PSY 121 Final Exam

Cerebellum

Coordinates movement and posture

Parietal lobe

Involved in bodily sensation and integrating the senses

Temporal lobe

Responsible for auditory processing, memory, and integrating vision and audition

Frontal lobe

Responsible for planning, judgement, and decision-making

Occipital lobe

Responsible for primary visual processing

Dr. Waehner is studying the relationship between sensation seeking behaviors and personality traits in college females. He finds that there is a relationship between these two variables, and that the relationship is significant. If he is using a typical cutoff to make that determination, then his study would have a p-value around ________ or less. a. 0.05 b. 0.08 c. 0.1 d. 0.01 e. There is no way to determine his p-value

a. 0.05

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are examples of what type of learning? a. Associative learning b. Nonassociative learning c. Incidental learning d. Intentional learning e. Observational learning

a. Associative learning

Why would it be accurate to say that neural communication is an "electrochemical process?" a. Because the system is electrical within a neuron, but chemical between neurons b. Because sensory neurons send messages electrically, while motor neurons send messages chemically c. Because motor neurons send messages electrically, while sensory neurons send messages chemically d. Because there are two types of neurons: one for slow (chemical) signals and one for fast (electrical) signals e. Because emotions are chemical, but thinking is electrical

a. Because the system is electrical within a neuron, but chemical between neurons

____________ emphasizes human behavior whereas __________________ emphasizes mental processes. a. Behaviorism; cognitive psychology b. Behavioral neuroscience; cognitive psychology c. Behaviorism; Gestalt psychology d. Behavioral modeling; Gestalt psychology e. Behavioral neuroscience; cognitive neuroscience

a. Behaviorism; cognitive psychology

People who have severed corpus callosum are likely to have difficulty: a. Coordinating speech and action across left and right sides of the body, because the connecting part of the brain has been damaged b. Writing a poem, because the speech area of the brain has been damaged c. Planning for an upcoming holiday, because the "executive control" area of the brain has been damaged d. Tracking the direction and speed of objects in motion, because the visual area of the brain has been damaged e. Understanding speech because the language processing areas of the brain has been damaged

a. Coordinating speech and action across left and right sides of the body, because the connecting part of the brain has been damaged

__________ intelligence consistently increases throughout the lifespan, but _________ intelligence starts to decline after early adulthood. a. Crystallized; fluid b. Fluid; crystallized c. "g"; fluid d. Crystallized; "g" e. Fluid; "g"

a. Crystallized; fluid

In what type of task are people presented with two different messages, one to each ear? a. Dichotic listening b. Shadowing c. Inattentional blindness d. Change blindness e. Limited capacity

a. Dichotic listening

What class is this? a. General Psychology b. Cognitive Psychology c. Clincial Psychology d. Social Psychology e. Developmental Psychology

a. General Psychology

Mindfulness is an example of which of the following? a. High awareness b. System 1 thinking c. Subconscious d. Low awareness e. System 2 thinking

a. High awareness

Which of the following is the best statement regarding the relationship between different forms of validity in psychology research? a. It is difficult to achieve high levels of both internal and external validity in the same research study. b. If one has high external validity in a research study, then they automatically have high internal validity as well. c. There is no relationship between internal and external validity, as they examine different qualities of a study. d. It is not possible to simultaneously assess both internal and external validity, so a researcher must decide which one is more important to their study before the research begins. e. None of these are correct.

a. It is difficult to achieve high levels of both internal and external validity in the same research study.

People's basic survival instincts such as fear, aggression, hunger, and sex are associated with the: a. Limbic system b. Spinal cord c. Hypothalamus d. Cerebellum e. Frontal lobe

a. Limbic system

What is the major difference between classical and operant conditioning and nonassociative learning? a. Nonassociative learning involves a single stimulus and conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli or a stimulus and a response. b. Nonassociative learning occurs more quickly than classical and operant conditioning. c. Nonassociative learning occurs more slowly than classical and operant conditioning. d. Nonassociative learning requires repeated exposure whereas classical and operant conditioning usually occur in one trial. e. Classical and operant conditioning are types of nonassociative learning.

a. Nonassociative learning involves a single stimulus and conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli or a stimulus and a response.

