different) alleles on homologous chromosomes for a certain trait.

Telophase 2

___________ __ in meiosis involves division of cytoplasm, reformation of the nuclear membrane, and the return of chromosomes to their original uncoiled, lengthened form.

Chromosomes

___________ are cellular structures that contain genes, which interact in order to influence/determine hereditary information within cells.

Lysosomes

___________ are membrane-bound organelles that contain destructive enzymes and carry out digestive functions within the cell.

Heterotrophs

___________ are organisms that consume organic substances for food.

Eukaryotic

___________ cells have nuclear membranes surrounding the cell and intracellular organelles.

Homologous

___________ chromosomes contain the same sequence of genes.

Phagocytosis

___________ is a type of endocytosis in which a cell's membrane envelops particles and takes them in to form phagosomes (food vacuoles).

Assimilation

___________ is the process by which a cell forms more protoplasm, the living substance inside a cell, and as a result, grows and is able to repair itself.

Homeostasis

___________ is the property of cells to regulate their internal environment in order to maintain balance or working equilibrium.

Bacteriology

___________ is the study of bacteria and unicellular plant life.

Homogenous

___________ mixtures are those that have the same composition and properties throughout.

Homozygous

___________ traits are those with two copies (identical) of the same allele on homologous chromosomes for a specific trait.

Peroxisomes

____________ are organelles within a cell that work to manufacture, store, and secrete various oxidation enzymes needed to rid the cell of toxic substances.

Photosynthesis

____________ is the process by which plants synthesize and thus supply all of the carbohydrates used by plants and animals; through this process, plants form necessary organic compounds and also give off oxygen and water as waste products.

Bioluminescence

______________ is the production and emission of internal light within a living organism.

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid )

a clear fluid (similar to plasma) found in the brain and spinal cord.

osmotic thirst occurs because the human body maintains

a combined concentration of solutes at a fixed level of 0.15 M (molar)

Scientific Law

a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments

closed circuit

a continuous path for electron flow (with no interruptions) is know as c___ c___.

convection current

a current in a fluid that results from convection. the transfer of heat by the mass movement of heated particles into an area of cooler fluid

Sensory Specific Satiety

a different stimulus that was different from all food you had be ingesting, causing enough excitatory stimulus to promote food intake

bacterial and viral infections can cause

a fever, part of the body's defense against illness.

electrical current

a flow of electrons through a conductor is an e______ c______.

What is a nucleus?

a group of neurons in the CNS

What is a ganglion?

a group of neurons in the PNS

resistance

a hindrance to a current flow due to object that deter current by size, shape or type of conductor is known as r___.

Air Mass

a huge body of air that has similar temperature, humidity, and air pressure at any given height, or a large body of air with uniform characteristics horizontally

Hemorrhage

a less frequent type of stroke resulting from a ruptured artery.

open circuit

a path that has no electron flow because of an interruption or disconnection is known as an o___ c___.

insulator

a poor conductor such as plastic, glass, rubber or wood is known as an i_______.

within 20 days of conception

a portion of ectoderm thickness forming the nueral grovve and nueral crest

Experiment

a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis

Hypothesis

a proposed explanation for an observation

Hurricane

a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds moving a 73-136 knots (12 on the Beaufort scale)

Benign paroxysmal position

a small piece of bone‐like calcium breaks free and floats within the tube of the inner ear. This sends the brain confusing messages about your body's position.

sodium-specific hunger

a strong craving for salty foods -develops automatically to restore solute levels in the blood

Relative refractory period

a stronger than usual stimulus is necessary to initiate an action potential.

liquid

a substance in the fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume

rats raised in an enriched enviorment expierence

a thicker cortex and increased dendrite branching

osmotic thirst

a thirst resulting from eating salty foods. Lose too much water, or add too much salt. TOO MUCH SALT IN BLOOD (cell will lose water, will shrink) = add water.

hypovolemic thirst

a thirst resulting from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating. Volume is not correct.

isotopes

a variation of an element, has different number of neutrons, but same number of protons and electrons

Gulf Stream

a warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean

fast- twitch

a. anaerobic; no o2 needed b. build up lactic acid as glucose is broken dwn 4 energy c. fatigue, uses fast twitch fibers

medial corticospinal tract

a. controls movement of trunk b. receives input 4rm reticular formation , midbrain tectum (where colliculi are) & vestibular nucleus c. receives input 4rm both sides; not bilateral

slow twitch

a. less vigorous contraction b. aerobic & requires attention c. this along with intermediate fibers are used for non strenuous activity

plasticity

ability for brain to change learning, memory, and experience cause change

Metabotropic

activates a second messenger system that indirectly opens an ion channel; initiates a sequence of metabolic reactions that are slower and longer lasting

readiness potential

activity in motor cortex that implies consciousness of movement b4 it occurs

angiotensin II stimulates neurons in the areas

adjoining the third ventricle

The long-term goal

administer drugs, electrical stimulation, stem cells to increase neuronal activity in surviving brain areas.

golgi

advanced the reticular theory that all neurons were connected into a single large network of tissues

Functional

advantage of behavior

alcohols effect on GABA transmission

agonist opens Cl channel wider than usual results in anti-anxiety & intoxication

peripheral nervous system

all nervous tissue outside of CNS

invention of microscope

allowed researchers to look at cells

corticospinal tracts

allows messages from the brain to medulla and spinal cord

spinal cord in spina bifida

allows the section of the spinal cord to portrude outward unknown genetic basis usully can be corrected at birth but functional problems may still persist

How is it that genes can affect behavior?

altering neurotransmitter systems and other chemicals, thus an indivual responds to enviroment, or how a parent handled the situation while growing up can also affect it

retrograde

amnesia where you cannot remember anything before accident

anterograde

amnesia where you remember everything before accident

entropy

amount of disorder in a system is referred to as

potential energy

amount of energy stored in a system particularly cause of its position

3 tiny bones in ear

amplify a. malleus/hammer b. incus/anvil c. stapes/stirrup d. 3)Acts as lever to transform waves into stronger waves to the oval window (membrane in inner ear)

Leptin

an anorexigenic hormone released by adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass that decreases hunger and decreases feeding

circuit

an electric current flows through an electrical c______.

metals

an elements that are good conductor are m____.

drug sensitization

an increase in the sensitivity to a drug effect that develops as the result of exposure to the drug

phonological analysis

analysis of sound of language

grammatical analysis

analysis of the structure of language

alcohols effect of glutamate transmission

antagonist depressant

anecephaly

anterior portion of the nueral groove (destined to become the brain) fails to close during the first two weeks of embryonic developemt

vasopressin is also known as an

antidiuretic horomone (ADH) because it enables the kidneys to reabsorb water and excrete highly concentrated urine

Selection

any gene associated with >RS (reproductive success) will be more prevalent in subsequent generations

Allele

any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation.

developmental dyslexia

apparent when learning to read, heritability estimate is 50%, more common in boys than girls

Law of specific nerve energies

applies to all senses; electricity, neuron firing specific function will always go for a certain nerve. 1 for light; other for sound

Huntington

arm jerks; facial twitches; tremors; writhing (police thought mom was drunk);GENETICALLY

muscles activity benefits from being

as warm as possible and ready for vigorous activity

Schwann cells

assits PNS

cocaine and cigarettes

associated with increased risk of attention deficit disorder

toxins

associated with increased risk of attention deficit disorder

antidepressants

associated with increased risk of heart problems

decay

atomic nucleus spontaneously losing energy and emitting ionizing particles and radiation

tendons

attaches muscle to bone

Cytokines

attack intruders but also stimulate the vagus nerve

Inferior and medial geniculate tracts

audition; just the notes

CN 8

auditory

Inferior Colliculi:

auditory sensation

Spinal Cord

automatic and somatic nervous system

Sex-limited

autosomal genes (1-22)

Afferent axon

axon that brings information into a structure

lateral corticospinal tract

axons 4rm primary motor cortex & red nucleus to spinal cord a. Red nucleus-midbrain area with output mainly to arms b. Controls hands feet (lateral & contralateral control

