PSY 150 Final Exam

Tipah lives in a small village in Malaysia. According to the local villagers, Tipah suffers from a mental disorder.He often experiences sudden, uncontrolled outbursts of anger. Tipah has attacked and injured many people during these fits of rage. His family claims that Tipah usually seems emotionally withdrawn before the onset of these attacks. Which of the following culture-related disorders best fits the description of Tipah's mental disorder?

Amok

Dan is at an international food fest with his brother Jude. When Dan is served a dish of Mopane worm stew, Jude tells him reassuringly, "That's food!" and Dan comprehends his statement regarding the concept of food. Which of the following characteristics of concepts has been illustrated in this scenario?

Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object.

Michael is the new department head at his company. He expects everyone to agree with his restructuring plan for the department, and he publicly reprimands anyone who disagrees with his new policies. Michael also praises department members for unanimity, cohesiveness, and harmony. In the context of group decision making, Michael is creating an atmosphere most conducive to

Groupthink

Hiroko's fifth-grade teacher was disappointed when he performed poorly in math. She believes that Asian students are academically excellent and never perform poorly. In this scenario, the teacher's beliefs best illustrate

Stereotyping

In a television advertisement, a young man is shown to be the center of attraction for young and attractive models because he drives the luxury car Exotica. The advertisement targets young, single men. In the context of embedded marketing, which of the following statements is true?

The advertisement will work best if the Exotica car precedes the appearance of the attractive person.

John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

Andrea is the mother of Leo, a six-month-old child. She wants to introduce vegetables in Leo's diet. As Leo is used to having lentil soup as his evening snack, Andrea prepares lentil soup with vegetables in it and makes Leo taste it. He does not like the taste of the soup and refuses to have it. After that day, he refuses to have even plain lentil soup. In this scenario, which of the following acts as the conditioned stimulus?

The soup

Emily has been asked to review a set of test items that are being considered for a standardized intelligence test. The test constructors intend to eliminate all items that contain any possible cultural bias. With this task in mind, which of the following questions should be eliminated by Emily in this scenario?

What is the name of the main character in Macbeth?

Ramesh is stuck on a math problem. Instead of asking his teacher about ways to solve the problem, he tries out various methods to arrive at the answer. He employs all the algebraic formulas he has learned to solve the problem. After working for a few hours, he manages to solve the problem. Which of the following strategies did Ramesh use in solving the math problem?

algorithms

Paula tumbles down the steps and twists her ankle. Parker, a passerby, stops to help Paula. He helps her to her car and drives her to the hospital so that she gets immediate treatment. Once she is with the doctor, he leaves, leaving Paula with no way to contact him. In the context of prosocial behavior, Parker has best demonstrated

altruism

Mariam provides food for the homeless every Sunday. She does this without expecting praise or anything in return. In this case, Mariam is most likely engaging in

altruistic behavior.

Justin is an eight-year-old boy who suffers from autism and frequently engages in self-harming behavior. His mother brings him to Sasha, a behavioral therapist. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is most likely to be implemented by Sasha to curb Justin's self-harming behavior?

applied behavior analysis

Janet is worried about her son, Patrick. She finds him restless and impulsive. At times, Janet finds it exhausting to handle him because he is a high-strung boy and shows very little concentration while studying. She has also received several complaints from Patrick's teachers regarding his poor performance in class and his lack of focus. In the context of psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Patrick is exhibiting the symptoms of

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Robert wants to go out on a picnic. He packs his bag and gets ready, but at the last minute, he has a hunch that it might rain. He follows his instinct and drops the idea of going out on a picnic. In this case, Robert used the ________ system of reasoning in his decision making.

automatic

Samuel, a student, receives one bad grade in his exams. However, he always studies hard thereafter to avoid the negative outcome of bad grades in the future. Even when the bad grade is no longer present as a stimulus, the pattern of behavior sticks. In the context of operant conditioning, this scenario exemplifies

avoidance learning

Dr. Sullivan, a psychologist, believes that the lack of emotions experienced by psychopaths can be attributed to amygdala dysfunction. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, Dr. Sullivan's belief supports the

biological approach.

Abigail has noticed that Rose, her roommate, experiences extreme shifts in her moods and behavior. Of late, Abigail feels that Rose is unusually energetic and optimistic even though she has not been sleeping much. She is also highly distractible and delusional. This period of euphoria has lasted more than a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue Rose exhibited in the previous semester. Rose is most likely to be diagnosed with

bipolar disorder

Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. When he asks Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world; during this phase, she cannot sleep, feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable; during this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, Dr. Wren is most likely to diagnose Lily with

bipolar disorder.