What is the cocktail party effect an example of? a. Selective attention b. Divided attention c. Limited capacity d. Inattentional blindness e. Subliminal perception

a. Selective attention

Which of the following best describes the difference between structuralism and functionalism? a. Structuralists are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does. b. They are two words for the same concept; North Americans use the word "functionalism" while Europeans use the word "structuralism." c. They are two words for the same concept; North Americans use the word "structuralism" while Europeans use the word "functionalism." d. Structuralists are interested in what the mind does and functionalists are interested in what the mind is. e. None of these are correct.

a. Structuralists are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does

Dr. Tanaka is wants to know if the teams in her volleyball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for her to accomplish this goal? a. To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various volleyball drills. b. To study the way the players all performed in the previous season, which ended 10 months ago. c. To go to each game and keep statistical records of every player's performance. d. To take a random team and evaluate its performance over the last two seasons. e. There is no way to address this research question.

a. To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various volleyball drills.

Which aspect of perception relies on past experiences and knowledge? a. Top-down processing b. Ventral pathway processing c. Medial pathway processing d. Bottom-up processing e. Dorsal pathway processing

a. Top-down processing

_________ is when we let past experience and knowledge influence our perception of stimuli. a. Top-down processing b. Bottom-up processing c. Somatosensation d. Transduction e. Multimodal perception

a. Top-down processing

In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the food, generally? a. Unconditioned b. Discriminative c. Responsive d. Conditioned e. Intermittent

a. Unconditioned

What concept would claim that it's easier to tell the difference between 1 lb and 2 lb weights than a 21 lb and 22 lb weights? a. Weber's law b. Differential threshold c. Absolute threshold d. Just noticeable difference e. Multimodal perception

a. Weber's law

Imagine that you witness a woman pickpocket a man's wallet. You were 3 feet away and were able to get a good look at the woman. You go to the police to give a description of the woman. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? a. Your description of the woman will likely be inaccurate because eyewitness testimony is unreliable. b. Your description of her face will be very accurate because humans have an excellent memory for faces. c. Your description will be very accurate only if she is the same race as you. d. Your description of her height and clothing will be accurate, but your description of her face will be inaccurate because humans have a bad memory for faces. e. Your description will be very accurate only if she is of a different race.

a. Your description of the woman will likely be inaccurate because eyewitness testimony is unreliable.

There is a very popular fighting-oriented video game in which characters often kill each other at the end of their match. One character's finishing move is to grab his opponent and tear his spine out. His final stance is to stand up holding the opponent's brain and spinal cord up high in a victorious pose. In biological terms, this combatant is holding his opponent's a. central nervous system b. peripheral nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system e. essential nervous system

a. central nervous system

Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. This study is an example of research that used _________ in their methods to hide the true nature of the study. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully _________ participants afterwards. a. deception; debriefed b. debriefings; deceived c. confidentiality; informed d. informed consent; confided in e. informed consent; debriefed

a. deception; debriefed

Alcohol particularly affects areas of the brain involved in: a. memory formation, decision making, and impulse control b. feelings of wakefulness and evoking a startle response to unexpected stimuli c. controlling voluntary movements d. mood, sleep, perception, and appetite e. transmission of pain signals, stress response, and emotional attachment

a. memory formation, decision making, and impulse control

Broadbent's Filter model argues that: a. selection of information occurs very early, without processing of the unselected information. b. selection of information occurs very early, with some processing of the unselected information. c. selection of information occurs very late, without processing of the unselected information. d. selection of information occurs very late, with some processing of the unselected information. e. information in the unattended channel receives some attention, but it is weaker than for the attended channel.

a. selection of information occurs very early, without processing of the unselected information.

When researchers collect in-the-moment (or, close-to-the-moment) self-report data directly from participants as they go about their daily lives, they are: a. studying daily experiences b. studying daily behavior c. studying daily physiology d. studying online behavior e. studying physiological measures

a. studying daily experiences

The peripheral nervous system affects __________ while the central nervous system is associated with _______________. a. survival (such as breathing); information processing (such as seeing) b. conscious thought; unconscious desires c. dreaming; daydreaming d. the fight or flight response; the rest and digest response e. they are simply two names for the same system

a. survival (such as breathing); information processing (such as seeing)

