PSB2000 Ch 9 Study Questions

Which event will trigger osmotic thirst?

a salty meal

Which statement correctly describes osmotic pressure?

The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

The stimuli associated with food, such as its smell, provoke the release of insulin during the _______ phase.

cephalic

The peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary.

constriction; vasopressin

Sweet urine is symptomatic of

diabetes mellitus

Injecting PYY3-36 into rats causes them to

eat less

Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as

essential

_______ and ______ have opposing effects on "hunger" neurons.

ghrelin; PYY3-36

The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called

glycogen

_______ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.

homeostasis

Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the

hypothalamus

One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be

increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity.

A(n) _______ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline.

isotonic

Physiological saline is also sometimes described as

isotonic

Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called

keytones

Which structure produces angiotensin II?

kidneys

Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the

lateral hypothalamus.

Which hormone monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?

leptin

Suppose that your car battery dies, and you find yourself stranded in a winter storm. Which response would not be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive?

lowering your breathing rate

Which response is not a physiological response of the mammalian thermoregulatory system?

lying in the shade

The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst.

osmotic

The two main kinds of thirst are _______ thirst and _______ thirst.

osmotic; hypovolemic

People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight Level of

overweight

Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms?

preoptic area

A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is

redundancy

Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because

restoring the desired temperature turns off the response.

The brain responds to hypovolemia by triggering both thirst and hunger for

salt

In rats, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lead to all of the following except

self-maintenance of normal weight.

Research on the effects of leptin indicates that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus

suppresses hunger

When a cell comes into contact with pure water it

swells

When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal

thirst

One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that

untreated diabetics are hungry

The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the

vascular system

A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized

baroreceptors

The body fluid compartments change with_______ upon severe water loss.

decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume

Animals whose body temperature is regulated mainly by internal bodily processes are called

endotherms

In mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______.

extracellular; is similar across species

One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that

high doses of insulin initiate eating.

What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus?

it stimulates eating

The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.

type I Diabetes

Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone?

vassopressin

What percent of food energy is spent on basal metabolism?

80‒90%

Which example demonstrates ectothermic behavior?

A turtle basking on a sunny log

In rats with LH lesions, which outcome does not occur?

An initial increase in food intake

Which hormone causes blood vessels to constrict?

Angiotensin II

_______ procedures bypass part of the intestinal tract or stomach in order to reduce the absorptive capacity of the digestive system.

Bariatric

Which items are incorrectly paired?

Bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss

Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release?

Cephalic

Which intervention or research findings has not been an effective weight loss strategy?

Drugs that block the visual appeal of food

Which method is not a current strategy for treating obesity?

Drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach

Endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of

Fever

Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?

Ghrelin and PYY3-36

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?

Glucagon

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen?

Insulin

Which statement about leptin is false?

It is believed to exert short-term control over appetite.

Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.

NPY

Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons?

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

High circulating levels of leptin activate the _______ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibit the _______ hunger neurons.

POMC; NPY

Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue.a. adrenal

adipose

Angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______.

adrenals; aldosterone

The hormone _______ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _______.

aldosterone; kidneys

The hormone _______ is generated in the kidney via a cascade of enzymatic actions in response to hypovolemia.

angiotensin II

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have opposing effects on _______ and _______.

appetite; metabolism

About 10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for _______ processes.

behavioral