Raj and Sara are in a romantic relationship. Of late, Raj notices that Sara is acting very strangely. Although she has not slept much in the past few days, she says she is on top of the world. She also takes all her savings and invests it in a questionable financial venture. This period of nonstop activity has lasted for well over a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue she exhibited earlier this semester. Sara most likely shows the symptoms of

bipolar disorder.

When Sam's girlfriend broke up with him, he became extremely distressed and angry. He began to drink heavily and use illicit substances in order to cope with his emotions. On several occasions, he has even threatened to kill himself if his girlfriend did not answer his calls. Sam is most likely to be diagnosed with

borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Diana has to study four chapters of management information systems for her test tomorrow. If she decides to use the problem-solving strategy of adopting subgoals, she must

break down the topics to be studied and complete each topic within the given time frame.

Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of

classical conditioning

Hugh buys a new calculator for $125 from the PaperMills stationery store. A week later, he sees an ad from another stationery store, StationMax, selling the same calculator for $65. Hugh feels guilty about having wasted so much money on the calculator but justifies his action by saying that StationMax items are always of poor quality. In the context of attitudes, Hugh's statement reflects an attempt to reduce his

cognitive dissonance.

Cindy's therapist uses guided association and scaling techniques to help her deal with anxiety. As a result, it can be inferred that Cindy's therapist practices

cognitive therapy.

Hugo, a therapist, helps his clients recognize the connections between their thoughts and their feelings and helps them use thinking to change their feelings. He emphasizes that thoughts are the main source of psychological problems. In this scenario, Hugo is most likely practicing

cognitive therapy.

Mindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Mindy's therapist practices

cognitive therapy.

Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting

comformity

Joe, a teenager, is unable to perform well in exams that test his comprehension and language skills. He has a history of poor performances in language since childhood. In the context of intellectual disability, identify the skill that is Joe's weakness.

conceptual skill

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students, he walks to the classroom door and closes it. His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In the context of classical conditioning, closing the door has become a(n)

conditioned stimulus.

Rahul has job offers from three different employers. He carefully analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each of the offers. He compares the offers and evaluates them thoroughly to select the one that would be best for him. Which of the following types of thinking is Rahul employing in his decision making?

convergent thinking

Jim feeds his dog the Paws brand of dog food every day. When the dog sees Jim pouring the food into his bowl, he starts to salivate. When Jim switches to a new brand, the food does not suit the dog and makes him sick. The dog no longer salivates when he sees Jim pouring the food into his bowl. In this scenario, the dog's change in behavior can be best explained by learning through

counterconditioning

Veronica has to cook dinner for 30 people this Saturday. Moreover, her apartment is a mess and she has nothing suitable to wear for the party. Hence, she decides to do her laundry on Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment on Saturday morning, and cook dinner by Saturday evening. This process of defining intermediate problems is known as

creating subgoals.

Sophia is in the fifth grade and lives in one of the most impoverished areas in the state. She has a history of academic failure, although she is very sensitive to her teacher's expectations. Her teachers have noticed that she responds best when candy is offered as an incentive. Sophia's IQ is 65. She is most likely a victim of

cultural-familial intellectual disability.

Alice, Natalie's roommate, argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. However, Natalie counters her argument by stating that humans alone are capable of

developing new learning goals.

Caleb, a mercenary, was tortured for days in an underground cell. When he was rescued by Special Forces a month later, Caleb could not remember the events of the previous month. To Caleb, it felt like he had just gone to war and, minutes later, was being pulled out of an underground cell. The doctors attributed Caleb's memory loss to the extensive psychological trauma that he experienced during imprisonment. In the context of dissociative disorders, which of the following best describes Caleb's psychological disorder in this scenario?

dissociative amnesia

Patricia, a family therapist, is faced with a situation in which the son is treated as the scapegoat for the conflicts that exist between the parents. According to this information, which of the following techniques should be used by Patricia to resolve this issue?

distraction

Danielle is planning a vacation with her family. During dinner, she talks to her family about it and each family member gives his or her own ideas and plans for the vacation. Which of the following types of thinking has Danielle employed?

divergent thinking

Lionel is the CEO of a company that is going through a financial crisis. He asks the employees to brainstorm and create a list of all possible solutions to revive the company's business. In this scenario, Lionel is asking his employees to engage in

divergent thinking.