Our "fight or flight" response is associated with our _______________ nervous system whereas our "rest and digest" response is associated with our _______________ nervous system. a. sympathetic; parasympathetic b. central; autonomic c. sympathetic; autonomic d. parasympathetic; sympathetic e. central; parasympathetic

a. sympathetic; parasympathetic

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is: a. the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus b. the response given by the subject outside of the stimulus c. the response triggered by the conditioned stimulus d. the response triggered by the conditioning e. the response triggered by the neutral stimulus

a. the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

The primary function of an axon is: a. to conduct electrical signals that help cells communicate b. to block pain by releasing dopamine c. to store memories d. to protect the brain from damage e. none of these answers are correct

a. to conduct electrical signals that help cells communicate

Research on multitasking, like when someone tries to text and drive, suggests that: a. we are not good at multitasking and our performance on the tasks is impaired b. multitasking can be done without impairing performance when the tasks are very different from one another c. we are good at multitasking and our performance on the tasks is improved d. we are good at multitasking and our performance on the tasks is not impaired e. multitasking can be done without impairing performance if the tasks are very similar to one another

a. we are not good at multitasking and our performance on the tasks is impaired

What term is used to describe the smallest difference needed to differentiate between two stimuli? a. Absolute threshold b. Differential threshold c. Discriminate Threshold d. Perceptual threshold e. Noticeable threshold

b. Differential threshold

Identify the independent and dependent variables: For her research project, Shonda wants to examine the relationship between happiness and video viewing. She randomly assigns people to watch 1 minute clips of either people running into objects when texting and walking or puppies chasing their tails. She then asks people to fill out a questionnaire about their mood, specifically how happy they are at that moment. a. IV: Random assignment; DV: Video type b. IV: Video type; DV: Happiness scores c. IV: Happiness score; DV: Video type d. IV: Random assignment; DV: Happiness e. This is correlational research and does not have a clear IV or DV

b. IV: Video type; DV: Happiness scores

Which of the following is NOT a component of successful aging? a. Avoidance of disease, disability, and risk factors b. Increases in working memory performance and faster processing speed c. Active engagement in social and productive activities d. Maintenance of high physical and cognitive functioning e. All of the above are components of successful aging

b. Increases in working memory performance and faster processing speed

Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen? a. It happened because the coffee is acting as an unconditioned stimulus. b. It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus. c. It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned response. d. It happened because the coffee is acting as an unconditioned response. e. It happened because the coffee is acting as a neutral stimulus.

b. It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus.

What is the definition of the flexible correction model? a. People's ability to divide their attention effectively between two tasks. b. People's ability to correct or change their beliefs and evaluations if they believe these judgments have been biased. c. When people alter their decisions after systematically thinking of their options. d. People's ability to think about different positions on an issue. e. None of the above

b. People's ability to correct or change their beliefs and evaluations if they believe these judgments have been biased.

Which of the following declines in older adults? a. Crystallized knowledge b. Processing speed c. Vocabulary d. Expertise e. Recognition of terms

b. Processing speed

The first day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation? a. Partial hearing loss b. Sensory adaptation c. Tympanic synthesis d. Habituation e. Desensitization

b. Sensory adaptation

Which model of selective attention suggests that unattended information is weakened, not completely blocked? a. Broadbent's Filter Model b. Treisman's Attention Model c. Deutsch and Deutsch's Model d. The Late Selection Model e. None of the models suggest this

b. Treisman's Attention Model

In the song, "We Takin Over," Lil Wayne says "I have more jewels than your jeweler; touch and I will bust your medulla." What will happen to you if Lil Wayne busts your medulla? a. Your body will stop producing hormones and you'll die b. You'll stop breathing, your heart will stop, and you'll die c. You'll lose control of your motor functions and you'll die d. You'll lose your hearing and you'll die e. You'll lose your vision and you'll die

b. You'll stop breathing, your heart will stop, and you'll die

Dr. Parikh has conducted a study that involves gathering data about her students' performance on an exam. She observes that some students did very poorly, while other students made no errors at all. This pattern of variation within her data set is referred to as the ________. a. arithmetic mean b. distribution c. variability d. covariance e. range

b. distribution

Which neuroimaging technique measures electrical brain activity using electrodes on the scalp? a. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) b. electroencephalogram (EEG) c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. positron emission tomography (PET) e. magnetoencephalography (MEG)

b. electroencephalogram (EEG)

Whether or not a given study has the possibility of causing harm to participants: a. can be determined by examining the pertinent legal documents. b. must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution. c. depends on whether or not any experimentation is involved. d. depends on the researcher's definition of harm. e. depends on whether or not the study benefits society as a whole.

b. must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution.

