Psy 102 ch 6, 5, 7 exam 3
Genes that contribute to addiction generally
-are involved with neurotransmitter systems or -affect how the individual responds to the drug.
After taste signals Travel to the NST it then moves to the
Insula (the primary gustatory cortex)
Difference in Sexual Development DSD
Intersex; genitals do not match the usual development for sex. More common that cystic fibrosis & down syndrome combined. 1 in 100 born with some genital abnormality and 1 in 1000 - 2000 assignment of sex is ambiguous.
The major drug reward system:
Is located in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system
Diabetes respiatory
Kussmaul breathing (hyper-ventilation)
Preoptic Area (POA)
The major "thermostat"
antagonistic treatment
drugs that block or counteract the positive effects of substances Ex Naltrexone - used for alcohol addiction Baclofen and rimonabant interfere with dopamine pathway.
Mullerian ducts develop into
female internal sex organs
Senosry-specific satiety (fullness)
food is less appealing the more you eat, encouraging variation in choices.
Insulin causes
glucose to move from the blood to other tissues
A person with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) ________________:
has an XY genotype, with female appearance
decreases blood glucose levels
insulin
glucagon
is released as blood gluocse levels drop
External hunger cues
learned food preferences & activities, time of day, sight/smell of food.
VMH Syndrom
lesions of this cause organism to over eat
An important difference between the organizing and activating effects of hormones is that organizing effects:
mainly occur prenatally or shortly after birth
mesolimbocortical dopamine system
major reward system and major structures are the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle & ventral tegmental area (VTA)
CAH syndrome in females is characterized by
masculinization of the external sex organs
agonistic treatment
mimics effect of drugs, but milder Treating Opioid addiction -methadone =full agonist -buprenorphine = partial agonist Treating Nicotine addiction -Nicotine patch
agonist
mimics or enhances a neurotransmitter
Arcuate Nucleus
monitors nutrient levels
Diabetes gastric
nausea vomiting abdominal pain
withdrawal
negative reaction that occurs when drug is stopped
environment and genetics
operate differently in different subgroups and cultures
Tolerance
person becomes less responsive to the drug, requiring increasing amounts of the drug to produce the same results and is a significant reason for overdose
A ___ is a chemical that is released by one animal to affect the physiology and or behavior of another member of (usually) the same species.
pheromone
Addiction is defined as
preoccupation with obtaining a drug; compulsive use of the drug in spite of adverse consequences; a high tendency to relapse after quitting
Warmth-sensitive and cold-sensitive cells that help mammals regulate their body temperature are found in the ___ of the hypothalamus
preoptic area
Progesterone
prepares uterus for pregnancy
Posterior hypothalamus
promotes heat conservation (shivering, constriction of blood vessels)
The preoptic area
promotes heat loss (perspiration, dilation of blood vessels)
A ______________ drug has effects on behavior such as producing euphoria or dysphoria, sedation or stimulation, or even hallucinations.
psychoactive
antagoinists
reduces the effects of a neurotransmitter &/or block receptors for a neurotransmitter
Insulin is
released following a meal
A "control system" that maintains conditions around a ______
set point.
The ___ is 5 times larger in male rats than in females.
sexually dimorphic nucleus of the MPOA
Diabetes breath
smell of acetone
Leptin (released by fat cells)
stimulation causes decreased meal frequency, inhibits hunger on a long-term basis, increases metabolism & targets fat reduction while paring lean mass and is a possible treatment for obesity.
Signals that end a meal
stomach stretch receptors stimulated
Internal hunger cues
stomach, blood glucose, stored fats, hormones, dietary needs
More common than anorexia
bulimia
Papillae are:
bumps on the tongue containing taste buds
__________________ describes the way in which tolerance to a drug becomes associated with the person's drug-taking surroundings and circumstances.
Conditioned tolerance
Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)
Contributes tot male sexual performance & erections, releases oxytocin.
Major signal for hunger
Ghrelin
This increases blood glucose levels
Glucagon
Two types of hungerr
Glucose & Fatty Acids
Diabetes
Glucose cannot move into cells due to low insulin levels.
Glucoprivic hunger occurs when:
Glucose levels are low
Glucagon causes
Glycogen converted back into glucose then dumped into bloodstream
Endotherms
Have the ability to physiologically maintain body temperature (humans & birds)
Estrogens
Higher in females. Include estradiol
Androgens
Higher in males. Included testosterone
Which of the following is not a characteristic of stimulants?
