PSY 202 Week 5 - Chapter 11: Social Psychology

During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs BEST illustrate: the just-world phenomenon. an ingroup bias. the social-responsibility norm. deindividuation.

an ingroup bias.

prejudice

an unfair and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves negative feelings, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. (p. 315)

aggression

any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. (pp. 108, 320)

Joanna disagrees with her classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Joanna is MOST likely to conform to her classmates' opinion if she: does not have to reveal her personal opinion at the close of the class discussion. has a high level of self-esteem. believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position. verbally expresses her own unique opinion early in the class dis

believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.

While driving to work, Filipa's car started smoking and shut down on a road with heavy traffic. The battery in her cell phone died, so she could not call for help. She waited over two hours for someone to stop to help before a police officer offered assistance. Filipa's difficulty in getting someone to help is an example of the _____ effect.

bystander

outgroup

"them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. (p. 318)

ingroup

"us"—people with whom we share a common identity. (p. 318)

discriminate

(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced.) (2) in social psychology, unfair negative behavior toward a group or its members. (pp. 170, 315)

The _____ error involves underestimating the situational influences on another person's behavior.

fundamental attribution

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. (p. 308)

Conformity based on a desire for approval is called _____ social influence. Conformity based on the desire to be accurate is called _____ social influence. dispositional; situational informational; normative normative; informational situational; dispositional

normative; informational

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of the firm's: attitudes. roles. schemas. norms.

norms

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people's thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments. (p. 305)

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. (p. 305)

Dr. Guthrie explores why the same person may act differently in different situations. Dr. Greenwald investigates why different people act differently in the same situation. Which statement is MOST likely true? - Dr. Guthrie is a social psychologist, whereas Dr. Greenwald is a personality psychologist. - Dr. Guthrie is a personality psychologist, whereas Dr. Greenwald is a social psychologist. - Both Dr. Guthrie and Dr. Greenwald are personality psychologists. - Both Dr. Guthrie and Dr. Greenwald are social psychologists.

Dr. Guthrie is a social psychologist, whereas Dr. Greenwald is a personality psychologist.

A metropolitan police department is trying to stop a conflict between two gangs that occupy the same neighborhood. Which suggestion would a psychologist NOT give to groups caught in a social trap? Encourage each gang to consider and act in its self-interest. Promote awareness of each gang's mutual responsibility to the neighborhood. Get the gangs to agree to rules and regulations for interacting in the neighborhood. Have representatives from each gang meet with the police to talk about their conflict.

Encourage each gang to consider and act in its self-interest.

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. (p. 328)

Laxmi is a mother. The responsibilities and expectations associated with this position constitute a social: schema. prototype. attribution. role.

role

Some European Canadians living in a large city on Canada's west coast believe that wealthy immigrants from Hong Kong and, increasingly, China's mainland have inflated the price of housing in the city, making home ownership difficult for many. They therefore view Asian Canadians negatively. This is BEST explained by ______ theory. scapegoat attribution social exchange cognitive dissonance

scapegoat

The _____ theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. attribution social exchange cognitive dissonance scapegoat

scapegoat

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. (p. 331)

group polarization

strengthening of a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group. (p. 313)

If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This BEST illustrates: the chameleon effect. the mere exposure effect. social loafing. the bystander effect.

the chameleon effect.

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. (p. 312) Social Context: Group setting that fosters arousal and anonymity Psychological affect of others' presence: Reduced self-awareness Behavioral effect: Lowered self-restraint

social psychologists

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. (p. 302)

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. (p. 312) Social Context: group projects Psychological affect of others' presence: diminished feelings of responsibility when not individually accountable Behavioral effect: Decreased effort

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. (p. 304)

mere exposure effect

the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them. (p. 324)

just-world phenomenon

the tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. (p. 318)

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. (p. 318)

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) clash. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions don't match, we may change our attitudes so that we feel more comfortable. (p. 305)

altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others pg 328

Which is NOT among the three key factors determining whether one will like another person? attractiveness similarity proximity wealth

wealth

Attitudes are to social thinking as prejudice is to social: influence. change. perception. relations.

relations

roles

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. (pp. 113, 304)

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. (p. 307)

An individual who endangers his or her own life by jumping onto railway tracks to rescue a stranger is BEST seen as exemplifying: ingroup bias. altruism. social exchange theory. reciprocity norm.

altruism

We tend to feel discomfort when our thoughts are inconsistent with our actions and then act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as: cognitive dissonance theory. the confirmation bias. motivated forgetting. the fundamental attribution error.

cognitive dissonance theory.

In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner": initially complied but refused to deliver more than slight levels of shock. complied until ordered to deliver intense levels of shock. refused to deliver even slight levels of shock. complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.

complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.

The adage that "familiarity breeds contempt" is _____ by research on the _____ effect. contradicted; bystander contradicted; mere exposure supported; bystander supported; mere exposure

contradicted; mere exposure

During a riot, a large sporting event, or mob action, people lose self-awareness and self-restraint. This is known as: deindividuation. social facilitation. normative social influence. social loafing.

deindividuation

Seven-year-old Evan's parents use a great deal of harsh physical punishment and verbal intimidation to control his behavior. Studies have shown that if his parents continue this type of discipline Evan is more likely to: use less violent behavior in disciplining his children in the future. be more empathetic to others. learn more appropriate social skills. demonstrate delinquent behavior in the future.

demonstrate delinquent behavior in the future.