When we choose to focus on particular stimuli and ignore other, distracting information, we are using our _________ attention. When we multitask, however, we are attempting to use our __________ attention. a. divided; multimodal b. selective; divided c. divided; selective d. selective; multimodal e. divided; focused

b. selective; divided

Artrelle is taking part in a research study that examines her thoughts on the political election taking place in her country. Each night, before bed, she is to complete a questionnaire that gathers information on these topics. She submits her completed questionnaires to the researchers at the end of each week. What type of research method is being used? a. experience-sampling method b. diary method c. ecological momentary assessment d. day reconstruction method e. none of these are correct

b.diary method

What is the electrical process that communicates messages down the axon, within the neuron? a. Neurotransmission b. Electrical conduction c. Action potential d. Synaptic messaging e. Polarizing conduction

c. Action potential

Which part of our nervous system is made up of our brain and spinal cord? a. Peripheral b. Autonomic c. Central d. Somatic e. Sympathetic

c. Central

What term is used to describe the degree to which a finding generalizes to a broader population or setting? a. Ecological validity b. Internal validity c. External validity d. External reliability e. Internal reliability

c. External validity

Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning? a. In classical conditioning, the behavior it voluntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is involuntary. b. In classical conditioning, the behavior is an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning the behavior is not an indicator of learning. c. In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary. d. In classical conditioning, the behavior is not an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning, it is an indicator of learning. e. Classical and operant conditioning differ in the processes they use to change behavior, but are otherwise the same

c. In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

Which of the following terms is defined as creative actions in which the non-expert may participate in? a. Big-C creativity b. Pro-c creativity c. Little-c creativity d. Mini-c creativity e. Hobby creativity

c. Little-c creativity

_________ are used to describe populations and ________ are used to describe samples. a. Statistics; parameters b. Parameters; p-values c. Parameters; statistics d. Confidence intervals; statistics e. Confidence intervals; p- values

c. Parameters; statistics

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between theories and hypotheses? a. Theories and hypotheses are exactly the same thing. b. Theories and hypotheses are not related to one another. c. Theories are broad statements about how the world works, and hypotheses are specific, testable predictions based on theories. d. Hypotheses are broad statements about how the world works, and theories are specific, testable predictions based on theories. e. Theories are specific predictions and hypotheses are the methods scientists use to test the predictions

c. Theories are broad statements about how the world works, and hypotheses are specific, testable predictions based on theories.

In order to determine causal effects between variables, researchers use: a. Case studies b. Quasi-experiments c. True experiments d. Correlational studies e. Observation

c. True experiments

Who is widely considered to be the founder of psychology? a. Sigmund Freud b. James McKeen Cattell c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Edward Titchener e. William James

c. Wilhelm Wundt

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night when Simon is eating chips, the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the: a. unconditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response e. It is impossible to determine

c. conditioned stimulus

Sound quality can be divided into amplitude, timbre and pitch. Pitch is determined by the __________ of the sound waves. a. intensity b. complexity c. frequency d. amplitude e. duration

c. frequency

Emilio has taught himself to savor each bite of his meals. He closes his eyes, focuses intensely on the flavors of his food, and maximizes his enjoyment of every bite. His ability to focus intently on the sensation and perception of taste is similar to Wilhelm Wundt's procedure of ________. a. sublimation b. projection c. introspection d. empiricism e. Gestaltism

c. introspection

Jim can sense the difference between two pins lightly touching his finger tip but has difficulty sensing the difference between two pins lightly touching his back that are much further apart from those on his fingertip. This is an example of: a. the "fingertip sensitivity phenomenon" b. the way that brain lesions can lead to a loss in sensitivity c. just noticeable differences d. the most sophisticated way to study the workings of the brain e. the difference between sensation and perception

c. just noticeable differences

The chemical signals that travel from one neuron to another, enabling them to communicate with one another, are called: a. dendrites b. lobes c. neurotransmitters d. synapses e. myelin sheaths

c. neurotransmitters

Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment e. It is impossible to determine

c. positive punishment

Researchers use _________ in their research to generalize findings to and make claims about a larger _____________. a. populations; sample b. samples; group c. samples; population d. participants; group e. participants; population

c. samples; population

Psychology is the _____________ of human behavior and _______________. a. observation; mental illness b. scientific study; the brain c. scientific study; mental processes d. observation; mental processes e. scientific study; mental illness

c. scientific study; mental processes

For your senior project, you want to learn more about the effect of brain damage on an individual's ability to learn a new language. You don't really have the time or resources to observe or interview and talk to people with brain damage. Ethically, you can't manipulate the independent variable. You need something that is quick and easy so you can turn your project in on time. Based on what you know about different research methods and designs, which approach to research would you use? a. experiment b. naturalistic observations c. survey d. case study e. behavioral observation

c. survey

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research? a. People will not want to participate if they don't benefit from the study. b. A study without applicable benefits will not make a contribution to society. c. A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks. d. A study with benefits will ensure that participants are compensated for their participation. e. A study should only be conducted if these are guaranteed benefits to participants and the broader society.

c.A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks.