Differentiation

axons grow 1st then dendrites; shape tells function

CN 10

back of tongue

retina

back; has loots of cells

syphillis

bacterium that can cause lesions throughout body

cerebellum

balance, muscle motion

cell

basic unit of life

water in the body must

be regulated within narrow limits

tissue of neural tube

becomes the CNS

cavity of neural tube

becomes the ventricular system

how do opioids increase dopamine

bind to opiod receptors disinhibits dopamine neurons

suprachiasmatic nucleus

biological clock in our brains main control center for sleep and temp in circadian rhythms

adult neurogenesis

birth/maturation of new neurons

hemorrhage

bleedout

Excess positive ions in the neuron

blocks metabolism in the mitochondria and kill the neuron

cocaine

blocks reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinepherine

Buerger's disease

blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs are constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream with the ultimate result of gangrene and amputation

traumatic brain injury

blow/jolt to head that disrupts normal functioning "silent epidemic" or "unseen injury"

echoderm

blue , outer cellular layer

poikilothermic (cold blooded)

body temperature matches that of the environment -amphibians, reptiles and most fish

strokes

both cause edema (swelling) disrupts pump and eventually cause neuron to die

stage 1 of sleep

brain activity begins to decline

cerebellum

brain area associated with motor coordination

broca's area

brain area for producing language

wernicke's area

brain area for understanding language

nucleus accumbens

brain area for wanting/liking, most dopamine release

OVLT

brain area involved in water balance

visual cortex

brain area responsible for conscious awareness of vision

midbrain

brain area that contains dopamine centers for reward and movement

endoplasmic reticulum

brain area that controls protein production

hypothalamus

brain area that regulates hunger, thirst, temp, hormone release, and controls SNS

medulla oblongata

brain area that regulates vital autonomic functions

association cortex

brain area where advanced multimodal processing is done

plasticity

brain changing and growing and learning; and also to deal with things after damage causes of damage STROKES

Dendritic Branching and Environmental Enrichment

brain has some ability to recongnize itself into the response expierience

within 24 days of conception

brain plate of the nueral groove enlarges and begins to diffrinciate intp the hind, mid, and forebrain. fluid filled cavaties become the four ventricles in the brain

EEG

brain test that measures EPSP and IPSP

MRI

brain test that uses radio waves

PET

brain test that uses radioactive molecules

microglia

brain's immune system

Dendrite

branching fibers from a neuron that receive information from other neurons; get narrower near their ends

endoderm

brown, bottom cellular layer

pons

bulges out from top of medulla, contains most of reticular formation

Sodium in chicken noodle soup can vary

by as much as 840 mg per serving. -65% of food bought at retail has high sodium -25% comes from restaurant food

impulsitivity

can be a problem when it leads to drinking, risky driving, sex

meningitis

can be life threatening or resolve on its own in a couple of weeks

blotting

can be used to measure the amount of protein or gene expression that is present in a brain area

alchohol

can cause fetal alchohol syndrome

Productive Language

can create new rep.meaning

corpus callosum

carries messages between two halves of brain

brain regions

caudate, putamen, globules

motion blindness

caused by damage to dorsal stream

ischemic stroke

caused by decreased blood flow clot blocks artery more common cell dies bc overstimulation

hemorrhagic stroke

caused by excess blood artery ruptures lead to immediate death cell dies bc overstimulation

SNS shuts down PNS

causes ejaculation

ADH

causes kidneys to reabsorb water

pituitary gland

causes release of tropic hormones

PNS dominates

causes vasoconstriction (erection)

What are Radial glia?

cells are type of astrocyte...the type seen in development. In adulthood there are 2 types, one in white matter and one in gray matter. * guide cell & axon migration during development; after development turn into neurons

differnentiatoin

cells go to from nondescript to being future neurons

horizontal cells

cells in the eye that make inhibitory contact onto bipolar cells

apoptosis

cells pre programed to die nuerons initially form many synapses with other cells (more than is needed)

Radial Glia

cells that guide the migration of neurons and the growth of axons and dendrites during embryological development

neurons and glia

cells that make up nervous system

mitochondria

cells that produce energy

Microglia

cells that remove waste material and other microorganisms from the nervous system

bipolar cells

cells that send info from the photoreceptor down to the ganglion cells

glia

cells that support nervous system

ganglion cells

cells that take info from many photoreceptors and make calculations based on their receptive fields take large volume of visual info and turn it into action potentials

horizontal cells

cells that take info from multiple photoreceptors by connecting laterally

ganglion

cells that take info from photoreceptors

off center cells

cells that turn off when light hits the center of the receptive field but turn on when light hits the outer rim of the receptive field

on center cells

cells that turn on when light hits the center of the receptive field but turn off when light hits the outer rim of the receptive field

pupil

center of iris, where light enters

freezing point

change from a liquid to a solid when cold. the temperature at which water freezes into ice. Freezing point is 32 degrees F or 0 degrees C.

Mutation

change in gene expression due to a change in DNA

Epigenetics

change in gene expression without a change in DNA sequence

chemical change

change where 1 substance is changed into another; apple

experience

changes brain

brain plasticity

changes in the brain can occur as a result of learning in response to change in the enviorment and during recovery after brain injury

voltage-gated

channels opened by changes in membrane potential

ligand-gated

channels opened by neurotransmitters

transduction for smell

chemical binds on outside metabotropic ion binds to g protein

Axon targeting

chemical gradient finds spot, lots of connections axons reaches spot by following the chem.. gradient in which it is attracted to some and repelled by others

pheromones

chemicals released by an animal to affect the behavior of others in same species DO NOT SMELL; goes to: vomernasal organ

facial nerve

chorda tympanis anterior part carries taste info,

reflex arcs

circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response

pavlov

classical conditioning

ischemia

clot

dorsal root ganglion

clump of sensory cells

inner ear

cochlea

Golgi apparatus

collects and prepares cell wastes

parvocellular stream

color stream, mostly goes along the ventral pathway

White Matter

composed mostly of myelinated axons that carries information from the gray matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord.

Anterior Pituitary

composed of glandular tissue, that when stimulated release hormones; The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormone to prompt the release or inhibition of hormones synthesized

Posterior Pituitary

composed of neural tissue, can be considered an extension of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin and Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormones) are released by the hypothalamus and travel to the ______, where they will eventually be released into the bloodstream.

sound

compressions and expansions of air/water

cerebral commissures

connect the right and left hemispheres of the brain

cerebral commissures

connect two halves of the brain

why must neurons stay connected to other neurons in order to live

connection protects aganist apoptosis

cartilage

connective tissue, softer than bone

major depression

consistently low mood for 2+ weeks

Phineas Gage

construction worker who got an iron pipe lodged through face,skull, and brain, that came out the other side but he survived completely with the "only harm being" a completely changed personality and emotionally. The damage was to the medical prefrontal lobe only

visual cortex

contains "simple cells" discovered by Hubel and Weisel

melanospin

contains ganglion cells in the retina that have a direct connection to the SCN through the retinohypothalamic pathway

olfactory bulb

contains glomeruli

spinal cord

contains sensory & motor nerves

axons and dendrites

continue to modify there structures and connnections throughout the life time

alcoholism

continued use of alcohol despite social or medical harm

muscular

contractions that move body

vestibular system

contributes to sense of balance

nucleus

control center, holds DNA,

sympathetic nervous system

controls "fight" or "flight" behaviors

smooth

controls digestive system & other organs

cell membrane

controls materials that enter and exit the cell

striated/skeletal

controls movement in relation to environme

proliferation

creation of neurons and glia of stem cells

bipolar disorder

cycle between depression and mania

because brain areas are interconnected

damage to even a small area of the brain will produce a more global disruption in neuronal activity.

long term use of ecstasy

damages miochrondria

thickness of the cerebral cortex

declines in old age, but this effect is attenuated in those who are physically active

tolerance

decrease in effectiveness of a drug makes other pleasureable things become less reinforcing

saccades

decrease in the activity of the visual cortex/ get rid of blurs (turns on & off)

Antagonist

decrease the natural affect of that NT; opposes natural action

diaschisis

decreased activity of surviving neurons

diaschisis

decreased activity of surviving neurons after others are damaged bc brain is highly connected -> deaffrentation

functional tolerance

decreased responsiveness at the site of action; fewer receptors; decreased efficiency of binding at receptors; receptors are less responsive

brain plasticity

decreases with age what allows children to learn language quickly and effectively.

aphasia

deficit in language composition or production due to the brain damage usually to the left...Damaged in Broca's area causing difficulty with function words such as: a, the, same, in, about; they know that they are wrong

aphasia

deficit in language comprehension or production due to brain damage, usually on the left

apoptosis

deliberate "programmed" cell death

fetal alcohol syndrome

dendrites are short with few branches too much apoptosis

somatic

depression associated with low energy and too much/too little sleep

emotional

depression associated with sadness/helplessness and the inability to feel pleasure

cognitive

depression associated with worthlessness/guilt and poor concentration/decision-making

atypical

depression in which one is especially sensitive to negative experience and has many sexual partners and an increased appetite

context

depth perception

What is Functional explanation?

describes why a behavior evolved as it did Identifies an advantage (male birds sing to mate; camouflage)

fovea

detailed vision; when lookin at sumn, you're pointin ___ at it 1. Less stuff in the way of receptors 2. mostly cones, and cells tightly packed

hyper complex cells

detect endpoints and crossing lines from position/orientation info

sensation

detecting a stimulus

Golgi stain

detects cell shape

Nissl stain

detects nerve fibers and tissue density

proprioreceptors

detects your movement, position, or part of body

receptors

determine what neurotransmitter does

Ontogeny

development and learning; fetus and early life

stem cells

development of new neurons can also develope in other brain regions

Most common form of dyslexia ____

developmental dyslexia

phrenology

diff brain areas are responsible for diff tasks

sound localization

diff. between 2 ears tells where sumn is

diff. wavelengths make

diff. parts of cochlea vibr8 and so diff. parts hits head

tonotopic

difference in frequencies 4rm stiff.floppy end

stem cells

differenctiate in the new neurons in the adulthood hippocampus of mammals and facilate learning few nuerons rise in adulthood

heterozygous

different alleles

allele

different gene form

migration

differntiated cells move from their birthplace to final location

apraxia

difficulty performing movements when asked to do so out of context damage is also on the left (hammer example)

apraxia

difficulty performing movements when asked to do so out of context, also a result of damage to the left hemisphere

