Psy 121 Exam 1: Chapter 1: Psychology as a Science, Chapter 6: Memory, Chapter 13: Social Psychology
What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time? - "Focus on observable behavior" - "Life is an effort to overcome inferiority" - "remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes" - "We cannot know others until we know ourselves"
"focus on observable behavior"
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables? - -.10 - -.70 - +.05 - +.50
+.05
Which correlation coefficient is most likely to describe the relationship between brushing one's teeth and the number of cavities one gets? -.62 0 0.62 0.45
-.62
Research with people who reported flashbulb memories from the September 11 terrorist attacks showed that most forgetting of the event occurred within ____________.
1 Year
Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients? - A correlation of -.10 is weaker than a correlation of +.10. - A correlation of +.10 is weaker than a correlation of -.10. - A correlation of +.89 and -.89 are both strong and equally so. - A correlation of +.89 is strong and -.89 is weak.
A correlation of +.89 and -.89 are both strong and equally so.
Andre will never forget where he was or what he was wearing when he heard the news about the mass shooting at an outdoor concert in Las Vegas. Which area of the brain would have significant involvement in the creation of Andre's memory for this event?
Amygdala
Julianna was in an accident that left her unable to form new long-term memories. What type of amnesia does Julianna have?
Anterograde
Which two brain structures are involved in the formation and storage of implicit memories?
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
To increase the capacity of short-term memory, you can combine small bits of information into larger meaningful units. What is this strategy called?
Chunking
Given what you know about Ebbinghaus's research on forgetting, what advice about studying would you give your friend?
Don't cram—engaging in distributed practice over a few days or weeks is more effective.
Enrique is practicing new study strategies. His professor told him that he needs to make sure he is effectively encoding information. Which strategy or strategies should Enrique use?
Effortful processing Elaborative rehearsal Deep processing
Trina typically reads her textbook while watching her favorite Netflix series. She later has difficulty remembering what she read and starts to wonder if she has memory problems. What is Trina experiencing?
Encoding failure
The memory of a student's first semester of college, when they were stressed and anxious, is considered what type of long-term memory?
Episodic
Lucy has been studying for her psychology exam and thinks she knows all the facts and concepts. Her conscious memory of the facts is what type of memory?
Explicit
Joey's teacher suggests that he stop highlighting while reading his textbook. Why did the teacher suggest this, and what should Joey do instead? - Highlighting is a shallow processing strategy; Joey should engage in a maintenance rehearsal strategy of repeating definitions of key terms over and over again. - Highlighting is a shallow processing strategy; Joey should engage in elaborative rehearsal where he writes short, meaningful summaries of each section after he reads it. - Highlighting is a deep processing strategy; Joey should read the text first and then highlight when reviewing the information. - Highlighting is distracting him from the important information; Joey should engage in a maintenance rehearsal strategy of repeating definitions of key terms over and over again.
Highlighting is a shallow processing strategy; Joey should engage in elaborative rehearsal where he writes short, meaningful summaries of each section after he reads it.
What areas of the brain are important for the encoding and retrieval of long-term memories?
Hippocampus and frontal lobes
The technique of studying several different concepts or mixing information from different chapters during the same study session is called?
Interleaving
What role does sleep play in memory formation?
It consolidates and strengthens the memory.
Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? a. Social categorization is a relatively new phenomenon. b. People who do it tend to be young and naïve. c. It is deliberate and conscious. d. It occurs without conscious awareness.
It occurs without conscious awareness.
How long does it typically take a person to formulate a judgment about the trustworthiness of a stranger? a. 10 minutes b. 1 minute c. Less than 1 second d. 10 seconds
Less than 1 second
Jeremy and Monique were working on a group project with their classmate Steve. Jeremy complained "I can't believe Steve didn't show up again. He is such a slacker." Monique responds, "Actually, I think his mom has been really sick and he has been trying to help her as much as he can." How would a social psychologist describe this situation? a. Both individuals were making dispositional attributions b. Monique was making a dispositional attribution; Jeremy was making a situational attribution c. Monique was making a situational attribution; Jeremy was making a dispositional attribution d. Both individuals were making situational attributions
Monique was making a situational attribution; Jeremy was making a dispositional attribution
What is it called when some people work to actively forget memories of trauma or abuse?
Motivated forgetting
When we learn something new, what happens at the neuron level?
Neurons communicate with each other through the release of neurotransmitters.
Ben and Grant are studying for an upcoming exam. Ben tells Grant that short-term memory and working memory are basically the same thing so it is OK to use the two names interchangeably. What should Grant's response be? - Yes, that's exactly right. They are the same thing - No, they aren't exactly the same. Short-term memory involves the passive storage of information, whereas working memory is more active. - No, they are actually quite different. Short-term memory only holds memories for a short time, whereas working memory is part of long-term memory. - They are similar, but working memory can hold more information than short-term memory.
No, they aren't exactly the same. Short-term memory involves the passive storage of information, whereas working memory is more active.
When someone says the words "ice cream," most people will have numerous images pop into their head. Those images may be common like a picture of an ice cream cone as well as more specific like their favorite flavor. This is an example of which model of memory?
Parallel distributed processing model
Shandra is prompted to change her password on her work computer every 4 months. She tries to make new ones that are similar to her old ones. After returning from vacation for a week, she could only remember her old password. This is an example of which type of memory failure?
