PSY 201 FINAL

The most widely accepted trait theory today is called the:

Myers-Briggs theory of personality types.

_____ is defined as a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific group.

Prejudice

T or F: A person's personality traits are relatively consistent throughout his or her lifespan.

TRUE

T or F: According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, repressed feelings, wishes, and drives are contained in the unconscious.

TRUE

T or F: According to the five-factor model of personality, the five basic dimensions of personality are: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

TRUE

T or F: As a general rule, conformity is higher in collectivistic cultures than it is in individualistic cultures.

TRUE

T or F: Both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believed that people were inherently motivated to strive to fulfill their potential.

TRUE

T or F: Carolina was reprimanded by her boss for not wearing appropriate attire to work. She was angry at her boss because he scolded her in front of the entire office. Instead of releasing her anger on her boss, Carolina went home and kicked her dog as soon as it approached her. Carolina's behavior illustrates the ego defense mechanism of displacement.

TRUE

T or F: In general, self-report inventories, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Myers-Brigg have greater validity and reliability than projective tests, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.

TRUE

T or F: In the Robbers Cave experiment, the researchers created rivalry by having the two groups compete against each other in a series of games.

TRUE

T or F: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a self-report inventory that arrives at a personality type by measuring a person's preferred way of dealing with information, making decisions, and interacting with others.

TRUE

T or F: The social cognitive perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning and role models for developing our personality.

TRUE

Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line, as shown here. His research was designed to answer a straightforward question, namely:

Would people conform to group pressure even if the group opinion was clearly wrong?

Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to answer a straightforward question, namely:

Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?

What type of personality test involves the interpreting of an ambiguous image and is used to assess unconscious motives and conflicts?

a projective test

Conformity is defined as:

adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation.

A personality test reveals that Jacqueline is antagonistic, ruthless, and suspicious, while Melissa is acquiescent, soft-hearted, and trusting. It appears that Jacqueline and Melissa have scored at opposite ends of the _____ dimension of the five-factor model.

agreeableness

Physical strength tends to peak in

early adulthood

In industrialized countries _____ is the stage of lifespan development from approximately the late teens to the mid to late twenties, which is characterized by exploration, instability, and flexibility in social roles, vocational choices, and relationships

emerging adulthood

t or f: We put forth more effort when working in a group than individually.

false

Up until they are about 10 months of age, infants can distinguish among speech sounds

from any spoken language, whether they have been exposed to it or not

Tyler is a typical early-maturing boy. Compared to late-maturing boys, he is likely to:

have an advantage in terms of popularity and athletics, but be more prone to feelings of depression, problems at school, and engaging in drug or alcohol use.

According to Freud's theories, what are the three components to our personality?

id, ego, and superego

Which of the following represents the correct order of the four psychosocial conflicts that characterize the adolescent and adult years in Erikson's theory?

identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, ego integrity versus despair

According to Erikson's theory, the psychosocial conflict that needs to be resolved during adolescence is

identity vs. role confusion

The majority of adults aged 65 and older in the United States are:

in nursing homes or other special care facilities.

The tendency to judge the behavior of the members of your group more favorably than the behavior of members of other groups is called:

in-group bias.

The social group to which a person belongs is called the _____, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the _____.

in-group; out-group

Twelve-year-old Andrea has been wearing a bra for over a year. She had her first menstrual period when she was 10 years old and is taller than most of her classmates. Compared to late-maturing girls, Andrea is likely to have had:

negative experiences related to her early maturation.

The two basic types of personality tests are:

projective tests and self-report inventories.

Sigmund Freud is to _____ that which Carl Rogers is to _____.

psychoanalytic; humanistic

The term _____ refers to the stage in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.

puberty

After Jack's loan application for a new car was rejected, he told a friend that he was glad he had not gotten the loan because his old car was still very reliable, and he really didn't want to make monthly car payments. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Jack's behavior?

rationalization

During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, children

rely on their sensory and motor skills to acquire practical knowledge about the world

Warm and responsive parenting is to _____ as neglectful and insensitive parenting is to _____.

secure attachment; insecure attachment

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

The "rules," or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation are called:

social norms.

The branch of psychology that studies how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment is called:

social psychology.

The textbook defines _____ as a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group.

stereotype

Your sense of conscience corresponds to which component of personality in Freud's theory?

superego

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called:

the bystander effect.

By ego integrity Erik Erikson meant:

the feeling that one's life has been meaningful.

When you put your finger on your newborn nephew's palm, he curls his own fingers around yours, grasping your finger tightly. What behavior have you elicited from your nephew?

the grasping reflex

The tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to each other is called:

the out-group homogeneity effect.

The bus is fairly crowded when you get on. You make a rapid evaluation and quickly decide to sit next to a well-dressed senior citizen because you think that it will be safer to sit next to him than some of the other people on the bus. This example illustrates:

the process of person perception.

According to attachment theory:

the quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant's ability to thrive physically and psychologically.

The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his:

theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.

The main strength of projective tests is that:

they provide good conversation points that can be helpful in psychotherapy.

In comparison to the age at which young adults got married in 1960, the median age for first marriage in the year 2010 was

younger for both males and females

When David is asked to describe his best friend, Josh, he responds: "Josh is very friendly, pretty intelligent, and a really nice guy. He seems laid back, but he actually works hard at keeping up with his college classes. " David's description of his friend's personality and his characteristics would be most consistent with which of the following approaches to personality?

trait

T or F: Physical strength, stamina, and some sensory abilities tend to decline in late adulthood

true

T or F: The Robbers Cave experiments by psychologist Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues demonstrated how hostility between groups could be created and, more important, how that hostility could be overcome.

true

t or f: You are more likely to conform to group norms when you are facing a unanimous majority of four or five people.

true

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, infancy is characterized by the psychosocial conflict of

trust vs. mistrust

All of the following factors promote conformity except:

you are confident in your abilities or knowledge in the situation

Which psychologists made important contributions to the humanistic perspective on personality?

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Although Karen's divorce was finalized several months ago, she still refers to Jonathan as her husband rather than her ex-husband when talking with friends. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Karen's behavior?

denial

What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study?

Despite hearing protests from the "learner" in another room, two-thirds of the subjects continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level.

What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study?

Despite hearing protests from the learner in another room, two-thirds of the subjects continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level.

The term psychologists use to describe and measure the emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver is:

attachment.