PSY 220 Exam 5

After your mother's operation, she was relieved that all the colors on the TV seem more vivid and the headlights on cars now look white again rather than cloudy. She most likely had surgery for_________. glaucoma cataracts macular degeneration tinnitus

cataracts

When individuals die, there is a period of grief. The most grief is experienced with the loss of parents, spouses, and __________________. children siblings grandparents close friends, especially those from early in childhood

children

Wyatt is a two-year-old from the Northeastern part of the United States. His main risk of early death is from _____________. complications from an accident pediatric cancer Lou Gehrig's disease homicide

complications from an accident

Carlo's sister Angela is very ill and near death. She has asked that a Catholic priest come to her bedside in order to perform what ritual? Anointing of the sick Perform a vigil A requiem mass Recite a kaddish prayer

Anointing of the sick

Your mother has quite a bit of gray hair. She told you that she first started getting gray hair when she was 32 and it keeps getting grayer each year. Which of the following explains why your mother's hair keeps on graying? People who gray prematurely experience more graying than others who gray later in life. As we age, there is a loss of pigment that provides color to hair. Gray pigments occur more frequently in older adults. Gray pigments are more concentrated in fair-skinned older adults.

As we age, there is a loss of pigment that provides color to hair.

Within the United States, this ethnic group has the LOWEST rates of death from heart disease. White Americans Asian Americans Native Americans African Americans

Asian Americans

Describe how beliefs and fears about death change throughout adulthood.

Death anxiety is highest in emerging adulthood, then declines with age, and is lowest in late adulthood, as many adults undergo a life review and come to accept the life they have lived. Death is also more familiar to those in late adulthood, so they spend more time talking about it and planning for it than younger adults do.

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the correct order of emotions that people go through as a response to death? Anger, denial, depression, bargaining, and acceptance Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance Bargaining, anger, depression, denial, and acceptance Depression, anger, denial, bargaining, and acceptance

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

Identify three lifestyle practices that have a positive influence on health.

Eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding unhealthy practices, such as cigarette smoking and excess alcohol consumption, all have a positive effect on health in late adulthood.

______________________ are more common in late adulthood than at earlier ages. Sex differences in self-esteem Negative emotions Sex differences in gender roles Positive emotions

Positive emotions

Explain why late adulthood is a time of positive emotions and high self-esteem.

Positive emotions and self-esteem rise during late adulthood, because older adults tend to be more accepting of their past and present selves than young or middle adults are. Gender differences in self-esteem diminish or disappear by late adulthood.

Which best describes emotions during late adulthood? Positive emotions are more common in late adulthood than at earlier ages. Negative emotions are high due to health issues. Late adults are often severely depressed and isolated. Emotions during this period fluctuate greatly depending on the time of year.

Positive emotions are more common in late adulthood than at earlier ages.

Eloise has been studying the aging process in her health class. She is dreading getting _______, a common chronic health problem of late adulthood for which there is no cure, because her grandparents both had it and seemed to be in a lot of pain all the time. hypertension colon cancer arthritis osteoporosis

arthritis

Jane recently moved her mother into a(n) _________ and was relieved that her mother was actually enjoying it there. Each person there has a separate apartment, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area. She has transportation for shopping and medical appointments, but Jane has been able to arrange her schedule so that she can take her mother to her doctors' appointments. hospice care center assisted living facility nursing home group home

assisted living facility

Mrs. Bourdeau is an American woman living in the United States who is widowed, and has a married son and a married daughter. If she becomes ill, she is likely to be cared for by ___________________. her daughter or daughter-in-law her son and daughter equally her best friend, who is also a widow heroldest child

her daughter or daughter-in-law

Dr. Hoy studies memory changes with age, as well as interventions to improve memory among those over age 65. It is most likely that Dr. Hoy is a(n) _______. biopsychologist gerontologist psychologist of ageism evolutionary psychologist

gerontologist

During the Chinese period of the Ghost Month, __________________. families fast to ward away ghosts and evil spirits families build shrines to their ancestors ghosts are free to roam the earth seeking food and entertainment children receive gifts in honor of the deceased

ghosts are free to roam the earth seeking food and entertainment

Arthritis _____________________________. has no cure affects more men than women is caused by a steep drop in estrogen is caused by excess exercise in previous decades

has no cure

Your niece is 4 years old, and her grandfather recently died. When adults in your family speak to her about her grandfather's death, they will probably tell her that her grandfather ___________ to avoid being blunt and upsetting her. has passed on is dead will be back soon died in a car accident

has passed on

Mrs. Chang is a Chinese woman in her 80s, who is no longer able to live independently. With whom is she most likely to live? her son or daughter, whomever lives closest to her her eldest daughter her eldest son her niece

her eldest son

In developed countries today, most people die _____________________. at home in a privately funded hospice home in nursing homes or assisted living facilities in a hospital

in a hospital

In developed countries, _________ were the dominant cause of death until the early 20 th century. suicides infectious diseases injuries chronic illnesses