Proactive interference
Ellie lost a swim race to Matt. When they were each interviewed afterward, Ellie expressed that she would have won had she not had a cramp in her side. Matt expressed that he won because he trained hard and is lucky to be naturally fast. Both Ellie's and Matt's beliefs could be the result of: a. Fundamental attribution error b. Self-serving bias c. Actor-observer bias d. Actor-interviewer bias
Self-serving bias
Choose the answer that identifies the correct order of the structures and processes of a model of memory. - Sensory memory --> Elaborative rehearsal --> Working memory --> Attention --> Long-term memory - Sensory memory --> Attention --> Working memory --> Elaborative rehearsal --> Long-term memory - Semantic memory --> Elaborative rehearsal --> Working memory --> Maintenance rehearsal --> Long-term memory - Working memory --> Attention --> Sensory memory --> Maintenance rehearsal --> Long-term memory
Sensory memory --> Attention --> Working memory --> Elaborative rehearsal --> Long-term memory
You are doing poorly in a game that requires you to remember random strings of letters and then rearrange them into a word in your mind. You tell your friend that you have a problem with your short-term memory and they say, "No, I think it is your working memory that has a problem." How are short-term memory and working memory different? - They aren't different. They are just two different names for the part of memory between sensory memory and long-term memory. - Short-term memory is viewed as a passive place to store memories for a short time, whereas working memory is seen as actively processing information obtained from the environment. - Short-term memory holds less information than working memory. - They are different names for the same part of memory that holds information for a brief period of time.
Short-term memory is viewed as a passive place to store memories for a short time, whereas working memory is seen as actively processing information obtained from the environment.
______________ refers to the tendency to overestimate dispositional influences (and underestimate situational influences) when explaining another person's behavior. a. Deindividuation b. Diffusion of responsibility c. Cognitive dissonance d. The fundamental attribution error
The fundamental attribution error
_______________ established the first psychological laboratory in 1879. - William James - John Locke - Sigmund Freud - Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt
Which of the following events will most likely become a flashbulb memory?
Your wedding day
Which of the following is NOT an example of applied psychology? - An I/O psychologist performs individual assessments to determine whether candidates are suitable for a position. - A clinical psychologist teaches a patient to use breathing exercises to calm his anxiety. - a health psychologist researches a potential link between depression and brain tumors - a personality psychologist assists a prosecutor with the jury selection process for a trial
a health psychologist researches a potential link between depression and brain tumors
Which one of the following activities will not reduce cognitive dissonance? a. Continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts b. Changing the thought to justify the behavior c. Changing the behavior to match the attitude d. Developing new thoughts to justify the behavior
a. Continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts
Which of the following is considered a risk factor for intimate partner violence? a. Experiencing abuse as a child b. Marrying at a young age c. Low self-esteem d. Listening to music with violent lyrics
a. Experiencing abuse as a child
Which of the following is not one of the three major components of attitudes? a. Goals b. Behaviors c. Feelings d. Thoughts
a. Goals
What is the difference between obedience and conformity? a. In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. b. In conformity, there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group. c. Obedience is an indirect request, whereas conformity is a direct request. d. Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules, whereas obedience does not.
a. In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.
Jim absolutely hates cats. His new girlfriend has two cats that she adores, and Jim has been spending a lot of time at her apartment. Which of the following activities will NOT reduce his cognitive dissonance? a. Jim continues to date his girlfriend, but his feelings about cats do not change. b. Jim notes that he actually only dislikes cats who are unfriendly, and his girlfriend's cats are quite social. c. Jim breaks up with his girlfriend. d. Jim decides that cats aren't the bad after all.
a. Jim continues to date his girlfriend, but his feelings about cats do not change.
Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? a. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20. b. Paid groups said the task was less boring than nonpaid groups. c. Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. d. Women performed the tasks for less money than men.
a. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20.
Representative Jansen, a U.S. congresswoman, believes in the reproductive rights and welfare of women but voted to ban late-term abortions. Jansen feels very uneasy about the conflict between her beliefs and her behavior. She is most likely experiencing_______. a. cognitive dissonance b. the just-world hypothesis c. cognitive resolution d. the fundamental attribution error
a. cognitive dissonance
All of the following are decision points in helping behavior except ____________. a. diffusion of responsibility b. noticing the event c. knowing what to do in the situation d. interpreting the event as an emergency
a. diffusion of responsibility
A person asks you to volunteer to counsel delinquent youth at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks if you could supervise them during a trip to the zoo. She is using the ______ technique. a. door-in-the-face b. lowball c. bait-and-switch d. foot-in-the-door
a. door-in-the-face
You love to travel but never seem to have enough money. One summer you worked a second job and now have booked a trip to Mexico. In this scenario, _________________ is the attitude and _______________ is the behavior a. loving to travel; booking a trip to Mexico b. loving to travel; not having enough money to travel c. working a summer job; loving to travel d. not having enough money; booking a trip to Mexico
a. loving to travel; booking a trip to Mexico
______________ usually divide their time between supervising and teaching students, completing administrative tasks, and carrying out psychological research. - psychiatric social workers - sports psychologist - counseling psychologist - academic psychologist
academic psychologists
During a basketball game, Lila missed all of her free throws. Her coach pulled her off the court and irritably stated "you're a terrible shooter." Lila quickly responded "I actually hurt my arm in practice yesterday." As Lila was sitting on the bench, she noticed that Gwen, the person who substituted for her, was struggling. She thought to herself, "Gwen is not a good player—I should be out there instead." The interaction between Lila and her coach is best described as the _________________ . Lila also engaged in the ___________ toward Gwen. a. actor-observer bias; fundamental attribution error b. fundamental attribution error; fundamental attribution error c. actor-observer bias; actor-observer bias d. fundamental attribution error; actor-observer bias
actor-observer bias; fundamental attribution error
Fill in the blanks to complete the correct order of the structures and processes associated with Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage model of memory: sensory memory, _________, ____________, elaborative rehearsal, ______________.
