Psy 101 - review

What early perspective influenced the contemporary area of sensation and perception? A) behaviorism B) Gestalt psychology C) humanism D) functionalism

B) Gestalt psychology

A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called __________________. A) volunteer bias B) a representative sample C) the experimental group D) the control group

B) a representative sample

Which is not a specific function of the right hemisphere of the brain? A) nonverbal B) analysis of detail C) music and artistic expression D) emotional thought and recognition

B) analysis of detail

Cheryl's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Cheryl has blue eyes. Therefore, Cheryl's own genotype must be ________ and her father must be _____. A) Bb; homozygous dominant B) bb; heterozygous C) Bb; heterozygous D) bb; homozyogous dominant

B) bb; heterozygous

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________. A) cognition B) perception C) personality D) social psychology

C) personality

A "split brain" patient is asked to stare at a spot on a screen. When a picture of an object is shown to the right visual field of the patient, the patient can ___________. A) pick the object out of a group of hidden objects using her right hand, but cannot identify it verbally B) pick the object out of a group of hidden objects using her left hand, but cannot identify it verbally C) pick the object out of a group of hidden objects using her right hand, and can identify it verbally D) pick the object out of a group of hidden objects using her left hand, and can identify it verbally

C) pick the object out of a group of hidden objects using her right hand, and can identify it verbally

Psychology refers to the ________. A) empirical study of humanity B) experimental study of individuals C) scientific study of the mind and behavior D) systematic study of human interaction

C) scientific study of the mind and behavior

Mary put her hand on a hot stove. Which neuron is responsible for sending a pain message up her spinal column, where it would then enter into the main area of the cord? A) motor neuron B) interneuron C) sensory neuron D) reflex

C) sensory neuron

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. A) autonomic B) parasympathetic C) somatic D) sympathetic

C) somatic

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? A) .50 B) .25 C) -.25 D) -.75

D) -.75

_________ receive messages from other neurons and _____________send messages to other neurons. A) Axons; dendrites B) Axon; soma C) Soma; glial cells D) Dendrites; axons

D) Dendrites; axons

________ states that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall. A) Behavioral genetics B) Environmental psychology C) Evolutionary psychology D) Range of reaction

D) Range of reaction

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A) Longitudinal research is time consuming. B) Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. C) Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. D) Social or cultural factors known as cohort effects may influence the results, not age.

D) Social or cultural factors known as cohort effects may influence the results, not age.

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common? A) Job growth is greatest in these fields. B) They all focus on groups instead of individuals. C) They are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century. D) They are all examples of applied psychology.

D) They are all examples of applied psychology.

What is one similarity shared by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists? A) They obtain the same graduate degree. B) They have the same training experiences after college. C) They view abnormal behaviors as arising from the same causes. D) They diagnose and treat people experiencing behavioral and emotional problems.

D) They diagnose and treat people experiencing behavioral and emotional problems.

Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect? A) You sleep because you are tired. B) You throw up after eating bad meat. C) You have surgery to repair a defective heart valve. D) You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol.

D) You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol.

The goals of psychology are to _____. A) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind B) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior C) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death D) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

D) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

The key difference between an experimental and a quasi-experimental study is that the quasi-experimental study ________. A) does not appear to be an experimental study, but it has all of the characteristics of one B) contains an independent variable C) has multiple dependent variables D) does not involve random assignment

D) does not involve random assignment

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________. A) cognition and emotion B) language, such as speech C) motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face D) temperature, touch, and pain

D) temperature, touch, and pain

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A) conclusion B) hypothesis C) operational definition D) theory

D) theory

What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time? A) "Focus on observable behavior." B) "Life is an effort to overcome inferiority." C) "We cannot know others until we know ourselves." D) "Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."

A) "Focus on observable behavior."

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"? A) Gestalt B) behaviorist C) structuralist D) functionalist

A) Gestalt

The term neurotransmitter refers to ______. A) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse B) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system C) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane D) the DNA contained in the nucleus of every neuron

A) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse

The effect of alcohol is to enhance the effect of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter; which causes the general slowing down of the nervous system associated with getting drunk. Therefore, alcohol is an _________ for the neurotransmitter, ______________. A) agonist; GABA B) antagonist; GABA C) agonist; glutamate D) antagonist; glutamate

A) agonist; GABA

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships. A) archival B) correlational C) experimental D) survey

A) archival

Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches? A) biopsychological B) learning C) cognitive D) sociocultural

A) biopsychological

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. A) dependent variable B) independent variable C) operational definition D) control group

A) dependent variable

A major advantage of case studies is ________. A) detailed information B) generalizability C) large sample size D) quick data collection

A) detailed information

Freud stressed the importance of _________________ experiences. A) early childhood B) adolescence C) early adulthood D) middle adulthood

A) early childhood

Two groups of graduate students were given rats and were told to teach them how to run mazes. Group 1 was told that they had "very smart" rats that should learn quickly. Group 2 was told that they had "very stupid" rats that should learn slowly. In actuality, neither group was any different and the rats were randomly assigned. In spite of that, when the experiment concluded, Group 1 rats had learned the maze much more quickly. How can that be explained? A) experimenter effect B) placebo effect C) subject bias D) treatment effect