Emily has the habit of picking at her skin every time she feels nervous or anxious. Emily engages in this kind of compulsive behavior to such an extent that she ends up bruising herself in the process. In the context of disorders related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Emily most likely suffers from

excoriation disorder.

Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of

explicit racism.

Grayson's dog salivates whenever he hears the refrigerator door open because he is accustomed to receiving food each time anyone opens it. Grayson tries an experiment with his dog. Over the next few days, Grayson does not give his dog any food when he opens the refrigerator door, even though he knows the dog expects it. As a result, the dog stops salivating when the refrigerator door is opened. Grayson's dog's behavior best illustrates ________ in classical conditioning.

extinction

Sarah tells her therapist that she is scared of being assertive in front of her superiors. So her therapist initially asks her to imagine a situation that requires her to be assertive. Then, she helps Sarah develop the requisite skills to be assertive. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Sarah's therapist?

fantasizing consequences

Freisha intends to learn cooking but is confused about the type of cuisine she aims to learn. According to the steps in problem solving, the first step that must be taken by her is to

find and frame the problem.

Jose's employer pays him every Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

fixed interval

Lolita uses her kitchen knife to cut vegetables. She always uses her knife for either slicing bread or chopping meat. Despite these uses, Lolita also occasionally uses the knife to unscrew nails from her kitchen equipment. This alternate way of using the knife shows that Lolita has overcome

functional fixedness.

Bency has an abnormal fear of marriage and commitment. She has never been in a committed relationship and is terrified of getting married. In this case, she is most likely to be diagnosed with

gamophobia.

Mark's dog, Gus, sits whenever Mark says, "Sit." Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, "Speak." But whenever Mark says, "Speak," Gus sits. The dog's behavior is most likely an example of

generalization

Wendell always gets anxious before taking a math test because he is not good with numbers and formulae. When his science teacher announces a physics test that requires him to apply numerical formulae, Wendell begins to feel anxious, even though he enjoys physics. Which of the following is Wendell most likely demonstrating in this scenario?

generalization in classical conditioning

Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated, irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She cannot sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless, Karen, however, cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?

generalized anxiety disorder

Amy tells her therapist that she feels extremely low these days as her husband is going to be transferred to a military base in another country. In response to Amy's statement, her therapist helps Amy understand that her sadness stems from her fear of being lonely. Once Amy understands the reason for her sadness, she can take measures to address it. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques is exemplified?

guided association

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the results of the games turned out exactly as he thought they would. Thus, it can be concluded that Fred is demonstrating

hindsight bias.

Santiago has been seeing his therapist, Mariam, for over six months. He often feels distressed and anxious. Mariam focuses on Santiago's current state and emphasizes personal growth. Mariam also suggests ways to bridge the gap between what Santiago actually is and what Santiago wants to become instead of focusing on his depression. In this scenario, it can be inferred that Mariam is adopting the ________ approach to psychotherapy.

humanistic

Riley is suffering from depression and has been administered Avanza, a tetracyclic drug. According to this information, which of the following side effects is she likely to experience as a result of the intake of this drug?

increased appetite

Ralph, a therapist, realizes that clients present a wide range of problems. He prefers to use the best tools for each client rather than to adopt a "one size fits all" program. In this scenario, Ralph is most likely using

integrative therapy.

Nina has the habit of eating nonfood substances. Nina's behavior is considered abnormal because

it is deviant.

Abigail tells her therapist that she becomes anxious in the presence of strangers and her mind fills with negative thoughts. Her therapist asks her to maintain a record of the number of times such thoughts cross her mind in the presence of strangers. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Abigail's therapist?

labeling of distortions

Shirley, a housewife, has been a victim of domestic violence for approximately nine years and has still not been able to walk out of the relationship. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following concepts is most likely to aid her therapist understand her situation better?

learned helplessness

Rachel's new roommate, Berta, has not done laundry for an entire week. Her clothes are lying all over their room. This leads Rachel to assume that Berta is an untidy and undisciplined person. What Rachel does not know is that Berta is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. In the context of social cognition, Rachel is primarily ________ while explaining Berta's behavior.

making a fundamental attribution error

Aria has been awake for two nights in a row and still feels highly energetic and euphoric. The previous day, she quit her job on an impulse and decided to become an actress. In the context of bipolar disorder, in this scenario, Aria experiences an episode of

mania.

James is a scientist and his sister Emily is an engineer. According to Howard Gardner's nine types of intelligence, both James and Emily are most likely to score high on

mathematical intelligence.

