PSY 120 Final Exam Practice

In the context of the stages of change model, which of the following is true of the precontemplation stage of change?

A key component of this stage is raising one's consciousness about a behavior problem.

________ is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Applied behavior analysis

________ is a psychological disorder, commonly diagnosed in childhood, in which an individual exhibits one or more of the following symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Which of the following is a guideline to follow to consume psychological information critically and wisely?

Consider the source of psychological information.

Which of the following is true about exercise?

Exercise formally refers to structured activities whose goal is to improve health.

Which of the following is true of Alfred Adler's view on birth order?

He believed that sensitive parents could help children in any position in the family to negotiate their needs for superiority.

In the context of the human sexual response pattern, which of the following is true of the resolution phase?

In this phase, males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm.

Which of the following is true of a fixed-interval schedule in the context of operant conditioning?

It reinforces the first behavior after a set amount of time has passed.

Mathew is a critic of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Which of the following statements will be agreed upon by Mathew?

It takes an overly biological view of disorders that may have their roots in social experience.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates multitasking?

James surfing the Web and texting while doing his homework

Which of the following is true of Karen Horney's sociocultural approach?

She felt that the unhappiness of modern people comes from hating themselves because they cannot live up to impossible standards.

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

Social comparison helps identify the distinctive characteristics of a person and aids in building an identity.

Which of the following is a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives on personality?

The enduring patterns that make up personality are largely unavailable to an individual's conscious awareness.

The ________ describes individuals who are generally distressed, frequently experience negative emotions, and are socially inhibited.

Type D behavior pattern

Which of the following statements is true of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)?

Under chronic stress, the HPA axis can remain activated over the long haul.

Social desirability is

a major problem with self-report assessments.

Salivation in response to food is an example of

a reflex.

Emma is shocked when her teacher announces that he is conducting a pop quiz on the reading material that was assigned the day before. Which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome will Emma be experiencing first?

alarm

A fundamental premise of the general adaptation syndrome is that

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three stages that constitute common effects of the stressful demands on the body.

Wendy is traveling in a car from the city of Calibra to the city of Araba. After traveling for approximately three hours, she stops at a gas station. Sitting inside her car, she feels that her stationary car is moving when she looks at a car moving past hers. Which of the following is best illustrated in this scenario?

apparent movement

Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. After asking Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world. During this phase, she can't sleep; feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable. During this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Wren is likely to diagnose Lily with

bipolar disorder.

You just received a letter informing you that the college you really wanted to attend next semester has denied your application for enrollment. If you use the emotion-focused coping method, you would

calm yourself and visit a friend.

In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA are called

chromosomes.

________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

classical conditioning.

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the

collective unconscious.

Faith is a compulsive gambler, and she gambles frequently regardless of whether she wins or loses. She realizes that she needs to make a behavioral change in order to avoid losing all her money. She reevaluates her behavior and analyzes the impact it has had on her social and personal relationships. However, she is not yet ready to give up the thrill that gambling gives her. According to the stages of change model, Faith is likely to be in the ________ stage.

contemplation

Which of the following is the brain's largest division?

forebrain

Malcom has an IQ of 140. He has skipped three grades and is an A+ student with superior verbal and mathematical abilities. Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be

gifted.

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups

give people anonymity.

In the context of experimental research, the logic of random assignment is

if only chance determines which participants are assigned to each group in an experiment, the potential differences on other characteristics will cancel out over the long run.

Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal before, so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is guided by

informational social influence.

Amelia, a 25-year-old software engineer, wants to participate in a charity event. She plans to make and sell greeting cards at the event and subsequently use the money collected to help various social causes. This scenario best illustrates

intrinsic motivation.

An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience

motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts.

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

observational learning

Unlike obese individuals who do not suffer from binge-eating disorder, binge eaters are more likely to

overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape.

Dr. Davenport, a psychiatrist, is in the process of diagnosing Kelly's psychological disorder. He asks Kelly a series of questions regarding her symptoms. Kelly reveals that she often experiences overwhelming fear all of a sudden which is accompanied by pains in the chest and a feeling of helplessness. During these instances, she finds it difficult to breathe, has severe palpitations, and feels like she's going to die of cardiac arrest. In the context of psychological disorders, Dr. Davenport is most likely to diagnose Kelly with

panic disorder.

While walking in the woods, Rachel feels a sudden pain in her neck. Due to the nature of the pain, she recognizes that she has been stung by a bee. In this scenario, which of the following processes has most likely helped her identify the source of her pain?

perception

The ________ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the ________ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.

positive symptoms; negative symptoms

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

pressure for unanimity

Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the ________ to psychological disorders.

psychological approach

Chunking involves

reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller more meaningful units.

According to Lazarus, in ________, individuals evaluate their resources and determine how effectively they can rationalize the ability to cope with the event.

secondary appraisal

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters

serotonin and norepinephrine.

The ________ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

social cognitive

If a psychologist studies about the behavioral differences between people from different religions, he or she is most likely following the ________ approach to psychology.

socicultural

Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, dogs, and even sealskin coats. This study illustrates

stimulus generalization in classical conditioning.

Individuals who have positive illusions about themselves

tend to show high levels of psychological well-being.

Jack doesn't need to look at his keyboard while typing. His fingers automatically move over the keys as he types information into the computer. In the context of memory storage, which part of Jack's brain is active in the memory required to perform these skills?

the cerebellum

Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates

the false consensus effect.

Susan drives by an unusually colorful apartment building each day on her way to work. Initially, she does not think highly of the structure and has a mild dislike for it. However, after several months of commuting, she starts to like the apartment building and even considers renting an apartment there. This change in Susan's feelings about the building best demonstrates

the mere exposure effect.

When considering multiple sclerosis, which part of the neuron typically hardens and disrupts the flow of information through the neurons?

the myelin sheath

Which of the following refers to the fact that robots that represent very close facsimiles of humans are likely to evoke revulsion in people?

the uncanny valley

According to the stages of change model, when conscious attention is no longer required to maintain the new, healthy behaviors and such behaviors simply are part of the individual's lifestyle, ________ has been achieved. This occurs during the ________ stage of change.

transcendence/maintenance

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. In this situation, salivation was the

unconditioned response.

Infants who display secure attachment

use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.