infectious diseases

Kyle is 80 years old and is likely to conduct a _______________, thinking back on his life and accepting both the good and the bad. life review living will personal fable euphemism

life review

Following the death of a spouse ______________. the risk of mortality is about the same as among married peers because widows and widowers are often given a lot of social support men are more likely than women to experience physical and mental health problems women are more likely than men to experience mental health problems because they are less likely to get remarried older adults tend to grieve similarly regardless of how their spouse died because of deeply engrained beliefs of what is "appropriate"

men are more likely than women to experience physical and mental health problems

Ending chemotherapy treatment for a cancer patient is an example of _________. active euthanasia assisted suicide DNR provision passive euthanasia

passive euthanasia

According to ______________ , shrinking social networks in adulthood are by choice. socioemotional selectivity theory Erikson's theory primary aging theory selective optimization with compensation

socioemotional selectivity theory

Memory for where a piece of information is acquired is known as _______________. procedural memory semantic memory source memory working memory

source memory

When you are reminiscing with your grandfather, you notice that he tends to remember more events from ages _______, probably because so many important life events take place during those years. 10-30 25-40 5-15 40-60

10-30

What is the Day of the Dead? Part of the period of the Buddhist religion called Ghost Month. A joyful celebration in Mexico, remembering all who have died. Another name for All Hallows' Eve, originating in England. In Germany, it is the day when all who have died that winter finally get buried.

A joyful celebration in Mexico, remembering all who have died.

In developed countries today, what percent of people die at home? Less than 5% There are no records on where people die. About 20% About 60%

About 20%

Beyond infant and child mortality, which of the following makes up the vast difference in life expectancy between developed and developing countries? The degree of physical labor required of jobs Carcinogens and toxins in the environment Access to health care in late adulthood The type of diet

Access to health care in late adulthood

Describe how relations with children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren change during late adulthood.

Across cultures, contact with children continues to be frequent through late adulthood, and there may be a role reversal between parents and children, with parents now depending on their children for care and support. Although grandparents and grandchildren often decrease their frequency of contact as the grandchildren become busy with the tasks of adult life, feelings of closeness and affection established earlier remain strong for most. Relations with great-grandchildren tend to be less close than with grandchildren, and contact is less frequent.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding influences on health in late adulthood? Smoking rates in the United States and other developing countries have increased in the last few decades as a result of more aggressive marketing campaigns. Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive functioning. Older adults have more automobile crashes than 16-to 20-year-olds, but their crashes are less likely to be fatal. Participation in exercise increases slightly after age 65 as people have more leisure time.

Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive functioning.

Within the United States, ______________ have the highest rates of death from heart disease. Asian Americans African Americans Whites Latinos

African Americans

____________________________ are especially at risk for developing Alzheimer's disease. African Americans Those with a history of high blood pressure Highly educated people Individuals who eat a lot of fish and olive oil

African Americans

Explain how individual beliefs about the afterlife vary across countries and within the United States.

Belief in life after death varies by country, but the majority of people in most countries believe in some kind of afterlife. Americans are more likely than people in other developed countries to believe in life after death, although fewer than half of American Jews hold this belief.

Which is the most common visual impairment in late adulthood? Macular degeneration Cataracts Glaucoma Tinnitus

Cataracts

Describe the changes in vision, hearing, taste, and smell in late adulthood.

Changes to the cornea, lens, retina, and optic nerve in late adulthood may lead to cataracts, macular degeneration, or glaucoma. Hearing typically declines in late adulthood, although hearing aids may help compensate for this decline. Taste and smell also decline, which can have a negative impact on the diet and health of older adults.

Drawing upon research conducted in the United States, which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to report symptoms of major depressive disorder? Roberta, a 23-year-old Carmen, a 14-year-old Charlotte, a 68-year-old Maren, a 48-year-old

Charlotte, a 68-year-old

Describe how children's understanding of death changes from childhood to adolescence.

Children realize that death is permanent, but not until middle childhood do they realize that death is inevitable. In adolescence, beliefs about death become more abstract and more complex, reflecting adolescents' more general gains in cognitive development.

Some research has shown that a person from ________ would be most likely to respond to terminal illness and grief by focusing on the ways the prospect of death will change relationships with others. the United States China Canada New Zealand

China

Identify the major health problems associated with late adulthood, and list some treatment options.

Common chronic health problem of late adulthood is arthritis, a disease of the joints that especially affects the hips, knees, neck, hands, and lower back. There is no cure, but medication and surgery can be used to treat the pain. Loss of bone mass continues in late adulthood, causing the risk of osteoporosis to rise, mostly for women. Osteoporosis can be delayed or even reversed with a combination of regular bone-strengthening exercise (such as weightlifting) and a calcium-rich diet. Rates of hypertension, or high blood pressure, rise in late adulthood due to primary and secondary aging.