Ionotropic

directly opens an ion channel effects begin quickly; most likely act on visual and auditory functions (anything that needs to be updated quickly)

Broca

discovered function of discrete cortical areas by observing behavioral impairments

thorndike

discovered that positive and negative outcomes made animals increase or decrease the frequency of a given behavior basis for operant conditioning

golgi and nissl

discovered ways to stain brain tissue to make it more visible for microscope observation

nerve deafness

disorder in inner ear

synesthesia

disorder where neurons are rewired to wrong cortices; I smell 7, I see sound movement- how we behave

physical change

dissolution of salt in water is a __ change, since salt and water can be separated

wavelenght

distance of from wave crest (peak) of wave to the next crest (peak) of wave on the same side is known as w___.

functional segregation

distinct functional areas within a level

nueral tube:

doesnt completely close( usually in the lumbar sacral region) during the embryonic development

peripheral vision

dominated by rods; SUMMATION Allows for the greater perception of much fainter light in peripheral vision

long term effect of nicotine

dopamine cells become less responsive builds a tolerance

parkinson's

dopamine deficiency

which brain structures play major roles in the initial taking of addictive drugs?

dopamine in the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, prefrontal lobes (decision to take the drug), hippocampus (remembering past uses of the drug), amygdala (emotions associated with drug taking)

all drugs of abuse cause...

dopamine release in the nucleus

rem sleep

dreaming occurs voluntary muscles paralyze serotonin and acetylcholine involved

most often water regulation is accomplished via

drinking more water than we need and excreting the rest

inhalation drug administration

drug administration through capillaries in lungs, or absorption through mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, or butthole

ritalin

drug that blocks reuptake of dopamine

nicotine

drug that causes euphoria, alertness, relaxation

cannabinoids

drugs that activate cannabinoid receptors

psychostimulants

drugs that enhance alertness and movement

depressants

drugs that increase effects of GABA

antidepressants

drugs that restore serotonin levels

hallucinogens

drugs that work via serotonin receptors

anticonvulsants

drugs used to block seizures

antipsychotics

drugs used to treat schizophrenia

acquired dyslexia

due to brain damage, relatively rare

thyroid deficency

due to low iodine impaired cell profilertion leading to cognitve impairment

brain plasticity is greater

during infancy birth-2 years -Learning a 2nd language after childhood is much harder and uses different cortical areas.

sleep walking/talking

during non rem sleep in children

midget ganglion

each cone cell has its own line to the brain

tympanum

ear drum

type 2

early/rapid onset genetic relatives with alcoholism men outnumber women associated with crime

which behaviors, like drug addiction, show the inability to stop despite adverse effects

eating and sleeping

cocaine hydrochloride

effective local anesthetic and was once widely prescribed until it was supplanted by synthetic analogues such as procaine and lidecaine

Proliferation

either become stem cells or neurons which don't divide themselves; production of new cells/neurons in brain; when cells divide

fear

emotional reaction to a threat

3 germ layers

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

jet lag

endogenous rhythm doesnt match external time results in smaller hippocampus/memory impairment

potential energy

energy an object has due to position or state.

possible functions of sleep

energy conservation restoration memory

kinetic energy

energy of motion.

conduction

energy transfer by neighboring molecules form an area of hotter temperatures to cooler temp.

Solid

entirely of one substance with no holes inside

phantom limb sensations

eorganization of the somatosensory cortex can promote feelings of sensation in an amputated part of the body when other parts are stimulated

vestibular system

equilibrium; gives us a sense of which way is up and how the head is moving.

sham rage

exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses of decorticate animals (cortex removed without any damage to the hypothalamus) found to have extreme and unfocused aggressive responses

What is Evolutionary explanation?

examines structure or behavior in terms of evolutionary history

schizophrenia

excess dopamine

babinski reflex

extends big toe and fans others when foot stroked

audition- Mcgurk effect

eyes beat ears

saccades

fast eye movements

saccades

fast eye movements controlled by superior colliculus

Hippocrates

father of clinical medicine, first person to observe that damage to one side of the brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body

3 main tasks

feeding, fighting, reproduction

progesterone, estradiol

female reproductive hormones (2)

zygote

fertilized egg cell

infection

fever impairs neuron proliferation

nephrons

filters tubes in kidneys

innate immune system

first line of defense, attacks generic classes of pathogens

myelination

first occurs in the spinal cord then in the hindbrain, midbrain , and forebrain and it occurs gradually for decades newborns have very little

terminal buttons

first part of synapse

galen

first physician to notice the difference between sensory and motor neurons and accurately inferred what each was used for

nuclear fission

fission used in bombs and nuclear power plants

motor program

fixed sequence either learned or built; yawning- will stop and have to start over

hinge

flexible joint in knee and finger

depolarization

flooding of NA+ into neurotransmitter, occurs bc of EPSP

hyperpolarization

flooding of NA+ out of neurotransmitter, occurs bc of IPSP

neural tube differntiates to...

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain spinal cord

incomplete dominance

form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele

drug extinction

form of learning in which associations between cues and events they predict are weaker by the exposure to the cues in the absence of those events

synaptogenesis

formation of synapses

Synaptogenesis

forms synapses; new connections

Broca's area

formulates articulation

Ghrelin

found in stomach, hormone that is released by cells lining stomach, increases with fasting and decreases after a meal; stimulates hunger-motive

cones

fovea, vision dependent on, color

narcolepsy

frequent periods of sleepiness during the day

What is Ontogenetic explanation?

from "to be" and "origin" describes the development of a structure or behavior (genes, nutrition, experience) Impulse control

subdural hematoma

from blow to head of rapid acceleration/deceleration results from tearing of vertebral vein as penetrated arachnoid mater and enters the dural sinus

CN 7

front of tongue

brocas area

frontal oerculum, near face area of primary motor cortex, language production, left inferior prefrontal cortex damage leads to expressive aphasia, normal comprehension, speech is meaningful but awkard

Broca's area

frontal operculum: language production (speaking)

genes involved in alcholism

gene for a dopamine receptor gene for the enzyme that breaks down dopamine

period (per) timeless (tim) clock (clock)

genes and proteins involved in sleep high levels cause sleepiness negatively feedback to turn genes off

What is the multiplier effect? (slide 30)

genes or prenatal influences increase tendency environment facilitates it What started out as potentially small effect of genes ends up having a huge behavioral result ...leading to an overestimation of heritability!

clock genes

genes that control SCN

genotype

genetic composition

optogenetics

genetically inserting light-sensitive proteins into neurons and turning them on/off with light pulses

tectoral membrane

gets pulled closer to focus on something by

V4 area

gives us color constancy by comparing the color in an area of your vision with the surrounding areas

visual context

gives us distance perception tells us how far objects are

adrenal

gland associated with stress (CRH/ACTH)

pancreas

gland responsible for digestive functions and energy storage

thyroid

gland responsible for metabolic functions

Oligodendrocytes

glia cells that build myelin sheaths; brain and spinal chord

Schwann Cells

glia cells that build myelin sheaths; periphery in the body

myelination

glia produce the fatty sheath that covers axons of neurons

Parkinson's

gradual death of neurons in substantia Nigra; DA damaged DA DAMAGED

grasp reflex

grasps objects placed in hand

What is gray matter? White matter?

gray matter: cell body and dendrites white matter: axons( general touch)

higher temp

greater kinetic energy or faster moving molecules is high or low temp

hippocrates

greek physician who observed that injuries to one side of the head often causes brain damage that affects the opposite side of the body

basal ganglia

group of nuclei involved in movement, cognition, motivation

cell cultures and tissue slices

groups of cells or brain regions that are removed from an animal and examined in a carefully controlled environment

filopodia

growth cones that follow molecular signals to form new synapses and grow new axons

dendrite spines

growth is dynamic

organ of corti

hair cells

taste detection

happens on receptor 50>in bud 10> in papillae

relative refractory period

harder to initiate another action potential

color blindness

have photopigment in 2 cones (red-green most common, long+ med. cones have same photopigment)

saccule

head tilits

utricle

head upright

inferior colliculus

hearing

cerebrum

hearing learning and seeing is in the

cardiac

heart muscles that have properties of skeletal/smooth

nervous system hormones

heart rate is set by the __ system and __

convection

heat being transferred by molecules moving from 1 location in the substance to another creating a heat current, usually in gas or liquid

radiation/ thermal radiation

heat being transferred thru empty space by electromagnetic radiation

modern neuroscience

heavily influenced by the conceptions of conditioning, behaviorism and ethology

Dennervation supersenstitivity

heightened sensitivity to neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon.

