PSY 181 Chapter 4

_____ refers to people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—that is, how feelings, perceptions, or thoughts might predict behavior. Theory of ideas Theory of schemas Theory of mind Theory of conservation

Theory of mind

When children adapt their current understandings to incorporate their new experience, this is known as: theory of mind. conservation. accommodation. assimilation.

accommodation

Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty!" His father pointed out that this was a squirrel and not a kitty. This BEST illustrates the process of: conservation. assimilation. habituation. accommodation.

assimilation

When children use their new experience in terms of their existing schema, this is known as: theory of mind. conservation. accommodation. assimilation.

assimilation

Sharon's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. He allows no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for breaking the rules he has set forth. Sharon's father has this type of parenting style. authoritarian permissive authoritative detached

authoritarian

5-year-old Otto complained to his mother that the pizza was not big enough. Otto's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Otto happy as he believed the pizza had become larger. Otto lacks the concept of: conservation. egocentrism. object permanence. assimilation.

conservation

David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast, and she should make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality. conventional unconventional preconventional postconventional

conventional

Javier is 20 years old and still very dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life known as: emerging adulthood. adolescence. second childhood. adult dependency.

emerging adulthood

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a: sense of object permanence. concept of conservation. capacity for habituation. secure attachment.

concept of conservation

During adolescence, most people achieve Jean Piaget's intellectual stage known as: sensorimotor. preoperational. concrete operational. formal operational.

formal operational

Jeremy is 16 years old and is trying out different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by the pairing of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Jeremy is in the stage of development called: initiative vs. guilt. identity vs. role confusion. intimacy vs. isolation. generativity vs. stagnation.

identity vs. role confusion

Early experiences influence how the brain develops by: reducing dopamine levels. increasing dopamine levels. increasing neural networks. reducing the size of synaptic gaps.

increasing neural networks

Compared to children with authoritarian parents, children of authoritative parents are: less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence. less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence

Ty's parents divorced when he was 5 years old. His father moved out of state, and his mother is busy trying to keep a roof over their heads. Ty is now 13 and has been getting into some minor troubles with school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Ty to come and go when he wishes, she rarely if ever punishes him, and she gives into whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and that he does not have a father. Some psychologists would say that Ty's mother has this type of parenting style. authoritarian. permissive. authoritative. detached.

permissive

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, people who develop an abstract level of reasoning where they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self have developed what is known as _____. conventional morality preconventional morality postconventional morality pseudo morality

postconventional morality

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates _____ morality. conventional unconventional preconventional postconventional

preconventional

During this stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rather than logical reasoning. formal operational preoperational sensorimotor concrete operational

preoperational

In the brain, the massive loss of unused neurons and connections is known as: generalization. pruning. evolution. natural selection.

pruning

2-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, as soon as she leaves he becomes distressed, and when she returns he goes to her immediately. Adam most clearly displays: secure attachment. object permanence. egocentrism. conservation.

secure attachment

According to Jean Piaget, object permanence and stranger anxiety develop during this stage of cognitive development. formal operational preoperational sensorimotor concrete operational

sensorimotor

Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life people face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. According to this theory, the first task that infants wrestle with is: initiative vs. guilt. autonomy vs. shame. trust vs. mistrust. intimacy vs. isolation.

trust vs. mistrust