PSB2000 Ch 9 Study Questions
Which event will trigger osmotic thirst?
a salty meal
Which statement correctly describes osmotic pressure?
The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane
The stimuli associated with food, such as its smell, provoke the release of insulin during the _______ phase.
cephalic
The peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve.
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary.
constriction; vasopressin
Sweet urine is symptomatic of
diabetes mellitus
Injecting PYY3-36 into rats causes them to
eat less
Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as
essential
_______ and ______ have opposing effects on "hunger" neurons.
ghrelin; PYY3-36
The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called
glycogen
_______ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.
homeostasis
Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the
hypothalamus
One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be
increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity.
A(n) _______ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline.
isotonic
Physiological saline is also sometimes described as
isotonic
Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called
keytones
Which structure produces angiotensin II?
kidneys
Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the
lateral hypothalamus.
Which hormone monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?
leptin
Suppose that your car battery dies, and you find yourself stranded in a winter storm. Which response would not be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive?
lowering your breathing rate
Which response is not a physiological response of the mammalian thermoregulatory system?
lying in the shade
The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst.
osmotic
The two main kinds of thirst are _______ thirst and _______ thirst.
osmotic; hypovolemic
People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight Level of
overweight
Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms?
preoptic area
A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is
redundancy
Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because
restoring the desired temperature turns off the response.
The brain responds to hypovolemia by triggering both thirst and hunger for
salt
In rats, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lead to all of the following except
self-maintenance of normal weight.
Research on the effects of leptin indicates that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus
suppresses hunger
When a cell comes into contact with pure water it
swells
When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal
thirst
One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that
untreated diabetics are hungry
The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the
vascular system
A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized
baroreceptors
The body fluid compartments change with_______ upon severe water loss.
decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume
Animals whose body temperature is regulated mainly by internal bodily processes are called
endotherms
In mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______.
extracellular; is similar across species
One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that
high doses of insulin initiate eating.
What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus?
it stimulates eating
The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.
type I Diabetes
Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone?
vassopressin
What percent of food energy is spent on basal metabolism?
80‒90%
Which example demonstrates ectothermic behavior?
A turtle basking on a sunny log
In rats with LH lesions, which outcome does not occur?
An initial increase in food intake
Which hormone causes blood vessels to constrict?
Angiotensin II
_______ procedures bypass part of the intestinal tract or stomach in order to reduce the absorptive capacity of the digestive system.
Bariatric
Which items are incorrectly paired?
Bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss
Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release?
Cephalic
Which intervention or research findings has not been an effective weight loss strategy?
Drugs that block the visual appeal of food
Which method is not a current strategy for treating obesity?
Drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach
Endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of
Fever
Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?
Ghrelin and PYY3-36
Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
Glucagon
Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen?
Insulin
Which statement about leptin is false?
It is believed to exert short-term control over appetite.
Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.
NPY
Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons?
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
High circulating levels of leptin activate the _______ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibit the _______ hunger neurons.
POMC; NPY
Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue.a. adrenal
adipose
Angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______.
adrenals; aldosterone
The hormone _______ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _______.
aldosterone; kidneys
The hormone _______ is generated in the kidney via a cascade of enzymatic actions in response to hypovolemia.
angiotensin II
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have opposing effects on _______ and _______.
appetite; metabolism
About 10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for _______ processes.
behavioral