pgo waves

high amplitude electrical potentials

meiosis I

homologous chromosomes separate from 1 another

Cholecytokinin (CCK)

hormone released by duodenal cells that close the pyloric sphincter between the stomach and intestines and stimulates receptors on vagus nerve

melatonin

hormone released by pineal gland

melotonin

hormone released by pineal gland that makes us sleepy released 2-3 hrs before bedtime & peaks at bedtime

angiotensin II

hormone that causes thirst

vasopressin

hormone that constricts blood vessels

Insulin

hormone that raises blood glucose by promoting entry of glucose into muscle and adipose cells; stimulates glycogen production; stimulates glycoysis; lipogenesis; septin secretion, and affects neurons in hypothalamus to reduce feeding

glucagon

hormone that releases sugar into blood

ghrelin

hormone that signals hunger

leptin

hormone that signals satiety

insulin

hormone that stores sugar in cells

renin, aldosterone

hormones involved with appetite for salty food (2)

oxytocin, vasopressin

hormones released after climax (2)

movement

how we behave

Efficacy

how well a drug activates a receptor

Affinity

how well a drug sticks to a receptor and what it does; direct relationship

lateral inhibition

how you highlight edges by having receptors send info to ganglion cells & inhibiting the others

neurons in the third ventricle send axons to the

hypothalamus where angiotensin II is also released as a neurotransmitter

homozygous

identical alleles

ventral stream

identifies objects (color)

stable atom

if atom's outer shell is filled it is a __ atom

hippocampal lessions

if before the training/conditioning: prevents conditioning if after: blocks retention of conditioning (blocks continuing conditioning)

•Over several months, the sprouts fill in most vacated synapses and can be harmful

if sprouting axons convey different information

•Over several months, the sprouts fill in most vacated synapses and can be useful

if sprouting axons convey the same information as those that they replace

sexual dimorphism

ifferences in appearance between males and females of the same species, as in colour, shape, size, and structure, that are caused by the inheritance of one or the other sexual pattern in the genetic material

immune system

impaired by chronic stress

low glucose

impairs brain development

cerebellum

important for tasks that requires timing 1. (more neurons in cerebellum than all other brain areas combined) 2. receives input from spinal cord, sensory systems, cerebral cortex, and sends it to cerebellar cortex (surface of cerebellum)

superior colliculus

important for visual reflexes such as tracking objects

absolute refractory period

impossible to initiate another action potential

adolescents

impulsivity; less connections in prefrontal

transcription

in ___ , DNA converts its nucleotide sequence to RNA, which determines protein synthesis

non-fluent aphasia

inability 2 produce speech

sleep apnea

inability to breathe while sleeping due to geneitic, hormones, aging, obesisty

motion blindness

inability to determine whether something is moving, it's direction or speed (likely caused by damage in middle temporal cortex)

visual agnosia

inability to identify objects, damage to ventral stream

conductive aphasia

inability to integrate speech

fluent aphasia

inability to understand

insomnia

inadequate, non-restorative sleep

Hallmark signs and symptoms

including headache, fever and a stiff neck in anyone over the age of 2.

receptors in the periphery,

including the stomach, detect high levels of sodium

sensitization

increase in effectiveness of a drug cocaine: the more its used the more dopamine gets released

Agonist

increase, enhances, facilitates, mimics natural action of receptor; enhance the normal effect of the NT at its specific receptor

nictone receptors

increases dopamine release

ecstasy

increases dopamine release & at high doses increases serotonin release

second line of defense

inflammation

cannabinoids

inhibits GABA= increased dopamine

parts of the immune system

innate and adaptive

photoreceptor layer

inner layer of visual pathway

Association sensory system

input from more than one sensory system, usually from secondary sensory cortex

cells of the POA/AH also receive

input from temperature sensitive receptors in the skin

secondary sensory system

input mainly from primary and secondary cortex within the sensory system

primary sensory system

input mainly from thalamic relay nuclei

Myelin Sheath

insulating material that covers vertebrate axons

spatial summation

integration of events happening at different places

temporal summation

integration of events happening at different times

night terrors

intense anxiety

What does the basal ganglia do?

interconnected structures

homeothermic (warm blooded)

internal physiological mechanisms to maintain an almost constant body temperature -characteristic of mammals and birds

The organism (cold blooded) lacks the....

internal, physiological mechanisms of temperature regulation

Nodes of Ranvier

interuptions in the myelin sheath of vertebrate axons

microelectrodes

intracellular electrodes with tips that are less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter which is too small to be seen by the naked eye

osmolarity

intracellular or extracellular concentration of particles

SCN

intrinsic circadian oscillator

refelxes

involuntary, consistent, automatic responds to stimuli Tap- stretches the extensor muscle and its spindle resulting in contraction

serotonin

ion neurotransmitter involved in mood and social behaviors

What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

iono:Gates are almost immediately opened for an ion to flow into cell Meta:A sequence of metabolic actions that are slower and longer- lasting.

vasopressin

is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary which raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels -helps to compensate for the decreased water volume, body thinks too little water/too much salt = brain thinks blood pressure is low

basal metabolism

is the energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest

spinal cord in spina bifida

it is not fully developed and the overlaping vertabrae fail to fuse

ball and socket

joint in hip and shoulder

fixed joint

joint that is immobile and located in skull

transduction for sour

keep potassium in

posterior parietal cortex

keeps track of position of body relative to the world; coordinates visual stimuli with movement

Left hemisphere of the brain

known for speech dominance in ALMOST ALL dextrals (right handed people) and MOST sinestrals (left handed people); it is the interpreter side of the brain

Right hemisphere of the brain

known for the spatial, emotional, and some memory tasks

ventral stream

language, what pathway (auditory) identifies and recognizes object a. goes to temporal lobe. b. receives mostly color signals. c. how we recognize objects. d. closely associated with the language areas of the brain. e. Damage causes visual agnosia

peptide

large molecule neurotransmitters with metabotropic effects

circadian rhythm

lasts about a day (24.2 hrs in humans) waking/sleeping hormone secretion urine production eating/drinking sensitivity to drugs

type 1 alcoholism

later/gradual onset few genetic relatives with alcoholism equal quantity between men and women

receptors also relay information to the

lateral preoptic area, which controls drinking

intermediate layer

layer in between the inner layer and outer layer of the retina

strabismus

lazy eye,since it is not takin in identical info, brain picks one

dorsal stream damage

leads to location and motion blindness

•Original axons degenerate

leaving vacant synapses into which others axons sprout.

transduction for salty

lets sodium in

EEG

lets us measure brain activity in a very detailed manner, allowing us to study sleep, seizures, and other brain states

HOW: bacteria and viruses trigger the release of

leukocytes which release small proteins called cytokines

surface dyslexia

lexical procedure lost, can't recognize words

what does a polygraph measure

lies.......or emotions technically

releasing bipolar cell

light

transverse

light and ocean waves travel in t___ waves. particle move up/down while the wave moves forward.

PROSTHETICS

limb damage but nervous system is ok

endoderm

lines guts/organs

oval window

literally makin waves in ear; physical process

temporal

lobe associated with memory, visual/auditory processing

frontal

lobe associated with movement, logic, personality

parietal

lobe associated with sensation, math, visual/auditory processing

occipital

lobe associated with visual processing

small molecule

localized neurotransmitters

nodes of ranvier

located in between myelin bundles

primary motor cortex

located in precentral gyrus; orders an outcome Axons from the primary motor cortex connect to the brainstem and the spinal cord

Grey Matter

located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites.