Avril is suffering from major depressive disorder and has been administered Elavil, a tricyclic drug. According to this information, which of the following side effects is she likely to experience as a result of prolonged intake of this drug?

memory loss

Five minutes are deducted from Frankie's recess hour by his teacher every time Frankie misbehaves in class. In the context of operant conditioning, Frankie's teacher is using ________ to discipline him.

negative punishment

Mark, a high school student, dislikes the fact that his mother yells at him in the morning to wake him up. His mother usually wakes up at 5:30 a.m., and he tries to wake up at around 5:15 a.m. to avoid listening to his mother's yelling. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

negative reinforcement

Joyce has the potential to be an honor student. However, she frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than using her skills to excel, she tends to hide her intellectual abilities to act more like the students she is friends with. She sometimes answers questions incorrectly just to be more like her friends. In the context of the key aspects of social influence, which of the following perspectives explains Joyce's behavior most accurately?

normative social influence

Robert, a 9-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on television. One night, he uses several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains Robert's behavior?

observational learning

Andrea believes that she must always open the door of her car with her left hand and put her right leg first into the car. She also believes that she may have an accident if she fails to follow this routine every time. Which of the following disorders is exemplified in this scenario?

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex does not wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Sean has a compulsion to do everything in sequence. For instance, he has to follow a seven-step procedure when he takes a shower. If he misses a step, he has to start from the beginning. This behavior affects his everyday life as he takes a long time to complete his daily routines. In this case, Sean is most likely to be diagnosed with

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Henry, the marketing team lead of Shield Corp., always consults his team members prior to making any important decisions. This, in turn, indicates that Henry engages in ________ during the process of decision making.

open-minded thinking

Ryan receives a scolding from his mother every time he picks his nose. Fearing retribution, Ryan hesitates to pick his nose whenever his mother is present with him. In this scenario, Ryan is demonstrating

operant conditioning

Lola often experiences abrupt, brief episodes of overwhelming fear. She does not know what triggers them, but she has these attacks in the grocery store, in busy restaurants, and even while driving. During these episodes, Lola's heart pounds and she has difficulty breathing. She fears that she may have a heart attack. In the context of psychological disorders, Lola most likely has

panic disorder.

Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before. She loves the music it plays, and, as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. In this scenario, Jennifer's behavior has most likely been learned through ________ in operant conditioning.

positive reinforcement

Seven months ago, Sandra was involved in a serious car accident. Even though she recovered fully from her injuries, she is still troubled by nightmares and flashbacks of the accident. Now, Sandra refuses to drive and insists only on using public transport. She is in a constant state of anxiety and has trouble sleeping. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, Sandra shows symptoms that are suggestive of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

Vanessa tells Naomi, a cognitive therapist, that she is not able to imagine life without her husband following their divorce the previous week. In response to Vanessa's statement, Naomi asks her to imagine the life she led prior to her marriage. In this scenario, which of the following techniques has been used by Naomi?

questioning the evidence

Alexander, a 16-year-old, tells his therapist that he is a failure as he has been performing poorly in his new school. In response to Alexander's statement, the therapist asks him to explore other reasons for his failure, such as adjustment difficulties with respect to his new school, lack of friends, and so on. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Alexander's therapist?

reattribution

Caroline has volunteered to work with the underprivileged children who are participants in her professor's literacy project. She is hoping that her professor will take this into consideration when calculating her grades. In this scenario, Caroline is demonstrating an expectation of

reciprocity

Ronald was the subject of an experiment for alcoholics. Every time Ronald had a drink, it was mixed with a nausea-inducing agent, which made him sick. After experiencing this pattern for several weeks, Ronald started to dislike alcohol immensely. He did not drink for seven months. However, one day as he was walking past a new bar, Ronald experienced an overwhelming desire to drink. In this scenario, Ronald's sudden desire to drink best illustrates the concept of ________ in classical conditioning.

renewal

Madison and her friends have never been on a rollercoaster because they are afraid. On a school trip to Disney World, however, they decide that if they get on the rollercoaster together, they will not be afraid. In the context of group decision making, their behavior best demonstrates

risky shift

Aaron tells his therapist that he feels extremely anxious in social gatherings. In response to Aaron's statement, his therapist asks him to rate his emotions from 0 to 10. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Aaron's therapist?

scaling

Derek is suffering from a severe mental illness that is characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions. He hears voices in his head and is convinced that aliens are trying to communicate with him. Derek's belief is so strong that he sits on the roof for hours having conversations with no one in particular. Derek is also in the habit of writing words that make no sense and refrains from interacting with other people. In the context of dissociative disorders, in this scenario, Derek most likely suffers from

schizophrenia

Razzak did poorly in his science test. He realizes that he has enough teachers and friends who will help him perform better in the next science test. He takes a good stock of everybody available around him who can help improve his performance. Razzak's analysis of his resources is an example of

secondary appraisal.

