Psy 102 ch 6, 5, 7 exam 3

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Genes that contribute to addiction generally

-are involved with neurotransmitter systems or -affect how the individual responds to the drug.

After taste signals Travel to the NST it then moves to the

Insula (the primary gustatory cortex)

Difference in Sexual Development DSD

Intersex; genitals do not match the usual development for sex. More common that cystic fibrosis & down syndrome combined. 1 in 100 born with some genital abnormality and 1 in 1000 - 2000 assignment of sex is ambiguous.

The major drug reward system:

Is located in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

Diabetes respiatory

Kussmaul breathing (hyper-ventilation)

Preoptic Area (POA)

The major "thermostat"

antagonistic treatment

drugs that block or counteract the positive effects of substances Ex Naltrexone - used for alcohol addiction Baclofen and rimonabant interfere with dopamine pathway.

Mullerian ducts develop into

female internal sex organs

Senosry-specific satiety (fullness)

food is less appealing the more you eat, encouraging variation in choices.

Insulin causes

glucose to move from the blood to other tissues

A person with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) ________________:

has an XY genotype, with female appearance

decreases blood glucose levels

insulin

glucagon

is released as blood gluocse levels drop

External hunger cues

learned food preferences & activities, time of day, sight/smell of food.

VMH Syndrom

lesions of this cause organism to over eat

An important difference between the organizing and activating effects of hormones is that organizing effects:

mainly occur prenatally or shortly after birth

mesolimbocortical dopamine system

major reward system and major structures are the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle & ventral tegmental area (VTA)

CAH syndrome in females is characterized by

masculinization of the external sex organs

agonistic treatment

mimics effect of drugs, but milder Treating Opioid addiction -methadone =full agonist -buprenorphine = partial agonist Treating Nicotine addiction -Nicotine patch

agonist

mimics or enhances a neurotransmitter

Arcuate Nucleus

monitors nutrient levels

Diabetes gastric

nausea vomiting abdominal pain

withdrawal

negative reaction that occurs when drug is stopped

environment and genetics

operate differently in different subgroups and cultures

Tolerance

person becomes less responsive to the drug, requiring increasing amounts of the drug to produce the same results and is a significant reason for overdose

A ___ is a chemical that is released by one animal to affect the physiology and or behavior of another member of (usually) the same species.

pheromone

Addiction is defined as

preoccupation with obtaining a drug; compulsive use of the drug in spite of adverse consequences; a high tendency to relapse after quitting

Warmth-sensitive and cold-sensitive cells that help mammals regulate their body temperature are found in the ___ of the hypothalamus

preoptic area

Progesterone

prepares uterus for pregnancy

Posterior hypothalamus

promotes heat conservation (shivering, constriction of blood vessels)

The preoptic area

promotes heat loss (perspiration, dilation of blood vessels)

A ______________ drug has effects on behavior such as producing euphoria or dysphoria, sedation or stimulation, or even hallucinations.

psychoactive

antagoinists

reduces the effects of a neurotransmitter &/or block receptors for a neurotransmitter

Insulin is

released following a meal

A "control system" that maintains conditions around a ______

set point.

The ___ is 5 times larger in male rats than in females.

sexually dimorphic nucleus of the MPOA

Diabetes breath

smell of acetone

Leptin (released by fat cells)

stimulation causes decreased meal frequency, inhibits hunger on a long-term basis, increases metabolism & targets fat reduction while paring lean mass and is a possible treatment for obesity.

Signals that end a meal

stomach stretch receptors stimulated

Internal hunger cues

stomach, blood glucose, stored fats, hormones, dietary needs

More common than anorexia

bulimia

Papillae are:

bumps on the tongue containing taste buds

__________________ describes the way in which tolerance to a drug becomes associated with the person's drug-taking surroundings and circumstances.

Conditioned tolerance

Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)

Contributes tot male sexual performance & erections, releases oxytocin.

Major signal for hunger

Ghrelin

This increases blood glucose levels

Glucagon

Two types of hungerr

Glucose & Fatty Acids

Diabetes

Glucose cannot move into cells due to low insulin levels.

Glucoprivic hunger occurs when:

Glucose levels are low

Glucagon causes

Glycogen converted back into glucose then dumped into bloodstream

Endotherms

Have the ability to physiologically maintain body temperature (humans & birds)

Estrogens

Higher in females. Include estradiol

Androgens

Higher in males. Included testosterone

Which of the following is not a characteristic of stimulants?