Medulla

located in the hindbrain just above the spinal cord.

dorsal

location

cortisol

long-term stress response

Hypovolemic thirst

lose fluids and electrolytes; ICF stays same, EFC decreases; blood pressure drops

focal hand dystonia

lose part of hand because there is overrepresentation of fingers

phantom limb

lose part of limb, such as hand, but still feel sensations but part of cortex that was assigned to hand went to shoulder so when shoulder is touched, feel it in "phantom hand"

pruning

loss of neurons or synapses process of apoptosis

hypovolemic thirst

loss of water + solutes

surface dyslexia

lost ability to pronounce words based on their specific memories of the words, but can still apply rules of pronunciation in their reading so can pronounce words with common pronunciation rules such as: fish, river, and glass and can produce made up words that follow the same rules but can not produce the words that don't such as steak have and lose

glutamate

main excitatory neurotransmitter

GABA

main inhibitory neurotransmitter

dopamine

main neurotransmitter for reward

vacuoles

maintains hydration in plant

androgens

make growth hormones in testes

cochlea, vestibular system

make up inner ear

-Scar tissue

makes a mechanical barrier to axon growth.

substantia nigra

makes most of DA; involved in reward & addiction and movement sends dopamine‐releasing axons to the caudate nucleus and putamen

depolarize

making the membrane potential less negative

hyperpolarize

making the membrane potential moer negative

point and shoot

male sex behavior

high risk groups for TBI

males 15-24 substance abusers infants elderly prior brain injury

Deafferentated limbs

many animals choose to work around these limbs

Damage to primary visual cortex

may cause cortical blindness and blindsight (report what they are seeing, but don't actually see it)

semantic

meaning of language

heat

measure of energy within a system

frequency

measure that counts the number of wavelengths that pass a point in one second is known as f___.

reverse dialysis and fast scan cyclic voltammetry

measure the release of chemicals from neurons and can determine which neurotransmitters are important for behaviors

temperature

measurement of the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance

spectrophotometry

measurement of visible light, near ultraviolet and near infrared wavelengths

3 semiciruclar canal

measures acceleration of the head

2 Otolith ogans

measures what direction is head tilted; utricle and saccule

transduction for touch

mechanically gated channels open and allow sodium in to depolarize cell

Blood Brain Barrier

mechanism that excludes most chemicals from the brain

transporters

mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions of molecules across the membrane

hearing goes to

medial geniculate nucleus and inferior colliculus

acamprostate

medication used for alcoholism a glutamate recpetor antagonist helps with withdraw

antabuse

medication used for alcoholism antagonizes AD by binding to it drinking alch will make you sick

naloxone

medication used for alcoholism binds/blocks opioid receptors, decreases pleasure from alch

pineal gland

melatonin is produced in the __ gland

postsynaptic potential

membrane depolarization/hyperpolarization at postsynaptic cell

possible functions of rem sleep

memory consolidatoin and removal of useless connections brain development get oxygen to corneas

conductive hearing loss

mess up middle ear (can use hearing aid/surgery) can be caused by congestion viscious fluid

sensorineural hearing impairment

mess up of hairs or auditory nerve

transduction for bitter, sweet, and umami

metabotropic

norepinephrine

metabotropic neurotransmitter involved in attention, stress response, and mood

stereoscopic depth position

method of perceiving distance in which the brain compares slightly different inputs from the two eyes; depends on retinal disparity

CN 9

middle of tongue

dysthymia

mild but persistent depression

optical illusions

mind shortcuts

Cannabinoids

minimize cell loss after a brain stroke -Benefits are most likely due to the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids. -However, research shows that they are most effective in laboratory animals when taken before the stroke.

cerebrospinal fluid

mix of salts, nutrients, wastes that fills all empty spaces of brain

transcranial magnetic stimulation

modern human technique that can activate or inactivate brain regions less invasively

tastants

molecules that the gustatory system detects

The POA/AH partially monitors the body's temperature by

monitoring its own temperature --heating the POA/AH leads to panting; cooling leads to shivering

Polygenic traits

more than one gene contributing to a single phenotype

examples of opiates

morphine, fentanyl, heroin, methadone

receptor cells

most active in DARK (inhibit bipolar cells w/ glutumate) 1. Light CLOSES NA channels & release less glutamate in proportion to the light

small intestine

most digestion occurs in the

stomach distension

most powerful satiety signal

lateralized function

most ppl process it on the left

flavor

mouth fell, all together both smell and taste- which their axons converge in endopiriform cortex

rem behavior disorder

move around vigoroursly during rem sleep no paralysis

kidneys

move waste from blood to urine, return valuable to blood, maintain water, electrolytes levels

magnocellular stream

movement stream, goes mostly along the dorsal path

dystonia

musces contract & spasm involuntarily; antagonistic muscles contract at the same time; NO SYMPTOM; JUST MOVMENT

mesoderm

muscle

release of acetylcholine causes

muscle contraction

smooth muscles

muscles in the organs, and lungs

cardiac muscles

muscles that are involuntary, in the heart

smooth muscle

muscles that are not striated

skeletal muscles

muscles that are voluntary, in biceps

opioids

natural pain killers (morphine, heroin)

apoptosis

natural process of cell death lack of connections ex. prefrontal cortex maturing in late teens/early 20s

processes that reduce discrepencies from the set point are known as

negative feedback

ectoderm

nervous system

Ramon y Cajal

neuron doctrine

Efferent

neuron that carries information away from a structure

Sensory Neuron

neuron that is highly sensitive to a specific type of stimulation

Motor Neuron

neuron that receives excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses to a muscle

Intrinsic Neurons

neuron whose axons and dendrites are all confined within a given structure

frequency theory

neuron will fire at frequency of sound (which would be 100 hz max- but we can go from 20 to 20000 hz)

axon sprouting

neurons secrete neurotrophins & new axons fill vacant synapses healthy axon grows branch to fill in synapses

old age

neurons start to die off

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter that activates muscle cells

POA/AH

neurotransmitter that maintains body heat

epinephrine

neurotransmitter that regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and metabolic shifts

monoamine

neurotransmitters that are depleted during sleep deprivation

Neurogenesis

new neurons after early development (hippocampus, and nose)

MRI

newer scanning technique lets us view the brain in even more precise ways

inert

noble gases that have a full outer shell are called

astigmatism

not in brain; asymmetric curvature of eye; blurring of vision perception of world based on your cortical decision

cornea

not opaque; not visible although it's on outside of eye

angles in vision are

notes frequencies

fission

nuclear process where atomic nuclei split apart to form smaller nuclei

fusion

nuclear process whereby atomic nuclei join to form a heavier nucleus, this can release and absorb energy depending upon the original elements.

parent nuclide

nucleus undergoing decay

ethology

objective study of animal behaviors

where system

objects that trigger false movement trigger areas of this system

what system

objects that trigger false recognition trigger areas of this system

vision

occiptal

bipolar cells

occupy a strategic position in the retina, since all the signals originating in the receptors and arriving at the ganglion cells must pass through them

synaptogenesis

occurs throughout the life as nuerons are constantly forming new connections and discarding old ones -slow signifigantly later in the lifetime nuerogenesis in adulthood

Surface Currents

ocean currents on the top of the water that are driven by wind

epidural hematoma

often from traumatic skull injury, results from the tearing of a meningeal artery that is in the outer (periosteal) layer of the dura mater.

motion

often thought as part of v5

chemosenses

olfaction and gustation

smell goes to

olfactory bulb

olfactory recceptors

on cilia; replaced monthly

Polytropy

one gene affecting many phenotypes

ingestion drug administration

oral drug administration

1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM

order of sleeping stages

two different kinds of thirst

osmotic hypovolemic -each kind of thirst motivates different kinds of behaviors

pinna, ear canal

outer ear

ganglion layer

outer layer of visual pathway

28days

ovulation= occurs every __ days in adult women

mitochondria

oxidize food for cell

hormones released with ecstasy

oxtycoin (social attachment) vasopressin (water retention)

problems that can persist with spinal bifidia

paralysis, bladder, and bowel problems

alpha particle beta particle gamma ray

parent nuclide releases energy most commonly thru the emission of 3 things

active brain regions during dreaming

parietal, temporal, occipital cortexes amygdala- emotional content of dreams hypothalamus- motivations in dreams

forebrain

part of brain that develops for the longest amount of time

retina

part of eye that processes light

middle ear

part of the ear transmits/amplifies vibrations

within 22 days of conception

part of the nueral groove fuses to form the nueral tube (spinal cord) and a fluid-filled cavity ( central canal)

receptive fields

part of the visual field of the retina that the ganglion cell gets info from

Dyslexia

pathological difficulty in reading

shift work

people who work out of synch with regualr sleep wake cycle

rod

periphery, more abundance, see in dim light

Hobbes

philosopher who described behavior in terms of appetites and aversions that later formed basis for theories on conditioning

Hobbes

philosopher who thought our behavior was shaped by our appetites and aversions formed basis for operant and associative conditioning

plato

philosopher who thought the mind arose from the brain

aristotle

philosopher who thought the mind arose from the heart

Descartes

philosopher who thought the soul controlled the pineal gland, which directed the brain

chloroplasts

photosynthesis occurs in

touch goes to

physical - somatosensory cortex emotional - cingulate cortex

Galen

physician who described many anatomical structures, including the anatomy and function of sensory and motor nerves

herophilos and galen

physicians who examined the brains of animals and guessed that fluid from the ventricles controlled behavior

control-question technique

physiological response to a target question compared with response to control question

mesoderm

pink , middle cellular layer

outer ear

pinna

frequency

pitch

pivot

pivot joint and rotation in elbow

wernickes area

planum temporal, temporal lobe, posterior lateral fissure, language comprehension, garage cause receptive aphasia, poor comprehension, speech sounds normal but has no meaning

Wenicke's area

planum temporale: language comprehension (understanding)

synapse

point where an axon and a dendrite meet

Pre-Synaptic Terminal

point where axon releases chemicals

What comprises the brainstem?

pons medulla midbrain

What consists the brainstem?