Analgesia
Larger # of cannabinoid receptors in the insula and elevated NPY & ghrelin levels are associated with
Anorexia
Activating Effects
can occur at any time in life; these "temporary" effects are reversible if hormone is removed. EX: sexual interest
Vomeronasal organ VNO
connects to the MPOA & Amygdala
Oxytocin
contributes to orgasm & pleasure in both sexes.
Peptide YY PYY
decreaces hunger by inhibiting the arcuate nucleus
Interstitial nucleus 2 (INAH-3) of sexually dimorphic nucleus is:
2x's larger in heterosexual man than homosexual men & heterosexual woman.
Heritability of bulimia
45%
Heritability for Hallucinogens
50%
Heritability for alcholoism
50-60%
Twin and adoption studies indicate the heritability for alcoholism is between _____________.
50-60%
Heritability of anorexia
54-83%
Heritability of eating disorders
56%
Heritability for cocaine
72 5
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
A condition in which a fetus is exposed to higher-than-normal androgen's (testosterone), resulting in masculinization of external genitalia and some cognitive features in affected females
Androgen insensitivity Syndrome AIS
A condition in which a genetic male fetus (XY) lacks androgen receptors, which leads to the development of female exturnal genitalia and typically female gender identity and sexual behavior.
In homeostasis, the set point is
A level of equilibrium to which the system strives to return
Stimulants
Activate the CNS to produce arousal, increased alertness, relieves fatigue, decreased appetite & elevated mood
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by cycles of bingeing and purging.
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by voluntary self-starvation & a significantly distorted body image
A drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter is called a(n):
Antagonist
Releases NPY & AgRP which increases hunger by exciting
Arcuate Nucleus
Instint
Automatic & unlearned behavior that occurs in all members of a species.
Normal weight
BMI between 19-22
Over weight
BMI between 25 - 29
Obeses
BMI over 30
Gender
Behavioral characteristics associated with being male or female.
The defining feature(s) of addiction is:
Being preoccupied with a drug, compulsive use and high likelihood of relapse
Caffeine
Blocks receptors for the neuromodulator adenosine
Medial amygdala (in temporal lobe)
Brain area important for both sexes, involved in sexual behavior, aggression & emotions.
Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus
Brain area important for both sexes, stimulation increases copulation in rats of both sexes.
Pheromone
Chemicals released into enviroment
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine system; conveyed by the blood to influence other organs &/or behavior.
Cholecystokinin CCK
Decreases hunger
Dopamine (D)
Drugs that increase D increase sexual activity and orgasmic activity.
Serotonin (S)
Ejaculation is accompanied by increases in S lateral hypothalamus. Drugs that increase S impair sexual ability and orgasm.
Animals that maintain core temperature through internal metabolic activity are known as ________________.
Endotherms
Basal metabolism (Physiological response to heat & cold)
Energy required to fuel the brain & other organs and to maintain body temperature.
1st phase of the sexual response cycle
Excitement
The four phases of sexual arousal in order are:
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
A symptom of anorexia is decreased appetite and fewer peptides associated with hunger.
False
Opiates have "hypnotic effects," which means they can:
Induce sleep
SCN (Suprachiasmatic nucleus) is:
Larger in homosexual men than heterosexual males.
Often counteracted by tasty, high calorie foods
Learned taste preference
Fat cells secrete a hormone called ______________ that inhibits eating.
Leptin
Activation Effects:
Levels of current sexual interest Cognition Aggression Parental Behavior
Symptoms of Anorexia
Loss of muscle mass, heart damage, reduction in bone density, deficits in brain volume
The Wolffian ducts are the precursor for the:
Male internal sex organs
Organizing Effects
Mostly occur prenatally & shortly after birth; impact structures & are permanent. EX: devedlopment & maturation of genitalia and development of several brain areas (SDN-POA)
Refers to the set of factors that initiate, sustain & direct behaviors.
Motivation
XX & XY fetuses are identical for the 1st month and possess both:
Mullerian and Wolffian ducts
Male (if SRY is present) testes release:
Mullerian inhibiting hormone & dihydrotestosterone. These hormones allow Wolffian ducts (develop into male internal sex organs) & male external genitalia develop.