Analgesia

Larger # of cannabinoid receptors in the insula and elevated NPY & ghrelin levels are associated with

Anorexia

Activating Effects

can occur at any time in life; these "temporary" effects are reversible if hormone is removed. EX: sexual interest

Vomeronasal organ VNO

connects to the MPOA & Amygdala

Oxytocin

contributes to orgasm & pleasure in both sexes.

Peptide YY PYY

decreaces hunger by inhibiting the arcuate nucleus

Interstitial nucleus 2 (INAH-3) of sexually dimorphic nucleus is:

2x's larger in heterosexual man than homosexual men & heterosexual woman.

Heritability of bulimia

45%

Heritability for Hallucinogens

50%

Heritability for alcholoism

50-60%

Twin and adoption studies indicate the heritability for alcoholism is between _____________.

50-60%

Heritability of anorexia

54-83%

Heritability of eating disorders

56%

Heritability for cocaine

72 5

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

A condition in which a fetus is exposed to higher-than-normal androgen's (testosterone), resulting in masculinization of external genitalia and some cognitive features in affected females

Androgen insensitivity Syndrome AIS

A condition in which a genetic male fetus (XY) lacks androgen receptors, which leads to the development of female exturnal genitalia and typically female gender identity and sexual behavior.

In homeostasis, the set point is

A level of equilibrium to which the system strives to return

Stimulants

Activate the CNS to produce arousal, increased alertness, relieves fatigue, decreased appetite & elevated mood

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by cycles of bingeing and purging.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by voluntary self-starvation & a significantly distorted body image

A drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter is called a(n):

Antagonist

Releases NPY & AgRP which increases hunger by exciting

Arcuate Nucleus

Instint

Automatic & unlearned behavior that occurs in all members of a species.

Normal weight

BMI between 19-22

Over weight

BMI between 25 - 29

Obeses

BMI over 30

Gender

Behavioral characteristics associated with being male or female.

The defining feature(s) of addiction is:

Being preoccupied with a drug, compulsive use and high likelihood of relapse

Caffeine

Blocks receptors for the neuromodulator adenosine

Medial amygdala (in temporal lobe)

Brain area important for both sexes, involved in sexual behavior, aggression & emotions.

Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus

Brain area important for both sexes, stimulation increases copulation in rats of both sexes.

Pheromone

Chemicals released into enviroment

Hormones

Chemicals secreted by endocrine system; conveyed by the blood to influence other organs &/or behavior.

Cholecystokinin CCK

Decreases hunger

Dopamine (D)

Drugs that increase D increase sexual activity and orgasmic activity.

Serotonin (S)

Ejaculation is accompanied by increases in S lateral hypothalamus. Drugs that increase S impair sexual ability and orgasm.

Animals that maintain core temperature through internal metabolic activity are known as ________________.

Endotherms

Basal metabolism (Physiological response to heat & cold)

Energy required to fuel the brain & other organs and to maintain body temperature.

1st phase of the sexual response cycle

Excitement

The four phases of sexual arousal in order are:

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

A symptom of anorexia is decreased appetite and fewer peptides associated with hunger.

False

Opiates have "hypnotic effects," which means they can:

Induce sleep

SCN (Suprachiasmatic nucleus) is:

Larger in homosexual men than heterosexual males.

Often counteracted by tasty, high calorie foods

Learned taste preference

Fat cells secrete a hormone called ______________ that inhibits eating.

Leptin

Activation Effects:

Levels of current sexual interest Cognition Aggression Parental Behavior

Symptoms of Anorexia

Loss of muscle mass, heart damage, reduction in bone density, deficits in brain volume

The Wolffian ducts are the precursor for the:

Male internal sex organs

Organizing Effects

Mostly occur prenatally & shortly after birth; impact structures & are permanent. EX: devedlopment & maturation of genitalia and development of several brain areas (SDN-POA)

Refers to the set of factors that initiate, sustain & direct behaviors.

Motivation

XX & XY fetuses are identical for the 1st month and possess both:

Mullerian and Wolffian ducts

Male (if SRY is present) testes release:

Mullerian inhibiting hormone & dihydrotestosterone. These hormones allow Wolffian ducts (develop into male internal sex organs) & male external genitalia develop.