attention; working memory; long-term memory
Richard is accused of engaging in the self-serving bias at work. This means he tends to: a, believe his own successes at work are because other people help him but see his co-worker's successes as a result of raw talent. b. believe his co-worker's mistakes are because his co-worker is not very smart whereas he attributes his own mistakes to the situation c. attribute his own successes at work to his good work ethic and his failures at work to the insufficient communication from his boss. d. blame others for the mistakes he makes at work.
attribute his own successes at work to his good work ethic and his failures at work to the insufficient communication from his boss.
Nate thinks Republicans and Democrats almost never work together in Congress. The reason he believes this is that he finds it much easier to think of examples of politicians from the two parties not working together than to think of examples of them working together. It is likely that the ______________ has caused Nate to underestimate how frequently Democrats and Republicans work together. a. confirmation bias b. framing effect c. social categorization d. availability heuristic
availability heuristic
Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle for psychological research? - Voluntary withdrawal from research - Avoid any deception - Obtain informed consent - Minimize harm to participants
avoid any deception
For months, you have been thinking that you need to lose weight to be healthier, yet you are still eating fast food every day. Which of the following approaches will reduce the cognitive dissonance you are experiencing? a. Telling yourself that this is a particularly stressful time and you'll cut back on fast food next month b. All three approaches would reduce cognitive dissonance. c. Deciding that rather than losing weight, you need to work on being happy with your body the way it is c. Stop eating fast food
b. All three approaches would reduce cognitive dissonance.
Which of the following explains why a person may become aggressive? a. Alcohol b. All three factors can lead to aggressive behavior. c. Genetic predisposition d. Excessive heat
b. All three factors can lead to aggressive behavior.
Intimate partner violence refers to aggressive behavior between which groups of people? a. Women and their female intimate partners b. All three groups c. Men and their female intimate partners d. Men and their male intimate partners
b. All three groups
Political and other messages should be simple so that the audience can focus on and understand the content without distractions. This example is assuming which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model? a. Classic route b. Central route c. Peripheral route d. Under route
b. Central route
A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they are customers of the company. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing? a. Secondary route b. Peripheral route c. Tertiary route d. Central route
b. Peripheral route
A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social-psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? a. Conformity b. Social loafing c. Social facilitation d. Social influence
b. Social loafing
You are playing baseball and miss catching a ball that should have been easy to catch. Others watching you are likely to think you aren't good at playing baseball, whereas you are likely to point out that the sun was in your eyes. This is an example of which type of attribution? a. The self-serving bias b. The actor-observer bias c. The fundamental attribution error d. The just-world hypothesis
b. The actor-observer bias
Behavior initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______. a. conformity b. compliance c. persuasion d. obedience
b. compliance
The mere exposure effect is the tendency of people to _______. a. overestimate their abilities to have predicted an event once the outcome is known b. feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus that they have seen often c. believe that a statement is true simply because it has been repeated a number of times d. be unable to distinguish between actual experiences and what they have been told
b. feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus that they have seen often
Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon. a. risky shift b. foot-in-the-door c. polarization d. door-in-the-face
b. foot-in-the-door
Graycen was walking alone through the mall and suddenly experienced an epileptic seizure. She would be most likely helped if ___________________ . a. the place was crowded with more than 25 people b. one person was in the area c. a dozen people were in the area d. four to five people were in the area
b. one person was in the area
People are more likely to be obedient to authority if _______. a. no one else is around to see them b. the authority figure is perceived as an expert c. they are unsure of how to behave d. they see other people behaving in disobedient ways
b. the authority figure is perceived as an expert
Conformity may result from normative social influence, which involves _________________ and/or informational social influence, which refers to ________________. a. presenting information that can change an opinion; the desire to be part of a group and gain approval b. the desire to be part of a group and gain approval; presenting information that can change an opinion c. the overall number of people sharing the same opinion; presenting information about the most common response d. presenting information about the most common response; the overall number of people sharing the same opinion
b. the desire to be part of a group and gain approval; presenting information that can change an opinion
Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive? a. A moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise. b. A moderately attractive person who is an expert. c. An attractive person who is an expert. d. An attractive person who has moderate expertise.
c. An attractive person who is an expert.
In what way is compliance different from conformity? a. Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female. b. Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. c. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. d. Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.
c. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.
Megan is experiencing cognitive dissonance regarding her attitudes and behaviors about poverty. Which of the following provides an accurate example of cognitive dissonance in this situation? a. Megan believes in the importance of helping people in poverty. She does not believe that people are entirely responsible for their own situations. b. Megan does not believe it is her responsibility to help people in poverty. As a result, she has never donated to any poverty-related causes. c. Megan believes in the importance of helping people in poverty but she does not volunteer or donate to any poverty-related causes. d. Megan believes in the importance of helping people in poverty and she volunteers and donates to poverty-related causes.
c. Megan believes in the importance of helping people in poverty but she does not volunteer or donate to any poverty-related causes.
Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition? a. Objective thinking b. Obedience to authority c. Thinking about others d. Actions based on emotions
c. Thinking about others
Tristan became aware that a fellow student had become a victim of bullying. Tristan did all he could to help his classmate, even though he didn't know him well and didn't expect any reward in return. Tristan's behavior is an example of _______.term-9 a. observational learning b. role playing c. altruism d. diffusion of responsibility
c. altruism
Prejudice is to discrimination as ________. a. stereotype is to feeling b. behavior is to attitude c. attitude is to behavior d. neutral is to negative
c. attitude is to behavior
Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________. a. persuasion b. obedience c. conformity d. compliance
c. conformity
Cyberbullying is a common form of aggression among adolescents. The concept of _____________ would explain the high prevalence of cyberbullying in terms of the presence of anonymity within a group situation. a. scapegoating b. groupthink c. deindividuation d. diffusion of responsibility
c. deindividuation
Rhianna works in a retail clothing store. Her boss pointed out that she rarely offers help to the overweight customers. When asked about this, Rhianna denied having any negative attitudes toward people who are overweight. Rhianna is verbally expressing a(n) _____________ attitude, but her behavior suggests that her _____________ attitude may be different. a. self-serving; real b. implicit; explicit c. explicit; implicit d. explicit; private
c. explicit; implicit
When members of a group discuss similar opinions about a topic, their views on the topic tend to become even more extreme. This phenomenon is referred to as _______. a. the all-or-nothing law b. groupthink c. group polarization d. the risky shift
c. group polarization
Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time. a. one-fifth b. one-half c. one-third d. three-fourths
c. one-third
Garrett has a tendency to take credit for his good actions, but he attributes his mistakes to factors beyond his control. This is an example of the _____. a. fundamental attribution error b. just-world hypothesis c. self-serving bias d. actor-observer bias
c. self-serving bias
A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a ________. - naturalistic observation - single-blind study - case study - representative sample
case study
Dr. Sardonicus wants to know whether or not the first three years of life are critical for acquiring language. She decides to study a child who was tragically deprived of human language by her parents. This type of research is called a(n): - survey. - experiment. - experiment. - case study.
case study
Correlations do not show ________. - the direction of a relationship between two variables. - the strength of a relationship between two variables. - causal relationships - the degree to which two variables are related.
casual relationships
___________ psychologists interview patients, give diagnostic tests, provide psychotherapy, and design and implement behavioral modification programs - clinical - industrial organizational - academic - developmental
clinical
Social _______________ refers to the role of our thoughts and interpretations in social interactions. a. attribution b. dissonance c. cognition d. psychology
cognition
The _______________ perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes the mental processes in perception, memory, language, and problem solving. - biological - cognitive - learning - sociocultural
cognitive
Working memory is said to be used for more complex _______ tasks, while short term memory functions as primarily a __________ facility.
cognitive; storage
After you have identified a problem you want to study, the next step in the scientific method is to ____________. - test the hypothesis - report your results - conduct background research - develop a hypothesis
conduct background research
Isabella is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Isabella does not account for variables such as age, which could also influence one's ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n) ________ variable. - independent - confounding - dependent - random
confounding
The parallel distributed processing model of memory has been likened to which game?
connect the dots
If you study for your exam in a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried foods, the best place for you to take the exam is a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried food. This phenomenon is referred to as ____________.
context dependent memory
A way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions is called __________________. - critical thinking - false consensus - hindsight bias - scientific evidence
critical thinking
Which message is likely to be the most persuasive? a. A message that presents only one side of the argument and where it is obvious that it is meant to persuade b. A message that presents only one side of the argument and where it is not obvious that it is meant to persuade c. A message that presents both sides of the argument and where it is obvious that it is meant to persuade d. A message that presents both sides of the argument and where it is not obvious that it is meant to persuade
d. A message that presents both sides of the argument and where it is not obvious that it is meant to persuade
Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? a. Bea feels good about herself when she recycles. b. Bill struggles to understand the arguments presented by both sides in a debate over a new manufacturing plant. c. Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home. d. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.
d. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.
John Gottman has studied relationships for more than 40 years. Which of the following has he identified as an important predictor of a successful marriage? a. The amount of money you spend on your wedding b. Making sure that every negative interaction is followed by a positive interaction c. Rarely having conflicts about money d. Having five times more positive interactions than negative ones
d. Having five times more positive interactions than negative ones
Which of the following increased the likelihood that participants would disobey in Milgram's obedience study? a. Having only one teacher b. Having the experimenter in the room with the teacher c. Having two experimenters issuing the same commands d. Having the experimenter be an ordinary man
d. Having the experimenter be an ordinary man
Which method of compliance was at work during Milgram's obedience study? a. The door-in-the-face technique b. The obedience request c. The low-ball technique d. The foot-in-the-door technique
d. The foot-in-the-door technique
Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory? a. Objective ideas about maladaptive behavior b. Unconscious motives for aggressive behavior c. Personal insights d. The set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits
d. The set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits
Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? a. Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. b. Orange juice is healthy; I drink orange juice. c. Dresses are feminine; Kim Kardashian wears dresses. d. Violent video games can promote violence; I let my 7-year-old play video games.
d. Violent video games can promote violence; I let my 7-year-old play video games.
Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. Her trust of the candidate represents the ___________________ component of her attitude toward him. a. situational b. behavioral c. cognitive d. affective
d. affective
Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________. a. behavior; attitude b. hatred; dislike c. dislike; hatred d. attitude; behavior
d. attitude; behavior
Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________. a. self-fulfilling prophecies b. learned behavior c. social categorization d. competition over scarce resources
d. competition over scarce resources
Research has shown that males tend to exhibit more ____________ aggression, whereas females tend to display more ____________ aggression. a. indirect; direct b. emotional; verbal c. verbal; physical d. direct; indirect
d. direct; indirect
The fundamental attribution error involves overestimating ___________________ influences when explaining another person's behavior. a. situational b. unconscious c. external d. dispositional
d. dispositional
Mental shortcuts used to reduce complex information from the world around us are called _______. a. biases b. implicit associations c. embodied cognitions d. heuristics
d. heuristics
Person perception involves the study of_______. a. the behaviors con artists use to manipulate people b. why people act differently in different situations c. the factors that influence perceptions of a group of people d. how impressions of other people are formed
d. how impressions of other people are formed
In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic study on cognitive dissonance, participants who were paid $20 for doing a boring task, in contrast to those who were paid $1 for doing the same task, ________. a. liked the task equally as much b. liked the task more c. were more likely to tell their friends to do the task d. liked the task less
d. liked the task less
A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. a. door-in-the-face b. foot-in-the-door c. that's not all d. lowball
d. lowball
All of the following are Sternberg's components of love except ________________. a. commitment b. intimacy c. passion d. loyalty
d. loyalty
Increased contact between two warring groups has a tendency to ________. a. solidify preexisting stereotypes and prejudice b. reinforce the belief that the out-group is homogenous c. prevent prejudicial beliefs from worsening d. showcase similarities between the groups and reduce prejudice
d. showcase similarities between the groups and reduce prejudice
A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______. a. obedience to authority b. pluralistic compliance c. conformity to social norms d. the bystander effect
d. the bystander effect
While stuck in a traffic jam, Yani notices a frustrated driver frequently honking his horn. Yani thinks to himself, "That driver is a real jerk!" This is an example of a _______________ attribution. a. dispositional b. prejudiced c. situational d. self-serving
dispositional
The self-serving bias involves making ______________ attributions for your success and ____________ attributions for your failures. a. situational; dispositional b. dispositional; dispositional c. situational; situational d. dispositional; situational
dispositional; situational
Alex and James are standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for their purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Alex says, "That guy is a total jerk." James thinks for a minute and says, "Well, he could be running late for something really important." In this example, Alex is making a _______________ attribution and James is making a ______________ attribution. a. dispositional; situational. b. situational; situational. c. dispositional; dispositional. d. situational; dispositional.
dispositional; situational.
Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should ________. - require students' names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie - give the survey to every college junior in the country - remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research - draw a representative sample among college juniors
draw a representative sample among college juniors
Aashna remembers exactly where she was, what she was wearing, and who she was with when she first heard the news of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Aashna has a ____________.
flashbulb memory
Testing a hypothesis is the ______ step in a scientific investigation. - first - third - second - fourth
fourth
In the case of the creation of a short-term memory, there is a _______ strengthening between neurons.
functional
Jen was watching Corby dance wildly at a party and thought to herself, "He is so obnoxious." As she is leaving the party, she stumbles out the door. Her friend Patrick says, "You are such a klutz" and Jen responds, "No, the floor was slippery!" Jen engaged in the ___________ regarding Corby's dancing, and the __________ describes the interaction between Jen and Patrick. a. fundamental attribution error; fundamental attribution error b. fundamental attribution error; actor-observer bias c. actor-observer bias; actor-observer bias d. actor-observer bias; fundamental attribution error
fundamental attribution error; actor-observer bias
A psychology student had to use the steps of the scientific method for a class project. He first decided to study the effect of age on clothing choices. He then formulated a hypothesis that older people would prefer more conservative clothing than younger people. Where did he go wrong? - he did not analyze his results first - he did not first test his hypothesis - he did not conduct background research before developing his hypothesis - his hypothesis was not a testable statement
he did not conduct background research before developing his hypothesis
Anika has just asked her son to pick up his toys. Even though he heard her, he responds with "what did you say?" He is experiencing the echoic memory delay, which means we _____ information quicker than we can ______ it.
hear; process
Short-term memory or working memory has been localized in the ________ and the ____________.
hippocampus; frontal lobe
Semantic and episodic memories are formed in the _______ and then sent to other areas of the brain for _______.
hippocampus; storage
You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented? - psychodynamic - behaviorism - functionalism - humanism
humanism
When Johann drives his car to school, he does not have to think about every step in the process of driving, yet he does have memories of the steps to take. This type of memory is called ___________.
implicit
Which of the following is a limitation of a case study? - It is difficult to generalize to other people or situations based on a case study. - It is difficult to obtain detailed information using a case study. - Case studies focus on too many people at one time. - Case studies provide information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain.
it is difficult to generalize to other people or situations based on a case study
Eric Kandel worked with marine slugs to understand how memory works at the synaptic level in humans. The strengthening of the connections between neurons resulting in the development of memories is called ____________.