Hermann von Helmholtz studied the physiology of vision and hearing. Given the physical nature of his work, why is he considered important to the development of psychology as a discipline? a. He demonstrated that there is actually no connection between physical stimuli and our perceptions of them. b. Helmholtz was able to show that even though we appear to have different sensory systems, they are all processed in the same part of the brain. c. Helmholtz used objective introspection to determine the structure of people's consciousness based on their physical perceptions. d. He noted that the mind could be measured using scientific methods. e. None of these are correct.

d. He noted that the mind could be measured using scientific methods.

What cognitive strategy helps us to simplify decision making using mental short-cuts? a. Intuition b. Bounded rationality c. Rational thinking d. Heuristics e. System 1

d. Heuristics

Rory is a new driver and is concentrating very hard on staying in his lane on the highway, going 10 MPH over the posted speed limit. He doesn't notice a police car on the side of the highway and ends up getting a speeding ticket. What is this situation an example of? a. Implicit learning b. Encoding failure c. Change blindness d. Inattentional blindness e. Weber's law

d. Inattentional blindness

In what way did the behavioral perspective in psychology differ with almost every other perspective to come before it? a. It emphasized how attention, emotion and memory influenced individual behaviors. b. It focused entirely on unseen parts of the psyche, including emotions, motivations, and unconscious processes. c. It championed the idea that psychological disorders were best treated by changing individual behaviors. d. It rejected any reference to "the mind" and focused on observable behavior as the only legitimate topic of the field. e. It focused on people's individual observations of their behaviors and thoughts.

d. It rejected any reference to "the mind" and focused on observable behavior as the only legitimate topic of the field.

Which type of research generally has good internal validity? a. Full-cycle psychology b. Correlational research c. Longitudinal research d. Laboratory experiments e. Experience-sampling designs

d. Laboratory experiments

What is the major difference between classical and operant conditioning and nonassociative learning? a. Nonassociative learning requires repeated exposure whereas classical and operant conditioning usually occur in one trial. b. Nonassociative learning occurs more slowly than classical and operant conditioning. c. Nonassociative learning occurs more quickly than classical and operant conditioning. d. Nonassociative learning involves a single stimulus and conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli or a stimulus and a response. e. Classical and operant conditioning are a type of nonassociative learning

d. Nonassociative learning involves a single stimulus and conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli or a stimulus and a response.

Which personality trait is consistently associated with higher levels of creativity? a. Extraversion b. Agreeableness c. Neuroticism d. Openness to experience e. Conscientiousness

d. Openness to experience

What is indicated by the p-value in a research study? a. The likelihood that the independent and dependent variables in an experiment have been confounded. b. The frequency with which two variables in a given study will co-occur. c. The likelihood that participants in a research study were randomly assigned to the various conditions of that study. d. The probability of observing a particular outcome, or one more extreme, in the study, assuming the null hypothesis is true. e. The probability that the results of a study are true.

d. The probability of observing a particular outcome, or one more extreme, in the study, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Which cliché most fully encompasses the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists? a. Reality is what you think, not what you see. b. Be all that you can be. c. If at first you don't succeed, try again! d. The whole is more than the sum of its parts. e. Just do it.

d. The whole is more than the sum of its parts.

If someone cannot perceive colors, what aspect of their vision is likely not working properly? a. Their rod photoreceptors b. Their fovea c. Their iris d. Their cone photoreceptors e. The focusing of their lens

d. Their cone photoreceptors

What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research? a. To certify researcher's professional credentials as a researcher in the field of psychology. b. To ensure that the topics of study are objective and in no way relate to researcher's own values. c. To help researchers publish research findings that are of interest to the public. d. To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm. e. To ensure they stay in line with their own personal ethics.

d. To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm.

Your friend is considering renting an apartment close to the train tracks and is worried that the train noises will bother her. What might you say, based on research, to reassure her? a. If you study at home, the sounds of the train can serve as retrieval cues and aid your memory. b. Because of auditory perceptual learning, the train noises will sound different to you every time, making living near the train tracks interesting and surprising. c. Learning improves in environments with intermittent background noise. d. You will likely adjust to the noises and not notice them after a while. e. Get a good pair of ear plugs and you'll be fine!

d. You will likely adjust to the noises and not notice them after a while.