A) experimenter effect

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? A) explaining the hypothesis to the participants B) letting participants know that participation is voluntary C) obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor D) reviewing that data is confidential

A) explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, she should conduct what type of study? A) naturalistic observation B) laboratory observation C) case study research D) archival research

A) naturalistic observation

After a head injury a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the ______ lobe. A) occipital B) parietal C) temporal D) frontal

A) occipital

Voluntary muscles are controlled by the ________nervous system, while involuntary control of organs is controlled by the ________ nervous system. A) somatic; autonomic B) autonomic; somatic C) sympathetic; parasympathetic D) parasympathetic; sympathetic

A) somatic; autonomic

Which of the following terms do NOT belong together? A) structuralism; observable behavior B) Gestalt; whole C) psychoanalysis; unconscious conflict D) natural selection; functionalism

A) structuralism; observable behavior

In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is _____________________. A) the use of nicotine B) the use of a driving simulator C) the number of collisions D) the driving skills of each driver

A) the use of nicotine

Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because A) they help humans adapt to their natural environment. B) human brains are similar to the brains of the higher primates. C) they are the result of learning that has taken place over many centuries. D) they are the result of memories we have inherited from our ancestors.

A) they help humans adapt to their natural environment.

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A) debrief participants; ageist attitudes B) debrief participants; deception C) pay participants; deception D) pay participants; use of personal photos

B) debrief participants; deception

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. A) cognitive B) developmental C) personality D) social

B) developmental

Forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology? A) control B) explaining C) predicting D) changing

B) explaining

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________. A) axon B) glial cell C) soma D) terminal button

B) glial cell

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented? A) behaviorism B) humanism C) functionalism D) psychodynamics

B) humanism

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A) reticular formation B) hypothalamus C) pons D) thalamus

B) hypothalamus

Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called _________. A) hypnosis B) objective introspection C) psychosurgery D) psychoanalysis

B) objective introspection

The empirical method of study is based on ________. A) guesswork B) observation C) practice D) statistics

B) observation

As part of a psychology experiment, Brett decides to measure a person's "anxiety" by noting the number of blinks a person makes in a twenty minute social interaction with a stranger. Brett appears to have offered a(n) ________ of anxiety. A) variable B) operational definition C) theory D) hypothesis

B) operational definition

If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the __________ perspective. A) behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) cognitive

B) sociocultural

Bobby B. was rollerblading when a cat jumped right in front of him causing him to fall. When he fell, he landed on the side of his head. Shortly afterwards, Bobby complained that he could not understand what people were saying to him. Which lobe would have been most affected by this fall given what he experienced? A) frontal B) temporal C) parietal D) occipital

B) temporal

Julie finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches 8 hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to 5 hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline. Julie realizes that ______________________. A) there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades B) there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades C) her low quiz scores are caused by sleep deprivation the night before a quiz D) she should sleep about 10 hours a night to ensure 100 percent quiz grades

B) there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades

Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method? A) What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability? B) Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations? C) Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? D) What is the relationship between number of hours of violent video games played per week and antisocial behavior?

C) Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?

How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology? A) Behaviorism B) Cognitivism C) Functionalism D) Structuralism

C) Functionalism

Who is associated with the cognitive revolution in psychology and cognitive science? A) Jean Piaget B) Abraham Maslow C) Noam Chomsky D) Carl Rogers

C) Noam Chomsky

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? A) Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. B) Structuralism was parsimonious. C) The process was highly subjective. D) Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.

C) The process was highly subjective.

In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ______________. A) William James B) Wolfgang Kohler C) Wilhelm Wundt D) Sigmund Freud

C) Wilhelm Wundt

As Joe walks to his car late at night, he hears footsteps behind him. Feeling afraid, Joe grips his keys and quickens his pace. It is likely that Joe's ________ has been activated A) hypothalamus B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) cerebellum

C) amygdala

Random ______________ is what allows researchers to draw cause-effect conclusions in an experiment through the control of _________ variables. A) assignment; dependent B) selection; dependent C) assignment; confounding D) selection; confounding

C) assignment; confounding

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. A) be twice as strong B) last twice as long C) be the same in strength, speed, and duration D) travel twice as fast down the axon

C) be the same in strength, speed, and duration

Jennifer has been diagnosed with spinocerebellar degeneration. The first stage of the disease involve tremors and unsteady gate. In the later stages, she will be unable to stand, walk, and will be uncoordinated in her movements. This disease affects the ______ part of the brain. A) hippocampus B) amygdala C) cerebellum D) cerebral cortex

C) cerebellum

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the cerebral cortex of the brain. A) cortex; forebrain B) fissures; folds C) folds; grooves D) grooves; folds

C) folds; grooves

One purpose of the ____________________ is to speed up the neural message traveling down the axon. A) receptor site B) axon terminal C) myelin D) synaptic vesicle

C) myelin