Taste information is sent to the

NST

With taste, signals travel to the ______________ in the medulla

Nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)

3rd phase of the sexual response cycle

Orgasm

Lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) produces:

Overeating

Released during orgasm

Oxytocin

Triggers eating

PVN & LH

Incentive Theory

People are motivated by external stimuli

Arousal Theor

People behave to satisfy a certain level of sensation

Affects another individual (usually of the same species

Pheromone

2nd phase of the sexual response cycle

Plateau

Diabetes CNS

Polydipsia Polyphagia Lethargy Stupor

Diabetes urinary

Polyuria Glycosuria

Learned taste preference

Preference for the flavor of a food that contains a needed nutrient.

Receives input from temperature receptors in skin and monitors its own temperature

Preoptic Area (POA)

Ghrelin

Released by stomach

Sex hormones

Released by the gonads (testes & ovaries)

4th phase of the sexual response cycle

Resolution

contains 2x's as many cells that secrete vasopressin.

SCN

Brain areas important for males (organizing effects)

SDN-MPOA Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the MPOA (testosterone impacts the size) and Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)

Area of NS of the medulla

Senosry-specific satiety (fullness)

When humans are classified as male or female based on their biological characteristics, researchers are referring to their _____________, whereas the person's subjective feeling of being male or female refers to their

Sex; Gender identity

Gender Role

Societal set of behaviors "appropriate" for a particular sex.

The five primary tastes include

Sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and umami

Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine & amphetamines

Stimulants

Nicotine

Stimulates the ACh receptor

MDMA

Stimulates the release of dopamine and serotonin

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Stimulation decreases hunger

Gender Identity

Subjective feeling of being male or female.

Contribute to nutritional & saftey benefits of dietary selection (adaptive)

Taste

Drive Theory

The body maintains homeostasis - equilibrium- in its system.

Which of these statements is false regarding the story of Ablatio penis involving Bruce/Brenda/David Reimer?

The case involved conjoined triplets whose internal sex organs were fused together.

Refracgtory phase

The time during which males are unable to become aroused or have another orgasm for minutes, hours or even days.

Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) concluded that boys and girls differed in their cognitive abilities in what areas?

They found that girls have greater verbal abilities.

Motivation means

To set in motion

Linked between body weight

Type II

Stimulation of this area leads to decreased meal frequency

VMH

virtually all abused drugs increase dopamine in the

VTA

Brain areas important for females (organizing effects)

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) activity increases during copulation: role in receptivity.

Function in humans is uncertain

Vomeronasal organ VNO

Body mass index (BMI) indicates

Whether someone is considered normal weight, overweight or obese

If the fetus gets two ______ it is female

XX

If the fetus gets an ____ it is male

XY

Ectotherms

body temperature will match environmental temperature (reptiles, fish, amphibians)

Replaces the drug which helps with motivation

agonistic

Homeostatic Drive

an organism's ability to adjust its physiological processes in order to maintain equilibrium

Treatments don't replace the drug, so compliance depends on the addict's motivation to quit

antagonistic treatment

A drug

any substance that changes the body or its functioning

While Jack knew he was hungry, his ___ was "deciding" what he was hungry for by monitoring his body's nutrient condition.

arcuate nucleus

Psychoactive

are those that have psychoactive effects, such as anxiety relief or hallucination

Drive =

aroused condition

Possible causes of Ambiguous Sexual Development

atypical hormone exposure/responsiveness and genetic/chromosomal abnormalities. EX AIS & CAH

Learned taste aversion

avoiding foods associated with illness or poor nutrition

sex

biological characteristics that divide individuals into male & female categories.

Diabetes eyes

blurred vision

According to your textbook, which two brain areas have been found to differ in size between homosexual and heterosexual men?

third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus and suprachiasmatic nucleus

Type II

tissues are unresponsive to insulin.

Motivation means:

to set in motion

Type I

unable to produce enough insulin

Behavioral responses to heat & cold

used by both ectotherms & endotherms. EX sunning or sitting in the shade.

Physiological response to heat & cold

used by endotherms only. Include shivering & perspiration

The brain area that is specifically important for female sexual behavior is the:

ventromedial hypothalamus

Diabetes systemic

weigh loss


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