Taste information is sent to the
NST
With taste, signals travel to the ______________ in the medulla
Nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
3rd phase of the sexual response cycle
Orgasm
Lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) produces:
Overeating
Released during orgasm
Oxytocin
Triggers eating
PVN & LH
Incentive Theory
People are motivated by external stimuli
Arousal Theor
People behave to satisfy a certain level of sensation
Affects another individual (usually of the same species
Pheromone
2nd phase of the sexual response cycle
Plateau
Diabetes CNS
Polydipsia Polyphagia Lethargy Stupor
Diabetes urinary
Polyuria Glycosuria
Learned taste preference
Preference for the flavor of a food that contains a needed nutrient.
Receives input from temperature receptors in skin and monitors its own temperature
Preoptic Area (POA)
Ghrelin
Released by stomach
Sex hormones
Released by the gonads (testes & ovaries)
4th phase of the sexual response cycle
Resolution
contains 2x's as many cells that secrete vasopressin.
SCN
Brain areas important for males (organizing effects)
SDN-MPOA Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the MPOA (testosterone impacts the size) and Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)
Area of NS of the medulla
Senosry-specific satiety (fullness)
When humans are classified as male or female based on their biological characteristics, researchers are referring to their _____________, whereas the person's subjective feeling of being male or female refers to their
Sex; Gender identity
Gender Role
Societal set of behaviors "appropriate" for a particular sex.
The five primary tastes include
Sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and umami
Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine & amphetamines
Stimulants
Nicotine
Stimulates the ACh receptor
MDMA
Stimulates the release of dopamine and serotonin
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Stimulation decreases hunger
Gender Identity
Subjective feeling of being male or female.
Contribute to nutritional & saftey benefits of dietary selection (adaptive)
Taste
Drive Theory
The body maintains homeostasis - equilibrium- in its system.
Which of these statements is false regarding the story of Ablatio penis involving Bruce/Brenda/David Reimer?
The case involved conjoined triplets whose internal sex organs were fused together.
Refracgtory phase
The time during which males are unable to become aroused or have another orgasm for minutes, hours or even days.
Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) concluded that boys and girls differed in their cognitive abilities in what areas?
They found that girls have greater verbal abilities.
Motivation means
To set in motion
Linked between body weight
Type II
Stimulation of this area leads to decreased meal frequency
VMH
virtually all abused drugs increase dopamine in the
VTA
Brain areas important for females (organizing effects)
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) activity increases during copulation: role in receptivity.
Function in humans is uncertain
Vomeronasal organ VNO
Body mass index (BMI) indicates
Whether someone is considered normal weight, overweight or obese
If the fetus gets two ______ it is female
XX
If the fetus gets an ____ it is male
XY
Ectotherms
body temperature will match environmental temperature (reptiles, fish, amphibians)
Replaces the drug which helps with motivation
agonistic
Homeostatic Drive
an organism's ability to adjust its physiological processes in order to maintain equilibrium
Treatments don't replace the drug, so compliance depends on the addict's motivation to quit
antagonistic treatment
A drug
any substance that changes the body or its functioning
While Jack knew he was hungry, his ___ was "deciding" what he was hungry for by monitoring his body's nutrient condition.
arcuate nucleus
Psychoactive
are those that have psychoactive effects, such as anxiety relief or hallucination
Drive =
aroused condition
Possible causes of Ambiguous Sexual Development
atypical hormone exposure/responsiveness and genetic/chromosomal abnormalities. EX AIS & CAH
Learned taste aversion
avoiding foods associated with illness or poor nutrition
sex
biological characteristics that divide individuals into male & female categories.
Diabetes eyes
blurred vision
According to your textbook, which two brain areas have been found to differ in size between homosexual and heterosexual men?
third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus and suprachiasmatic nucleus
Type II
tissues are unresponsive to insulin.
Motivation means:
to set in motion
Type I
unable to produce enough insulin
Behavioral responses to heat & cold
used by both ectotherms & endotherms. EX sunning or sitting in the shade.
Physiological response to heat & cold
used by endotherms only. Include shivering & perspiration
The brain area that is specifically important for female sexual behavior is the:
ventromedial hypothalamus
Diabetes systemic
weigh loss