long-term potentiation
The strengthening of neural connections, which is considered the biological basis of memory, is called ____________.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
The famous patient known as H.M. developed anterograde amnesia after having his temporal lobes removed. This led to him no longer being able to create _______ memories, but his _______ memory remained functional.
long-term; working
Independent variable is to dependent variable as ________. - measure is to manipulate - effect is to confound - experimental is to correlation - manipulate is to measure
manipulate is to measure
Shania needed to remember to pick up seven items at the grocery store. She didn't want to write it down so she made up a story in her head imagining herself walking through her house and visualizing each item in a different room in the house. This is called the _______ technique.
method of loci
When Jamal thinks about the first time he played hockey, he remembers the smell of the ice, the sound of his stick hitting the puck, and how much he loved the game. In retrieving this memory, Jamal is accessing _______________ in his brain.
multiple connections
Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, she most likely is engaged in ________. - correlation research - experimental research - naturalistic observation - laboratory observation
naturalistic observation
When you watch dogs play in the park, or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ________. - naturalistic observation - psychometric study - survey research - case study research
naturalistic observation
According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a set of interconnected _______ in the brain.
neural networks
A research hypothesis proposes that consuming a low carbohydrate diet results in increased weight loss. One group of participants follows a low-carb diet for 3 weeks, whereas a second group follows a high-carb diet containing the same number of calories for 3 weeks. The average number of pounds lost for each group is then is compared. What is the dependent variable? - number of pounds lost - amount of carbs in each diet - number of calories in each diet - length of time on the diet
number of pounds lost
Researchers designed an experiment that tested the impact of drinking alcohol on test taking abilities. They gave one group a drink with vodka and the other group a drink with tonic water. Neither group knew which drink they received. One interesting result of the experiment was that several members of the group who received the drink with the tonic water acted as if they were impaired. This result is called the _______________. - variable effect - drunk effect - placebo effect - bystander effect
placebo effect
Strategies that include ___________ and _____________ will be the most effective for promoting learning and memory because they involve ____________ processing of the information. - practicing test questions; mnemonics; shallow - practicing test questions; organizing information; deep - rereading; rewriting definitions; deep - teaching others; rewriting definitions; deep
practicing test questions; organizing information; deep
Lars went to the grocery story but accidentally left his list at home. He remembered coffee and chocolate because those were the first things on the list. This phenomenon is called the _____________ effect.
primacy
Professor Thomas approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches? - humanistic approach - sociocultural approach - psychodynamic approach - behavioral approach
psychodynamic approach
Your friend wants to hear all the details from your birthday party last year. Recalling the details of this memory is a _________ process.
reconstructive
Iconic memory is a type of _______ memory and handles our _______ senses.
sensory; visual
According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a _________________.
set of instructions neurons send to each other that create a pattern of activity among neurons
If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective. - sociocultural - psychodynamic - cognitive - behavioral
sociocultural
The goal of false memory research is to demonstrate that ________________________.
some people will report remembering an event that didn't happen to them just because the researcher suggested it did happen
Spencer believes he learned about the famous "Stanford Prison Experiment" from his psychology class. His professor tells him they haven't covered that topic yet so he must have heard about it from someone else. Spencer experienced a ____________.
source monitoring error
When a new concept or behavior is learned, repeated, and practiced, there is a _______ change in the neurons, which often involves the growth on new receptors.
structural
The three-stage model of memory emphasized both the _________ and the __________ associated with memory.
structure; processes
Jana conducts a study in which she calls participants and asks them questions about their opinions. She is conducting a: - case study - laboratory observation - survey - biased study
survey
A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics? - psychological changes that occur when people what violent movies - the ways in which the games of boys differ from the games of girls - the development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis - the math skills of students in Japan as compared to those of US students
the development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis
Selma witnessed a robbery at a convenience store. She watched various news reports about the robbery prior to being interviewed by police. When she was interviewed, she remembered some inaccurate details. Selma has experienced ______________.
the misinformation effect
Paul records data that indicate that the number of hot chocolates sold at the concession stand increases as temperature outside decreases (for example, more hot chocolates are purchased during late fall than late spring). Which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of this finding? - there is no correlation between the two variables - there is a strong, positive correlation between the two variables - there is a negative correlation between the two variables - there is a weak, positive correlation between the two variables
there is a negative correlation between the two variables
Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because ____________________. - they are the result of memories we have inherited from our ancestors - human brains are similar to the brains of the higher primates - they help humans adapt to their natural environment - they are the result of learning that has taken place over many countries
they help humans adapt to their natural environment
Sensory memory is primarily a(n) _________ process.
unconscious
If you are reading a review of a product and discover that the person writing the review is a part owner of the product's company, you might question the reviewer's claims based on which of the following? - underlying motive of the writer - alternative explanations for the results - quality of the evidence - emotional appeal
underlying motive of the writer
The brain processes and codes information in three different ways, which include _______, ________, and _______.
visual; auditory; semantic
The variables of stress and depression are positively correlated. This means _______________. - stress causes depression - depression causes stress - we cannot determine causality with a correlation - there is a third variable that causes both stress and depression
we cannot determine causality with a correlation
In a laboratory, children are given either a beverage with sugar or one without sugar. The experimenter measures the level of hyperactivity in the children following consumption of the beverage. The experimental group in this scenario consists of children who ____________________. - are in the waiting room - do not drink anything - drink the beverage with sugar - drink the beverage without sugar
drink the beverage with sugar
What is the duration of short-term memory?
