PSY 113 MIDTERM CH 1-8

Which of the following most closely approximates the meaning of the term noise as psychophysicists use it?

Any distraction

A researcher studies marriage and divorce by compiling data from marriage license applications and divorce records available at the county courthouse. The demonstrates the ____________technique.

Archival

______ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.

Operant conditioning

The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain is known as _____________.

Perception

"Cat food, cola toothpaste," Your Mom begins listing items for you to get at the store. She continues to list a few more. You forget a few things but remember the cat food, cola, and toothpaste.

Primacy effect

Rewards such as food of water that satisfy biological needs are known as ________________ reinforcers

Primary

The purpose of informed consent is to:

Protect participants' rights

Barry is mentally rehearsing his driving for his licensing test in his mind's eye. Based on mental imagery, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Barry's mental rehearsal should improve his driving. Performing the task involves the same network of brain cells as the network used in mentally rehearsing it.

________ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Behavior modification

Which of the following is a testable hypothesis?

Bright light improves reading speed.

A behavioral neuroscientist would be most interested in which of these questions?

Can causes of behavioral disorders be linked to medical factors?

The in-depth study of an individual (such as a client in therapy) is the:

Case study method

______is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Classical conditioning

_______psychology focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, decision making, and language.

Cognitive

Which of the following subfields of psychology is correctly matched with a sample topic?

Cognitive psychology: the influence of an event on people's thinking

In Pavlov's original experiment, the dog's salivation that followed the sound of the bell, even in the absence of the meat was the

Conditioned response

Which of the following approaches to psychology might have been most likely to remind the audience that "the whole is different from the sum of the parts"?

Gestalt psychology

Enterprise City has been hard hit by a recent economic downturn. Local psychologists are holding a public workshop to help the citizens cope with the adversity. Dr. Kurtz is outlining strategies to help adults who have been laid off avoid overeating and the use of drugs or alcohol. Dr. Kurtz is most likely a _______________ psychologist.

Health

Which of the following is True of heuristics?

Heuristics represent commonly used approaches to the solution of a problem.

Why is it so difficult to retrieve information from long term memory?

There is so much information being stored in long-term memory.

People keep playing slot machines because they operate on ________ reinforcement schedules, which in persistent response rates.

Variable-ratio

The formal beginning of psychology is associated with:

Wundt

Bandura's doll experiment was intended to demonstrate:

observational learning

In order to study mind and behavior, psychologists:

rely on the scientific method

Ashley, a psychology major, remarks that she has become interested in the study of intelligence. In other words, Ashley is interested in:

the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively.

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying decide which of the two different size cans will be the better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each can contains. Monica suggests that the larger size is usually better buy. Lori is using a __________ and Monica is using a _________________

algorithm; heuristic

Darlene has declared psychology as her major. She will be studying:

behavior and mental processes.

A worker who is paid every two weeks is reinforced on a _____schedule.

Fixed-interval

In a neural pathway, a synapse is:

A gap between an axon's terminal button and another neuron's dendrite

An ________is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected.

Absolute threshold

Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last?

Acquisition-extinction- spontaneous recovery

The peripheral nervous system consists of:

All neurons other than those in the spinal cord or brain

Iona helps students with ADHD develop effective study regimens and strategies. Fiona is most likely a ________ psychologist.

Counseling

In a drug study, neither the lab assistant who gives the tablet to the subjects, nor the subjects themselves know the type of tablet each person gets. This is called the ____________ procedure.

Double-blind

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which memory processes occur, from first to last?

Encoding, storage, Retrieval

The research method that can identify casual relationships is:

Experimentation

Which of these refers to the weakening and eventual disappearance of a classical conditioned response?

Extinction

If a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses are made, then ________schedule has been applied.

Fix-ratio

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

Identifying questions of interest

_________is a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus.

Introspection

Which of the following is TRUE of classical conditioning?

It applies to involuntary behavior.

The researcher who identified the basic principles of classical conditioning was:

Ivan Pavlov

Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

Learning

you only remember the last thing your mom ask you to get

Recency effect

Stimuli that increase the probability that a preceding behavior will happen again are called:

Reinforcers

Which of the following sequences reflects the order in of stages in the three-stage model of memory?

Sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

Mrs. Martin, a third grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on, attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using:

Shaping

The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was:

Skinner

The reoccurrence of an extinguished response after an interval of time is called:

Spontaneous recovery

The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations, engaging all the organism's resources to respond to a threat is known as the:

Sympathetic division

The Central Nervous system (CNS) consists of:

The brain and the spinal cord

A neuron is the basic element of:

The nervous system

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder. Now, back home in NJ, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning these sounds are best thought of as ____________ stimuli.

conditioned

Traditional intelligence tests tend to assess _______ thinking; tests of creativity tap into _________.

convergent; divergent

In the experiment, the __________ variable is measured while the ________________________variable is manipulated

dependent; independent