Dale works for a publishing company. Every time he writes a good article, he gets lots of fan mail expressing support to him. In the context of operant conditioning, the mails that Dale receives are called a(n)

secondary reinforcer

Mary is a shy young woman. She wants to buy a dress to wear to a friend's wedding. Mary tries on many dresses but does not buy any of them because she feels that they will make her attract too much attention from the opposite sex. In this scenario, Mary is giving into the feeling of

self-objectification.

Freddy and his girlfriend fight often. As a result, he is stressed out most of the time and laments about his relationship with his friends. He realizes that the relationship makes him unhappy and that he no longer likes his girlfriend. He decides to break up with his girlfriend. Which of the following theories best explains the connection between Freddy's attitude and his behavior in this scenario?

self-perception theory

Teresa asks herself whether she is as popular as Cathy. This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of

social comparison.

A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of

social facilitation.

Six people are competing in a tug-of-war competition. First, they compete as individuals, and then they compete as a team. It is observed that when they are competing as a team their combined effort level is less than the sum of their individual efforts. In the context of group influence, this reduction in effort when competing as a team is most likely due to the effect of

social loafing.

Gareth always develops a good rapport with people he meets. Very often, he is the first to initiate conversations and make friends. In the context of intellectual disability, Gareth is most likely high on

social skills

Alison had sustained severe injuries after being brutally attacked by a dog as a child. After that incident, Alison has been experiencing an overwhelming sense of fear and paralysis every time she sees a dog. The fear is so intense that it keeps Alison from leaving her house. Alison believes that as long as she is inside her house, the chances of encountering a dog are slim. In the context of psychological disorders, Alison is most likely to be diagnosed with

specific phobia.

Ramona, a family therapist, is faced with a situation in which a mother is extremely attached to her son because her husband has a busy schedule and he rarely spends time at home. With all the attention and care given to him, the son now refuses to go to school. According to the techniques of family therapy, which of the following techniques should be used by Ramona to help the family overcome the problem?

structural change

Ann has a phobia of lizards. During her first therapy session, her therapist asks her to think of all her fears associated with lizards and arrange them in a hierarchy. According to this information, which of the following behavioral therapies has been implemented by Ann's therapist?

systematic desensitization

Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences a sudden fear of flying after he hears news about an airplane crash. In this case, Dan's experience demonstrates

the availability heuristic.

Allison is attending a seminar where the presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The presenter provides a rational and factual explanation for why the investment is profitable, even though there are risks involved. Alison finds the presenter's idea compelling and decides to invest. The way the presenter persuades Allison to invest exemplifies

the central route to persuasion.

Kaylee is in her car at a traffic light waiting for the light to turn green. Just as it does, a man driving a red truck goes speeding past Kaylee and just about misses crashing into her car. Kaylee abuses him and thinks to herself that his license should be revoked. What Kaylee does not know is that the truck's brakes have failed. In this scenario, Kaylee is demonstrating ________ while attempting to explain the man's behavior.

the fundamental attribution error

Twelve-year-old Ryan's father returns from work tired. Ryan wants his father to take him to his favorite movie, which starts in an hour. Which route of persuasion should Ryan attempt to obtain the highest rate of success?

the peripheral route

Raphael has been undergoing psychotherapy. He has started to feel the same kind of anger toward his therapist as he had felt toward his father. In the given scenario, Raphael is exhibiting

transference.

Alyssa tells her therapist that she is depressed as she has been laid off. Her therapist Sheila asks her whether she has considered landscaping full-time, something she is good at and does for her friends as a hobby. Sheila encourages Alyssa to consider approaching nurseries for leads to people who may require landscaping services. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Alyssa's therapist?

turning adversity to advantage

Mrs. Graham is the principal of a high school. She enforces the practice of pop quizzes in the school because she knows that students will be more likely to study if they cannot predict when they will be tested. In this scenario, Mrs. Graham is relying on a ________ schedule in operant conditioning to enforce a desired behavior in her students.

variable interval

Hitchhikers are unable to predict when they will get a ride and when they will not. They are most likely functioning on a ________ schedule of reinforcement in operant conditioning.

variable ratio

Karen is undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer. Which of the following psychotherapies is recommended for Karen to cope with her illness?

well-being therapy