pons midbrain medulla

Hindbrain:

pons, medulla, cerebellum

ions

positively and negatively charged particles

glossopharyngeal nerve

posterior part of tounge/throat carries tasteinfo

synaptic pruning

postsynaptic cells strengthen connection with some cells that eliminate conection with other cells

transduction for auditory

potassium goes in

plasticity in eye

ppl who use eye 4 quick judgment

L-Dopa

precursor to DA; crosses BBB; doesn't prevent cont. loss of neurons; primary treatment

animals with osmotic thirst have a

preference for pure water

body temperature regulation is predominantly dependent upon areas in the

preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (POA / AH)

stem cells

present in adult hood create new olfactory receptors needed to continuasly replace dying ones (90 days)

wenike-greschwind model

presented hard question to read aloud

long-term depression

presynaptic cell fails, synapse weaker

long-term potentiation

presynaptic cell makes postsynaptic cell fire, synapse stronger

collateral sprouts

presynaptic neuron is gone and another p.n. grows to take place of another axon

Reuptake

presynaptic neuron takes up most of the released NTs and reuses them

Could you recognize what a sensory neuron looks like compared to what a motor neuron looks like?

printed

Know the parts of a synapse (presynaptic cell (terminal), postsynaptic cell (dendrite or dendritic spine), synaptic cleft).

printed powerpoint

ionization

process by which atoms obtain a + or - charge because the number of electrons does not equal that of protons

diffusion

process by which oxygen travels from the air into your lungs and then into your blood is called

differentiation

process in which axons and dendrites form

synaptogenesis

process in which axons follow chemical path to another neuron and form synapses

myelination

process in which myelin forms around axons

pruning

process in which neurons that do not form enough successful synapses wither and die

migration

process in which new neurons move to proper location by following chemical/structural signals

motor neurons

process info away from brain/spinal cord

Ontogenetic

process relating to development

immunostaining

process that tells where diff proteins are

reuptake

process through which neurotransmitters get back into the axon

decay

process whereby a radioactive element releases energy slowly over a long time to lower its energy and become more stable is best described as

secondary cortex

processes info to find out what it is

Homeostasis

processes that maintain various physiological states within a fixed range

proliferation

production of new cells division of cells in the ventricles

retinohypothalamis pathway

projection that does from retina to SCN providing info about light causes you to wake up when exposed to bright light

NTS; nucleus of the tractus solitarius

projects info 2 various parts of brain; taste nerves projects 2 this in medulla

stages of neural development

proliferation differeniation migration myelination synaptogenesis

Nerve Growth Factor & neurotropin

promotes survival and growth of axon

Darwin

proposed basic mechanisms of biological evolution and applied these to animal behavior

muscle spindles

proprioreceptors parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch (contract/stretch reflex)

meninges

protect brain and spinal cord

myelin sheath

protects axon

ribosome

protein is synthesized in the

outer hair cells

pulls tectoral membrane

physical change

pulverized rock is a __ change, it changes form but not substance

light goes through

pupil to cornea to retina (contralateral)- stopped here

endogenous rhythms

purpose is to prepare for changes in the environment before they occur sunrise/sunset temperature changes (day/night and seasonal)

Migration

radial glia to migr8 2 place

skinner

radical behaviorism, partly based on thorndike

-Glial cells

reacting to damaged axons in the CNS release chemicals that inhibit axon growth.

stress

reaction to harm or threat

dyslexia

reading difficulties not due to some other deficit

dendrites

receives signals from other neurons

lordosis

receptive sexual posture in females

order of lateral inhibition?

receptor>horizontal>Bipolar>Ganglion cells

Baroreceptors

receptors in heart and aorta that send input to the brain through gossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

smelling

receptors on cilia in nose; work with metabotrophic; sits in membrane and triggers g-protein??

metabotropic

receptors that do not directly alter ion flow across the membrane

Autoreceptors

receptors that respond to the released NT by inhibiting further synthesis and release

ventral

recognition

anecephaly

recsults in the absence of much of the cortex,overlying skull and scalp (amniotic fluid causes tissue degeneration) condition is fatal

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

reduces neurotrophin signals and so apoptosis occurs

chromatography

refers to a number of a techniques that separate mixtures of chemicals based on the differences in the compounds affinity for a stationary phase; porous solid, or mobile stage- liquid gas

-Closed head injuries

refers to a sharp blow to the head that does not puncture the brain •One of the main causes of brain injury in young adults

a set point

refers to a single value that the body works to maintain -levels of water, oxygen, glucose, calcium, protein, fat and acidity in the body

homeostasis

refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep certain body variables within a fixed range

allostasis

refers to the adaptive way in which the body changes its set point in response to changes in life or the environment = environmental need. Opposite of homeostasis.

myelination

refers to the process by which glial produce the fatty sheath that covers the axon of some nuerons

penumbra

region surrounding the epicenter of a stroke

What is Physiological explanation?

relates a behavior to brain (and other organ) activity

thalamus

relay center for the senses

thalamus

relay station to primary visual cortex

nuclear fission

release large amounts of energy, emit gamma rays and form daughter products

Glucagon

released from pancreas; inhibits glycogen production, lowers blood glucose levels

photopigments

releases energy when struck by light 1 in rod rhodopsin, 3 in cones (iodopsin)- chemicals 11-cis> all-trans-retinal light absorbed and energy is released that activates second messenger.. light converts this.. electric signals allows axon to fire so that we can see in optic nerve

somatosensory cortex

reorganizes itself after the amputation of a body part.

Temporal

repeated stimuli within a short amount of time has a cumulative effect ex: lightly pinching a dogs foot in rapid succession produces a reflex

broca

researcher who determined that different parts of the cortex were responsible for different tasks

health hazard from chronic marijuana use

respiratory problems (cough, bronchitis/asthma) or a heart attack

simple cells in v1

respond to lines of a certain angle (edges)

golgi tendon organ

responds to increases in muscle tension; acts as a "brake against excessively vigorous contraction

organ of corti

responsible for sound transduction

-70

resting potential for most neurons

amygdalar lessions

result in difficulty recognizing fear in facial expressions; block fear conditioning

central pattern generator

rhythmic patterns 4rm spine (wing flapping in birds)

Valence model

right hemisphere specialized in the negative emotions and the left is positive

optic

route by which visual information can cross one eye to the contralateral hemisphere alone with the corpus collasum; the largest cerebral commissure

Arachnoid granulations

sagittal sinus drains into the veins serving the brain

this causes a sensation of thirst as well as a

salt appetite to bring blood pressure and osmotic balance back

ionotropic

salty and sour

lateral and superior geniculate tracts

same as audition; in primary cortex ; see angles

ritalin

same as cocaine but differs in time course and dose

What are some similarities and differences between human brains and the brains of other mammals?

same: Brain areas Chemicals (neurotransmitters) Proteins (channels & receptors) Differences: Overall brain size Size of individual parts Neocortex (primates) Olfactory bulb (rodents) Auditory cortex (bats) Muscles and sense organs of forelimbs (monkeys)

drug priming

sample formerly abused drug once and fall back into full blown addiction

axon regrowth in CNS

scar tissue is a mechanical barrier that blocks regrowth myelin secretes chemicals that inhibit regrowth

simple machine

screw, wheels, levers, pulleys, wedges are examples of

olfactory responses

send APs to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

sensory neurons

send impulses to brain/spinal cord

axon

sends signals, releases neurotransmitters

Cranial nerves: what is their general function. How many are there?

sensory and motor for face and head 12 pairs *Some have autonomic component (pupil constriction, tearing, salivating, cardiovascular functions) *Important in neurological exams *Most enter/exit the ventral surface of the brainstem *Information comes in the cranial nerves and eventually ends up in sensory cortex

inactive brain regions during dreaming

sensory cortex prefrontal cortex- week memory

hair cells

sensory neurons of ears bang it's head and it will fire; pulls open sodium channels

cranial nerves

sensory signals that travel through face/head

longitudinal fissure

separates two hemispheres of brain

decay chain

series of decays of a radioactive element into different more stable elements

taste nerves

several; facial nerve and glossopharyngeal

Sex-linked

sex chromosomes; genes tend to be expressed in males; two x's act as a protector for the woman, a male is either affected or not, females can be carriers

meiosis

sexual reproduction

Dendritic Spine

short outgrowths that increase SA available for synapses.

compound machine - has lever and wedge

shovel is a

Type 1 diabetes

shows up in youth; do not manufacture enough insulin

action potential

signal sent by axon

the visual pathway

signals on the right hand side of your vision project to the left of the thalamus, and signals on the left hand side of your vision project to the right of the thalamus

Example of Evolutionary explanation?

similar birdsongs, goosebumps

methadone

similar to heroin and morphine pill used to combat opioid addiction enters blood/metabolizes SLOWLY

parallel processing

simultaneous analysis of signals along different pathways

meiosis II

sister chromatids separate

animals with hypovolemic thirst have a preference for

slightly salty water as pure water dilutes body fluids and changes osmotic pressure

stage 3 of sleep

slow wave sleep

stage 4 of sleep

slow wave sleep thalamus stops relaying sensory info to cortex

What are microglia?

small (micro-) glial cells. function unknown in healthy brain. When there is damage, the microglia proliferate, migrate to the point of damage, turn into macrophages, and devour debris and pathogens. When a PNS nerve is cut, the axons regrow thru the Schwann cell tube.