When we perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called: normative social influence. social loafing. social facilitation. deindividuation.

social facilitation

An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the MOST difficulty explaining: aggression that is accompanied by anger and hostility. wide cultural variations in aggressiveness. the use of nuclear weapons to kill millions of unseen victims. unexpected and unprovoked outbursts of aggression.

wide cultural variations in aggressiveness.

A cell phone manufacturer uses a famous pop singer to advertise its product to teenagers. The company is relying on _____ route persuasion. central peripheral situational dispositional

peripheral

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group. (p. 318)

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. (p. 318)

fundamental attribution error

the tendency, when analyzing others' behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the influence of the situation. (p. 302)

Currently, online dating is responsible for 1 in _____ marriages. 8 10 4 5

5

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance? It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks. It improves performance on verbal tasks and hinders a person's performance on mathematical tasks. It improves performance on physical tasks and hinders a person's performance on mental tasks. It improves performance on poorly learned tasks and hinders a person's performance on well-learned tasks.

It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.

self-fulfiling prophecies

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment. (p. 330)

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. (p. 327)

social scripts

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. (pp. 121, 322)

stereotypes

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. (p. 315)

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. (p. 330)

Festinger is to Zimbardo as _____ is to role playing.

cognitive dissonance

Janelle yells at Jason for being 10 minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe that Janelle is a rude jerk, Jason decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Jason's explanation of Janelle's behavior: - reflects the fundamental attribution error because it is based on Janelle's personality. - does not reflect the fundamental attribution error because it is based on Janelle's situation. - does not reflect the fundamental attribution error because it is based on Janelle's personality. - reflects the fundamental attribution error because it is based on Janelle's situation.

does not reflect the fundamental attribution error because it is based on Janelle's situation.

During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wanted to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roach counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roach is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence. peripheral; central central; peripheral informational; normative normative; informational

informational; normative

A 14-year-old student slams a 13-year-old classmate into a metal locker. A 15-year-old student spreads a cruel rumor about a classmate. Based on this information, which student(s) is/are being aggressive? Neither the 14- nor 15-year-old is being aggressive. Both the 14- and 15-year-old are being aggressive. the 15-year-old, not the 14-year-old the 14-year-old, not the 15-year-old

Both the 14- and 15-year-old are being aggressive.

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of romantic love. (p. 327)

self-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help. (p. 330)

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. (p. 330)

what causes social loafing?

feel less accountable, so worry less about what others think. view individual contributions as unneeded overestimate their own contributions, downplaying others' efforts free ride on others' efforts. Unless highly motivated, group members may slack off (as you've probably noticed in work on group assignments), especially when they share equally in the benefits regardless of how much they contribute.

attitudes

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. (p. 303)

You are trying to convince your parents to send you on a trip to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip. This technique is known as the _____ phenomenon.

foot-in-the-door

If the political conservatism of female students who join sororities is greater than that of female students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be BEST explained in terms of _____.

group polarization

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. (p. 311) Social Context: individual being observed Psychological affect of others' presence: Increased arousal. Behavioral effect: Amplified dominant behavior, such as doing better what one does well (or doing worse what is difficult.)

The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in _____ than it is in _____. individualist Western countries; East Asian cultures East Asian cultures; individualist Western countries males; females females; males

individualist Western countries; East Asian cultures

informational social influence

influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. (p. 308)

Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This MOST clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n): reaction to frustration. product of deindividuation. instinctive behavior. learned response.

learned response

The phenomenon of social loafing means that at least in some instances, the group is _______ than the sum of its individual members. equal to less more much more

less

Darley and Latané simulated a physical emergency in their laboratory. University students participated in a discussion over an intercom. Each student was in a separate cubicle, and only the person whose microphone was switched on could be heard. One of the students was an accomplice of the experimenters. When his turn came, he made sounds as though he were having an epileptic seizure and called for help. Those who thought others could also hear were: less likely to care what happened to the person faking the seizure. more likely to turn off their intercom. less likely to help. more likely to call the police for help.

less likely to help

Research shows that after extensive exposure to X-rated sexual films, men are subsequently _____ accepting of women's sexual submission and _____ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest. more; less less; more less; less more; more

more; more

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting groups, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. (p. 330)

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of: deindividuation. sexual discrimination. mirror-image perceptions. stereotypes.

stereotypes

attribution theory

suggests how we explain someone's behavior—by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

compassionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. (p. 327)

You are trying to convince your parents to send you on a trip to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip. This technique is known as: the confirmation bias. motivated forgetting. the fundamental attribution error. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

After Marcus lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the reputation of the newly chosen president. Marcus' behavior is BEST explained in terms of: the just-world phenomenon. group polarization. the mere exposure effect. the frustration-aggression principle.

the frustration-aggression principle.

Chuck just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in run-down houses. He often sees them struggling to find food on the street and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer, he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates: deindividuation. mirror-image perceptions. the mere exposure effect. the just-world phenomenon.

the just-world phenomenon.

If people are asked how they like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of: the mere exposure effect. cognitive dissonance. social facilitation. the fundamental attribution error.

the mere exposure effect.

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of: mirror-image perceptions. deindividuation. the mere exposure effect. social facilitation.

the mere exposure effect.

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. (p. 315) A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. (p. 321)

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. (p. 329)