Although Steve has the lower portion of his leg amputated he still sometimes feels an uncomfortable itching sensation from where his foot would be. This is an example of a: a. somatotopic map b. mechanoreceptor c. Phantom foot d. phantom limb e. brain damage

d. phantom limb

A larger group of individuals to whom we would like to generalize our research findings is called a(n) ________. a. control group b. experimental group c. sample d. population e. group of interest

d. population

When Janet feels the wind blowing on her face this is an example of ________. a. perception b. transduction c. absolute threshold d. sensation e. difference threshold

d. sensation

The development of _________ has provided a new level of advantage for gathering information from research participants at specific times, often randomly selected, throughout a given day. a. computer tablets b. digital watches c. microrecorders d. smartphones e. iPads

d. smartphones

The function of the myelin sheath is to: a. slow the transmission of action potentials b. protect the cell from blood borne poisons c. provide nutrients to the cell d. speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon e. to stop action potentials along the axon

d. speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon

In "Skinner box" experiments with rats, the rats can learn: a. rats were unable to learn new behaviors b. the rat's behavior varied over several days c. to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet d. to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet e. to press a lever when positively reinforced with a shock

d. to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

What are some examples of Ecological Momentary Assessment? a. Experience Sampling b. Daily Diary c. Longitudinal research d. Quasi-experimental research e. A and B

e. A and B

Which of the following is an essential element of science? a. Testable Hypotheses b. Experiments c. Systematic observation d. Research e. A and C

e. A and C

Which pair of symptoms is associated with Alzheimer's Dementia? a. Memory and speech difficulties b. Theory of mind and memory difficulties c. Theory of mind difficulties and declines of senses d. Decline of senses and speech difficulties e. Autobiographical memory difficulties and decline of senses

e. Autobiographical memory difficulties and decline of senses

What is the best way to study for an exam? a. Re-read the chapters until your eyes bleed b. Use flash cards c. Take practice quizzes d. Re-read your notes until your eyes bleed e. B and C

e. B and C

What procedure is used to minimize the effects of confounding variables by making sure participants and researchers don't know condition assignments? a. Single-blind procedures b. Placebo procedures c. Random sampling d. Random assignment e. Double-blind procedures

e. Double-blind procedures

__________ memory is when you intentionally retrieve past information or knowledge whereas __________ memory is when past experiences influence behavior without an effort to remember. a. Implicit; procedural b. Procedural; explicit c. Implicit; explicit d. Explicit; procedural e. Explicit; implicit

e. Explicit; implicit

Marcela can clearly remember the moment she learned about the events of Sept. 11, 2001. She vividly recalls when her teacher walked in and turned on the news - the face of the firefighter she saw is permanently etched in her brain. She remembers who was sitting next to her and what she was wearing. This scenario describes what phenomenon? a. Proactive interference b. Distinctiveness c. Misinformation effect d. Retroactive interference e. Flashbulb memory

e. Flashbulb memory

Why is Wilhelm Wundt often credited as being responsible for the initial development of modern psychology? a. He was the first to travel outside of his own country to "rally" other psychologists to the cause of working together to establish a new scientific discipline. b. He founded and was elected the first president of the American Psychological Association. c. He was the first to suggest that there might be physical causes to psychological disorders, shifting the field away from its previous roots in demonology. d. Introspection is still an influential area of psychology. e. He promoted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and a laboratory for training students.

e. He promoted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and a laboratory for training students.

Empirical methods are approaches that consist of which two components? a. Hypotheses and observation b. Theories and hypotheses c. Ethics and systematic observation d. Hypotheses and systematic observation e. Measurement and observation

e. Measurement and observation

What term describes our psychological interpreting of sensory information? a. Sensation b. Perceptual processing c. Bottom-up processing d. Top-down processing e. Perception

e. Perception

During which stage of sleep does dreaming occur? a. Stage 1 Sleep b. Stage 2 Sleep c. Stage 3 Sleep d. Stage 4 Sleep e. REM Sleep

e. REM Sleep

What allows researchers to determine cause-and-effect relationships? a. Random sampling b. Statistical design c. Correlational procedures d. p-values e. Random assignment

e. Random assignment

How do neurons communicate with other neurons? a. Using electricity called action potentials b. Using neuronal stimulation c. Using the synaptic membranes d. Using axonal signals e. Using chemicals called neurotransmitters

e. Using chemicals called neurotransmitters

Studies using ecological momentary assessment techniques tend to have good ___________ validity because the data is collected in people's everyday environments. a. generalizable b. internal c. real-life d. external e. ecological

e. ecological