PSY 132 Exam 2

Time Orientation: Short Term

-Focus on immediate present -Taking action is important -Bottom line!

Chapter 5 Put it All Together:

-Our consciousness reflects our subjective interpretation of the world -We take for granted that our perception is shared by others. -Our cognition are at the heart of how we relate to one another!

secure (2)=

idealized

Low Masculinity

*Sex: -Matter-of-fact attitude -More intimacy -Women more active, enjoy 1st sex *Single standard *Emphasis on relations

High Masculinity

*Sex: -Moralistic -Double-standard -Encourages passive role for women *Ego-oriented *Rigid role & expectations

Kohlbergs stages

*babies get a pass 1. preconventional 2. conventional 3. post conventional

Gestalt Principal

-"the whole is greater than the sum of its points" -figure ground relationship

Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Theory

-Basic gender identity -Gender stability-child -Gender consistency child

Time Orientation: Long Term

-Delay gratification -Delay needs and wants -Focus is on future

Male traits were universally viewed as

-Positive -Active -Strong

Development of Gender-Role Stereotypes

-Sex differences in toy preference develops even before a child has established a clear gender identity. -By age 10 to 11 children's stereotyping begins to rival that of adults. -Early adolescents develop increased intolerance of cross-sex mannerisms and behaviors.

Stella & Chess

-Temp style is the foundation for later personality -The critical component of "Goodness of Fit'

Ainsworth: Secure Attachment

-Trust -Intimacy -Reciprocity

Sex

-biological

conventional

-good intentions -obedience to authority

Gender

-learned; by parents, education, society -culture

preconventional

-punishment-avoidance/obedience -rewards

Analytic thinking involves

-separating objects from each other -breaking down objects to their component parts -using rules to explain and predict an object's behavior -relies on abstract thought

post conventional

-social contract -universal given/ ethical principals

At the reunion what 2 things do you question;

1. seek comfort 2. are they comforted

Piaget Stages

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

Three Major Contributions:

1.Schemas (building blocks of knowledge) 2.Processes that enable the transition from one stage to another a)equilibrium b)assimilation c)accommodation 3. Stages of Development

Morality

A doctrine or system of conduct based on ethics

Cognition

All the mental activities used in in learning, remembering, & using knowledge

Temperament

Biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth

Basic gender identity

By age 3, children have labeled firmly themselves as boys or girls

John Bowlby

Infants are born "wired" to attach: 1. preprogrammed behaviors 2.important survival mechanism

Most influential theorist of cognitive development is

Jean Piaget

Gender Early in Life

Learned gender -roles begin early in life -A newborn has sex, but no gender

Sensation

Perception or awareness of stimuli through the senses

Intelligence

Skills & abilities necessary to effectively accomplish cultural goals.

Mary Ainsworth

Tested hypothesis that early emotional bonds shape future relationships with the "Strange Situation" experiment

Perception

The "meaning" we give to sensory stimuli through interpretation & organization.

Human Development

how people change over time along many different levels

new schema=

a "negative interpretation"

formal operational

adolescent to adult, abstract thought

Holistic thinking involves

an orientation to the -an orientation to the entire scene -attending to the relations among objects -predicting an object's behavior on the basis of those relationships

insecure (1)=

bad (not any less healthy than secure)

Bonds=

become "blueprints"

Gender consistency

child recognizes that gender is invariant despite changes in activities or appearance

Gender stability

child recognizes that gender is stable over time

Universal Perceptions

cultural differences in terms of how men and women are perceived, there are striking similarities in gender stereotypes that seem to transcend culture

Identity

degree to which person adopts a particular gender role.

Roles

degree to which person adopts gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his/her culture

the US more than any other country...

equates gender to sexuality

sensorimotor

infancy/ 1yr

figure ground relationship=

interpretation/perceptual set= experience/motives/values

Gender Role Ideology

judgments about what males/females "ought" to be like/do.

preoperational

lack of conservation

concrete operational

literal, categories, elementary age to teen

Stereotypes

psych. or bx. characteristics typically associated with men and women

strange situation=

stress

Piaget believed

that children actively make sense of environment, rather than being "passive sponges."

attachment is

universal