Arachnoid granulations:

small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus

superior colliculus

smaller amount goes to (causes flinching; cortex made you stop); lets you track stuff while you move

sons of alcoholic fathers

smaller amygdala tolerance higher decrease in stress due to alcohol

CN 1

smell

Olfaction

smell

pattern of receptor-

smell goes from: glomeruli directly to piriform cortex (olfactory cortex) NO THALMUS and also to amygdale- creating an emotional response

retronasal olfaction

smell in back of throat; 90% of flavor discrimination is based on smell

facial feedback hypothesis

smiling makes you happier; facial muscles influence emotional experience

cochlea

snail structure; subdivided into 3 fluid-filled structures

dorsal stream

somatosensory ; where pathway where they r& how they move a. goes to parietal lobe. i. each area receives information from a different part of the body ii. 4 bands of cells- 2 light touch, 1 deep pressure,1 both b. receives mostly non‐color signals. c. how we locate objects. d. closely associated with somatosensory areas of the brain. e. where body motion and vision are integrated

trigeminal nerve

somatosensory part; hot and cold burning sensation in nose and mouth; capsaicin; smell of ammonia

longitudinal

sound & some earthquake waves travel in l___ waves. particles move back/forth in the same direction. (also known as compression waves)

phonological analysis

sound of language

synaptic cleft

space between axon and dendrite

ion channels

specialized pores in the neural membrane that ions pass through

Set point

specific value of an internal state that the body defends

Myelination

speeds transmission; oligodendrocytes (brain/spinal cord)/ schwann cells (periphery)

myelin

speeds up the transmission of nueral impulses

spina bifida

split spine

synaptogenesis

stage five , final stage of the neural development refers to the formation of synapse between nuerons

REM

stage of sleep with fast brain waves and dreams

NREM stage 1 and 2

stage of sleep with fast, repeating waves

NREM stage 3

stage of sleep with slow (delta) waves, restorative

proliferation

stage one , refers to the production of two new glial cells and nuerons (nuerogensis) in the brain some cells become stem cells that continue to divde a subset of stemcells become nuerons or glia

differeation

stage three refers to the forming of the axon and dendrite that gives the neuron its distinctive shape the axon grows first either durng migration or once it has reached its target this is followed by the development of dendrites

migration

stage two refers to the movement of newly formed nuerons and glia to there eventual locations

Astrocytes

star-shaped glia that synchronize the activity of the axons

amphetamine and haloperidol

stimulants that help prevent diaschisis improves behavior

taste

stimulation of taste buds (receptors on tounge)

zeitgeber

stimulus that resets biological clock temperature exercise noise meals bright light

transduction for vision

stop sodium from leaving cell

Glycogen

storing glucose (animal starch)

three causes of relapse

stress, drug priming, or environmental cues

ischemic

stroke in which blood clots starve brain areas of oxygen

hemorrhage

stroke in which blood vessel in brain bursts

grammatical

structure of language

skeletal structure

structure that maintains body shape, protects internal organs

taste buds

structures that activate taste receptors

law of thermodynamics

study of conversion of energy into heat and work in a system

genetics

study of heredity

injection drug administration

subcutaneously (under the skin), intramuscularly (into the muscle), of intravenously (in an IV)

patient HM

suffered permanent, complete anterograde memory impairment and substantial retrograde memory impairment

left hemisphere

superior in controlling ipsilateral movement, an "interpreter"

right hemisphere

superior in spatial ability, emotion, mucial ability, some memory tasks

soma

support system of neuron, cell body

cajal

supported the neuron doctrine that stated that there is a small gap between neurons that chemical messengers must cross for neurons to communicate

ligaments

supports movable joint

astrocyte

supports neurons, maintains BBB

Deep Water Currents

surface water more dense than what is underneath it (in regions with low density stratification)...water sinks, makes slow deep current

megatropic

sweet, bitter, umami

neuromuscular junction

synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

glomerilus

synapse between receptor cell and mitral cell (reason y smell doesn't go thru thalmus) - reacts to multiple odors

Spatial

synaptic inputs from separate locations combine their effects on a single neuron ex: lightly pinching a dog in two places produces a reflex; combination of stimuli.

korsakoff

syndrome associated with alcoholism

cushing syndrome

syndrome that shuts down GH production, slows wound healing, reduces reproductive function

limbic

system containing hippocampus and amygdala

parasympathetic nervous system

system responsible for lowering the heart rate, dilates blood vessels increases secretions of digestive system

sympathetic nervous system

system that accelerates heart, contracts blood vessels, decreases digestive secretions.

CNS

system that is composed of brain and spinal cord

sympathetic nervous system

system that is part of the autonomous nervous system

Lipogenesis

takes glucose and convert it to fat

adaptive immune system

targets specific pathogens identified by their antigens

sense that doesn't cross

taste

tastants

taste molecules

For the following brain structures, be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain, and know generally what they do: medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain (remember the structures that we named within the midbrain?), thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, corpus callosum.

tba medulla-Controls vital reflexes Damage to medulla can be fatal trauma, drugs Midbrain- Reflexive orienting to visual and auditory stimuli Intrinsic/descending pain control Substantia nigra -Parkinson's disease And more...

primary lines of defense

tears, urine, mucus- __ defense

electron microscopy

techniques used to visualize objects that are too small to be seen with "traditional" microscopy techniques

Midbrain

tectum, tegmentum, superior/inferior colliculus, substantia nigra

immunostaining

tells us where the different proteins are in different brain regions or parts of the cell, telling us what chemicals different parts of the brain produce or respond to

dorsal stream

tells where/how objects are moving

psychosis

temp/permanent psychiatric condition (hallucinations, disordered thoughts, delusional beliefs)

What are temporal and spatial summation?

temporal-several impulses from one neuron over time spatial-impulses from several neurons at the same time

adolescence

tends to be more impulsive than adults.

What is in the cortex?

thalamus & hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala, basal ganglia, etc

midbrain

that's where you protect yourself

Swelling associated with meningitis often triggers

the "hallmark" signs and symptoms of this condition

brain plasticity

the ability of the brain to change over time (e.g., form new synapses, increase dendritic branching and spines

Edema

the accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in increased pressure on the brain and increasing the probability of further strokes.

sex-linked inheritance

the acquisition of characters or qualities by transmission from parent to offspring

10 months

the age at which one can discriminate between all phonemes; by 30 months they can discriminate only those sounds that compose the language to which they have been exposed

entropy

the amount of energy that is no longer available for work, and related to the 2nd law of thermodynamics

semantic analysis

the analysis of the meaning of language

to inhibit thirst,

the body monitors swallowing and detects the water contents of the stomach and intestines

daughter nuclide

the changed parent nuclide

Water Cycle

the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back

sublimation of water

the conversion between solid and the gaseous phases of matter, with no intermediate liquid stage

Diaschisis

the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons.

Concentration Gradient

the difference in distribution of ions across the selectively permeable membrane

membrane potential

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell

Resting Potential

the difference in voltage of a resting neuron (intracellular charge (-) differs from extracellular charge (+))

The End

the end

the vagus nerve stimulates

the hypothalamus to initiate a fever

but when our salt intake levels are very high

the kidneys cannot keep up

Atmosphere

the mass of air surrounding the Earth

Absolute refractory period

the membrane cannot produce an action potential, regardless of the stimulation.

Weather

the meteorological conditions: temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation

Ischemia

the most common type of stroke, resulting from a blood clot or obstruction of an artery.

The refractory period

the neuron resists the production of any further action potentials

Air Pressure

the pressure exerted by the atmosphere

•Collateral sprouting

the process by which new axon branches are formed on adjacent, non-damaged axons.

radiation

the propagating waves of particles, such as light, sound, radiant heat, or particles, emitted by radioactivity.

the concentrations of chemicals in water determines

the rate of all chemical reactions in the body

Upwelling

the rising of cold water from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water that has been moved away

when there is too much salt in the blood

the salt draws more water into the blood

heat

the state of a body perceived as having or generating a relatively high degree of warmth.

gas

the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity

resting potential

the steady membrane potential of the neuron at about - 70 mV

place theory

the string that vibrates is the one you hear (causes diff. areas of ear to vibrate- but many parts are to close to vibrate independently )

boiling point

the temperature at which a liquid boils at sea level

absolute zero

the temperature at which substances possess no thermal energy, equal to -273.15 degrees C. or -459.67 degrees F.

same

the temperature of a substance during any time of any phase change _____remains the same or changes

Solutes inside and outside a cell produce osmotic pressure,

the tendency of water to flow across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration -occurs when solutes are more concentrated on one side of the membrane -certain neurons detect the loss of water and trigger osmotic thirst to help restore the body to the normal state

conduction

the transfer of thermal energy by direct contact of matter.

convection

the transfer of thermal energy through the motion of fluids.

proteins in the body break their bonds and lose

their useful properties at higher temperatures -reproductive cells require cooler temperatures

incentive-sensitization theory

theory that addicts develop when drug use sensitizes the neural circuits mediating the wanting of the drug - no necessarily the liking for the drug

TMS

therapeutic brain test

Axon

thin fiber of constant diameter; neurons information sender

hypovolemic thirst is

thirst associated with low volume of body fluids. Lose of salt and water, will crave salt.