15-30 seconds
Echoic memory lasts for _______?
3-4 seconds
You read online that people who make more money are also healthier. Your friends says, "I guess money can even buy good health now." You respond with: - "It looks like that is true" - "Just because those variables are correlated doesn't mean that one caused the other." - "Money and health can't possibly be related." - "Actually, people who are healthier are able to make more money."
"just because those variables are correlated doesn't mean that one caused the other"
________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied. - single blind study - double blind study - field research - correlational research
- double blind study
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? - +.25 - -.75 - +.50 - -.25
-.75
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? 0.25 0.50 -.25 -.75
-.75
Which brain structure plays an important role in processing emotions, especially strong emotions like fear?
Amygdala
Which parts of the brain are necessary for procedural memories and habits related to movement ?
Cerebellum; basal ganglia
Atkinson and Shiffrin used the example of a __________ to help describe memory in their 1968 theory.
Computer
Dr. Edwards wants to show a causal relationship between practicing meditation and stress levels. Dr. Edwards should: - Find a correlation between meditation and stress levels. - Conduct a telephone survey asking people who meditate about their stress levels. - - Observe people meditate.
Conduct an experiment in which some people meditate and other people use a different form of relaxation.
Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method? - What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability? - What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and GPA? - Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? - Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations?
Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?
Henna is having difficulty with her psychology class. She visited with her professor and she told her to try to understand and remember the meaning of a concept by connecting that concept to a personal story. What is this strategy called?
Elaborative rehearsal
____________ states that context is encoded along with information and therefore memories are most easily retrieved when the context of the retrieval matches the context of the encoding.
Encoding specificity
Which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior? - Survey - Laboratory observation - Experiment - Naturalistic observation
Experiment
Which of the following professionals is NOT a mental health practitioner? - I/O psychologist - psychiatric nurse - neuropsychologist - clinical psychologist
I/O psychologist
Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment? - In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition. - Random assignment can only be determined after an experiment is over. - The best formula for random assignment is birth dates. - in random assignment, each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition
In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition.
Maria has decided to learn to play the piano at the age of 55. She knows this will be good for her brain because as she learns something new her brain actually changes as a result of the experience. What is this proces called?
Neuroplasticity
Howard has not ridden a bike in 10 years. He first learned to ride a bike when he was 5 years old and enjoyed riding throughout his childhood. He recently bought a new bike and had no problem riding it around the block. The type of memory that allows him to recall this skill is called?
Procedural
Ashley is using the scientific method to test whether male children are more violent than female children. What will she most likely do first? - Perform statistical analysis to determine whether male children are more violent than female children. - Research previous scientific studies about children, gender roles, and violence. - Select five male children and five female children and monitor their reaction to a violent video game. - Formulate a hypothesis stating that young males are more violent than young females.
Research previous scientific studies about children, gender roles, and violence.
Trent just moved and has to list all addresses on a job application. He has no problem remembering the new address, but when the application requests his old address he cannot remember it. Trent is experiencing which type of interference?
Retroactive interference
Caroline has dementia and can no longer remember the names of her grandchildren. She is experiencing which type of amnesia?
Retrograde
The higher your self-esteem, the lower your chance of depression. This means that: - Feeling happier makes people have higher self-esteem. - High self-esteem makes people feel happier. - Depression causes people to have lower self-esteem. - Self-esteem and depression are related but we don't know what causes the relationship.
Self-esteem and depression are related but we don't know what causes the relationship.
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the structure of memory can be divided into three distinct types. What are these three aspects of memory?
Sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory
Researchers are interested in the impact of a sleeping medication on quality of sleep. They have one group of participants take an actual sleeping medication prior to bed, while the other group takes a sugar pill. They ask participants to rate the quality of their sleep in the morning. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this proposed study. - The dependent variable is the group that took the sleeping medication; the independent variable is the group that took the sugar pill. - The dependent variable is the group that took the sugar pill; the independent variable is the group that took the sleeping medication. - The dependent variable is quality of sleep; the independent variable is the type of pill that was taken. - The dependent variable is the type of pill that was taken; the independent variable is the quality of sleep.
The dependent variable is quality of sleep; the independent variable is the type of pill that was taken.
A researcher is interested in investigating the effects of exercise on weight. He divides people into two groups and has one group engage in regular exercise while the second group watches television. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment? - The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise. - The independent variable is the group that exercises; the dependent variable is the group that watches television. - The independent variable is weight; the dependent variable is exercise. - The independent variable is the group that watches television; the dependent variable is the group that exercises.
The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise.
Drinking orange juice is negatively correlated with the risk of cancer. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? - The more orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer. - The lower your risk of cancer, the less orange juice you drink. - The less orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer. - The more orange juice you drink, the higher your risk of cancer.
The more orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer.
In a study that examines the impact of caffeine intake on exam performance, a researcher randomly assigns participants to drink either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee just prior to taking an exam. In this study, which participants were in the experimental group and which were in the control group? - The participants who drank the caffeinated coffee were in the experimental group; the participants who drank the decaffeinated coffee were in the control group. - This study does not have an experimental group; the participants who drank both types of coffee were in the control group. - The participants who drank the caffeinated coffee were in the control group; the participants who drank the decaffeinated coffee were in the experimental group. - This study does not have a control group; the participants who drank both types of coffee were in the experimental group.
The participants who drank the caffeinated coffee were in the experimental group; the participants who drank the decaffeinated coffee were in the control group.
As poverty increases, crime rates also tend to increase. Which of the following statements is true? - Increased crime rates cause people to fall into poverty more often. - There is a relationship between poverty and crime rates. - Poor mental health causes an increase in both poverty and crime. - Poverty leads people to become more desperate and therefore commit more crimes.
There is a relationship between poverty and crime rates.
Julie finds that the more she sleeps on the eve of an exam, the higher the score she gets on the exam. There is _______________ correlation between the amount Julie sleeps and her exam scores. - a negative - no - a positive - a perfect
a positive
A group of randomly selected participants for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called ________. - a control group - an experimental group - a representative sample - volunteer bias
a representative sample
All of the following variables, except for ________, would likely show a positive correlation. - school grades and IQ scores - men's educational level and their income - height and weight - alcohol consumption and scores on a driving test
alcohol consumption and scores on a driving test
Experiments are more valuable than other research methods because they _______________________. - are always double-blind - allow a determination of cause and effect relationships - can determine correlations - require informed consent
allow a determination of cause and effect relationships
The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if the arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. They arrange the chairs in two different ways (theater style and circular) and then measure participation. In this study, ________ is the independent variable, and _________ is the dependent variable. - arrangement of chairs: theater style or circular - student participation; arrangement of chairs - theater style or circular; arrangement of chairs - arrangement of chairs; student participation
arrangement of chairs; student participation
A large automobile company says the cars the company makes are the safest in the world. You have driven one of these vehicles for a week and have not had any accidents or problems. Therefore, you believe the company's claim about safety. This error in critical thinking is related to which of the following steps? - Avoid using emotions or personal experiences when evaluating the claim - Evaluate the quality of the evidence for the claim - Failing to do follow-up research - Consider any alternative explanations for the results
avoid using emotions or personal experiences when evaluating the claim
All of the following variables would likely be negatively correlated EXCEPT _______. - hours spent watching TV and grade point average - average income and the incidence of dental disease - the value of a car and the age of a car - calories consumed and weight gain
calories consumed and weight gain
Which of the following is an example of critical thinking? - copying a previous experiment - considering alternative explanations for a study's results - researching facts about a topic - accurately measuring and recording results
considering alternative explanations for a study's results
A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. Some participants are given two bars of chocolate to eat, and some are given no chocolate at all, and then all of the participants are tested for nervousness an hour later. In this experiment, the participants who eat the chocolate are in the __________ group, while the people who did not eat any chocolate are in the __________ group. - independent variable; dependent variable - control; experimental - experimental; control - dependent variable; independent variable
experimental; control
Testing a hypothesis is the __________ step in a scientific investigation. - first - second - third - fourth
fourth
Which early movement of psychology investigated how our minds help us adapt to the world around us? - structuralism - functionalism - behaviorism - cognitivism
functionalism
In a study designed to test the impact of nicotine on driving ability, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, which participants were in the experimental group and which were in the control group? - The participants who smoke a cigarette without nicotine comprise the control group; the participants who smoke a cigarette with nicotine comprise the experimental group. - This study does not have a control group; The participants who smoked either a cigarette with or without nicotine were in the experimental group. - This study does not have an experimental group; the participants who smoked either a cigarette with or without nicotine were in the control group. - The participants who smoke a cigarette with nicotine comprise the control group; the participants who smoke a cigarette without nicotine comprise the experimental group.
he participants who smoke a cigarette without nicotine comprise the control group; the participants who smoke a cigarette with nicotine comprise the experimental group.
"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ________. - hypothesis - fact - conclusion - result
hypothesis
The first step in any scientific investigation is ________. - forming a hypothesis - developing an argument - coming to a conclusion - identifying the question
identifying the question
The approach suggesting our memory works like an administrative assistant that encodes, stores, and retrieves information is called the ____________.
information-processing approach
The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________, which involved "looking inward" and reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences. - intervention - insight inventory - introspection - induction
introspection
Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. He believes many parents spoil their children in today's society. He observed many parents allowing children to get away with bad behavior such as being rude to the wait staff. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the ________. - restaurant effect - parent effect - butterfly effect - observer effect
observer effect
Joaquin went to McDonald's to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. He brought a camera crew and bright lights, and they all wore yellow jump suits. Joaquin said he wanted to do a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of ________. - participant observation - reactivity - eating McDonald's food - room crowding
reactivity
____________ occurs in situations where a research participant's behavior is different than normal because the participant is being observed. - hindsight bias - reactivity - confounding - false consensus effect
reactivity
Leeann was telling her friend about a movie with her favorite actor. She wanted her friend to guess his name so she gave her friend the first initial to his first and last name. Leeann provided a ___________ for her friend.
retrieval cue
Golf skill is negatively correlated with golf scores. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? - Being highly skilled at golf causes people to have low golf scores. - The more skilled you are at golf, the lower your golf score. - The less skilled you are at golf, the lower your golf score. - The more skilled you are at golf, the higher your golf score.
the more skilled you are at golf, the lower your golf score
A study shows that the correlation between shoe size and intelligence is .05. This means that _____________. - the smaller your shoe size, the lower your intelligence score - there is no relationship between shoe size and intelligence score - the larger your foot size, the higher your intelligence score - being highly intelligent causes people to have larger feet
there is no relationship between shoe size and intelligence score