Symptoms of dehydration include:

thirst, fatigue, weakness, decreased urination and a dark yellow color of the urine, left unchecked, dehydration can even be fatal

ITD

time diff between one ear and the other

epithelial tissue

tissue for internal organs

muscle tissue

tissue for skeletal, smooth, cardiac, for contractions

connective tissue

tissue hold body together- bones, cartilage, blood, fat

nervous tissue

tissue made of neurons

receptors in the OVLT, subfornical organ, stomach and elsewhere relay information

to areas of the hypothalamus, including the: -supraoptic nucleus -paraventricular nucleus: both control the rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin

•One of the most effective laboratory methods used to minimize damage caused by strokes is

to cool the brain.

how does drug tolerance shift the dose-response curve?

to the right

convergence

to view nearby objects in both eyes, your eyes have to tilt inward toward the object to view faraway object, your eyes are pointed straight ahead

prefrontal cortex & decreased reinforcement

too much drug use inhibts prefrontal cortex results in nucleus accumebs inability to reinforce

serotonin syndrome

too much serotonin released due to too much of a serotonin agonist

optic tract

transfers info from temporal retinal fibers

optic nerve

transmits signal from eye

spinal cord

transmits signals between nerves and brain

deep brain stimulation

treatment for dystonia/parkinsons

•Edema and excess potassium

triggers the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.

causes of brain damage

tumor toxic substances degenerative diseases penetrating head injury (TBI) closed head injury (TBI) strokes

rooting

turns head and sucks when cheek is stimulated

bipolar and horizontal cells

two types of cells in the intermediate layer

middle ear

tympanic membrane

drosophila

type of fruit fly

Auditory Cortex

understand language; songs get stuck in your head

perception

understanding the stimulus

urine

urea, water, other wastes is called

frequency-place theory

use 1st theory for sounds lower than 100 hz; and place theory for anything higher than 100 hz

analgesics

used to block pain

electron microscopy

used to visualize cells in greater detail than is possible with traditional light microscopy

temperature regulation

uses about two-thirds of our energy/kilocalories per day

electrophoresis

uses electrical charges to separate substances , proteins, DNA, RNA

optogenetics

uses light pulses directed at light activated ion channels to determine what the activation of a single group of neurons does

Glycolysis

using glucose for energy

hubel and weisal's experiment

v1& v2

supertasters

variation; changes what you think of food higher sensitivity to all tastes

thirst is triggered by the release of the horomones

vasopressin and angiotensin II, which constrict blood vessels to compensate for a drop in blood pressure

motion sickness

vestibular system and eyes are tellin u 2 diff. things

temperature regulation is accomplished

via choosing locations in the enviorment

stiff end

vibrates at high frequency

floppy end

vibrates at low frequency

tympanic membrane

vibrates at same rate as sound of voice (sound waves; known as ear drum) - 2)Connect to 3 tiny bones

CN 2

vision

lateral geniculate

vision; Most ganglion cell axons go there (in thalmus)

LGN

visual area of thalamus

Superior Colliculi:

visual sensation

temperature regulation is

vital to the normal functioning of many behavioral processes -temperature affects many aspects of behavior

amplitude

volume

WHY: some bacteria grow less vigorously in

warmer than normal body temperature --fever enhances activity of the immune system

Osmosis

water moves across cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration; occurs until concentration of dissolved particles in intracellular and extracellular fluid are equal

when osmotic thirst is triggered,

water that you drink has to be absorbed through the digestive system. Don't add salt, only water.

trichromatic theory

we have 3 cones(red, green, blue) and pigment mixing occurs within the ratio and that's how we see colors; more intense light increases the brightness but doesn't change ratio

Humidity

wetness in the atmosphere

line orientation

what do cells in the primary visual cortex of cats detect?

retinotopic maps

what do the thalamus, midbrain, and primary visual cortex all contain?

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

what genes are made up

vision

what you see is light's reflection; as far as light can move is how far you can see

blindsight

when V1 is damaged but V2 is intact, where you can see objects but aren't aware of them

drug conditioning

when a drug is taken in a different setting from usual, body does not compensate as usual

boil

when a liquid boils, it becomes so hot that it bubbles and steams.

metabolic tolerance

when a subject's reaction to a specific drug and concentration of the drug is progressively reduced, requiring an increase in concentration to achieve the desired effect

diaschisis

when brain area degenerates due to damage in activation area

necrosis

when cells die due to accidents/injury

spatial summation

when many axons projecting to diff parts of postsynaptic neuron send signals at the same time

temporal summation

when one axon sends many fast signals so PSPs overlap

absolute refractory period

when sodium channels are inactivated (need to rest)

Organum Vasculosum of the Laminae Terminalis (OVLT)

when these neurons shrink, they increase cell firing potential

aphasias

when you break something

taste aversion

when you hate a type of food insular cortex, amygdala and PVN

differentiation in cortex

when young you can rewire, once they differentiate, it will be unable 2 rewire

lateral ventricle and hippocampal formation

where adult neurogeneis occurs

axon hillock

where decision to activate neuron is made

optic chiasm

where do fibers from the contralateral eye decussate?

optic chiasm

where fibers from contralateral eye decussate

retina

where is light processed?

context

where you determine how far away an object is by gauging how large it looks in your vision compared to how large you know it actually is

daughter nuclide

which is more stable, the parent or daughter nuclide

more water increases the volume of blood

which raises blood pressure

Prevailing Winds

winds that blow in the same direction over large areas of Earth

Sham feeding

with presence of oral factors that promote food intake, animals will keep trying to ingest food

optic chiasm

x-shaped structure on the inferior surface of the diencephalon; the point where the optic nerves decussate

if you lose fluid while also losing solutes (like salts)

you experience hypovolemic thirst -usually happens after blood loss -excess vomiting and sweating can also cause this

Paralysis

• caused by spinal cord damage is relatively permanent

Direction of CSF flow:

• lateral ventricles • third ventricle • cerebral aqueduct • fourth ventricle

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

•A drug that breaks up blood clots.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

•Alcohol suppresses glutamate and enhances GABA.

nueral tube defects

•Can be detected in utero by the third month during pregnancy. At this time, amniotic fluid will have increased concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein.

neurotrophines

•Cells that have lost their source of innervation release _________ that induce axons to form collateral sprouts and new synapses.

A stroke or cerebrovascular accident

•Common cause of brain damage in elderly

mature mammals

•Damaged axons in the CNS do not regenerate well in ...

cannot

•Destroyed cell bodies __________ be replaced, but damaged axons do grow back under certain circumstances.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

•Hyperactivity, impulsiveness •Attention deficits •Cognitive impairment •Motor problems •Heart defects •Facial abnormalities

Neural tube defects

•Incidence is greatly decreased by taking folic acid during pregnancy.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

•Neurotrophins are co-released with neurotransmitters. •Less neurotransmitter release = less neurotrophin release = greater cell death. .

grey matter

•People who learned to read as adults compared to those who never learned how to read developed more ____ (cell bodies and dendrites) in the cerebral cortex and a thicker corpus callosum.

neurotrophins

•Postsynaptic cells produce and release -these chemicals that promote the survival and activity of presynaptic neurons (e.g., nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor).

adolescence

•Show stronger reward responses (this, together with increased impulsivity, can be problematic...).

adolescence

•Show weaker prefrontal cortex response when they should be inhibiting their behavior - this may or may not be the cause of increased impulsivity.

Medulla

•Site where cranial nerves enter/leave the brain. In the hindbrain it controls sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and multiple parasympathetic outputs to organs (e.g., intestinal secretions).

Plasticity after Brain Damage

•Survivors of brain damage show subtle to significant behavioral recovery.

brain plasticity

•The brain isn't hard-wired; use or disuse of an area can cause it to grow or contract, especially in the cortex.

relates to learning and enrichment.

•The gain and loss of spines indicates new connections

nueral reorganization

•This translates into heightened sensation in remaining, adjacent body parts.

stimulate activity

•Use of drugs (stimulants) to _____ in healthy regions of the brain after injury may be a mechanism of later recovery.

Medulla

•located in the hindbrain it is Important for vital reflexes. •Damage is often fatal.