Which statement best describes exercise habits in late adulthood? Doctors don't recommend exercise for this age group. Aerobic exercise is not advised because it increases the risk of a heart attack. Older adults exercise more often than midlife adults because they have fewer family obligations. Eighty-five to ninety-five percent of adults over age 65 never engage in vigorous exercise.

Eighty-five to ninety-five percent of adults over age 65 never engage in vigorous exercise.

Distinguish between Erikson's theory and Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory of late adulthood.

Erikson proposed that late adulthood is a period when the central challenge is ego integrity versus despair. Ego integrity means looking back on one's life and accepting the outcome of it, whereas despair entails regrets and bitterness about the course of one's life, and a conclusion that it has not gone well and now cannot be changed. Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory states that older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts. Carstensen argues that in late adulthood, knowledge-based goals fade in importance as people leave the workplace and no longer have daily responsibilities as coworkers and parents, causing relationship goals to become more emotion-based.

J.M. is a 92-year-old woman living in Canada. She would be most likely to be living in a nursing home if she has a(n) ________ cultural background. European Asian African Latino

European

Developing countries are faced with difficult challenges in the decades ahead due to the rising old-age dependency ratio. The country with the most serious problem of all is ________. South Africa Japan Australia China

Japan

Which of the following is an example of primary aging? Graying and thinning of the hair Cardiovascular disease Alzheimer's disease Wrinkled skin caused by years of sun tanning

Graying and thinning of the hair

Identify some limitations of Kübler-Ross's theory, and describe some other responses to death and dying.

Her theory has been influential but has not held up well in subsequent research. Few people go through the five stages in this sequence, and many people experience few or none of the stages.

Perry grew up in a small town and has gone to every high school reunion, despite moving across the country. Based on the research, at which reunion would he be the least self-conscious and more accepting of his past and present selves? His 30 th year reunion His 10 th year reunion His 5 th year reunion His 50 th year reunion

His 50 th year reunion

Summarize the options and controversies that exist regarding end-of-life care and death.

Hospice care provides a humane setting that allows terminally ill people to live the final chapter of their lives with dignity. Euthanasia, which involves either ceasing medical interventions or taking steps to bring about death, is sometimes considered when death is near and there is no possibility of recovery, although it is highly controversial. Many older adults in developed countries now create advance directives before they become ill so that their loved ones will not be faced with making difficult choices on their behalf.

Describe the changes in sleep patterns that occur during late adulthood.

In late adulthood many people take longer to fall asleep, wake up more often during the night, and sleep less deeply. Many older adults also experience sleep apnea. Changes in sleep patterns are due both to normal aging and to psychological and medical conditions.

Explain how the brain changes during late adulthood, and identify the symptoms and risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.

In late adulthood the brain actually shrinks and total brain mass declines. Declines also take place in certain neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and dopamine. The earliest symptom of Alzheimer's disease is a loss of memory for recent events and familiar names and tasks. Personality is often negatively affected, along with the ability to control bodily functions. A specific gene known as the ApoE gene indicates risk for Alzheimer's disease, but not everyone with the gene develops the disease. Diets high in fats and sugars increase the risk of developing the disease, and maintaining a high level of cognitive activity appears to be a protective factor against it.

Compare cultural views toward older adults, and distinguish between the three substages of late adulthood.

In many Asian and traditional cultures, status is based partly on age, and older adults are treated with respect and authority. Depictions of late adulthood are becoming more positive in the West as well, as shown in advertisements. Developmental psychologists divide late adulthood into three substages: young-old (age 65-74); old-old (age 75-84); and oldest-old (age 85 and up). Adults in these substages may differ based on how they perform activities of daily living (ADLs), so gerontologists today often refer to the concept of functional age.

_______________ is/are the dominant cause of death in developing countries today. Infectious diseases Chronic conditions such as cancer Suicide Heart disease

Infectious diseases

Describe the effects of intervention studies on cognitive decline, and explain how older adults adapt to physical and cognitive changes.

Intervention studies show that regular mental exercise enhances mental abilities and slows the cognitive decline that takes place with primary aging. This could include activities such as crossword puzzles, playing card games, watching educational television, and reading books. The most successful adaptation to declining physical and cognitive abilities in late adulthood involves selective optimization with compensation (SOC).

In which religion is cremation forbidden? Islam Hinduism Buddhism Protestant

Islam

Kathy was taking care of her husband who has been battling colon cancer for five years and had resisted the recommendation of family members to contact hospice. Based on research, what is the most likely reason she would not accept this help? She is a trained medical professional and feels competent managing on her own. She is an introvert and is shy about having people come into her home. It means acknowledging that death is imminent. She is concerned that this approach goes against her religious beliefs.

It means acknowledging that death is imminent.

Which of the following is a critique of Kübler -Ross's theory? She did not collect any data to inform her theory. The number of stages is insufficient to capture the complexity of responding to imminent death. It has not been influential in the care of terminally ill patients in this country. It overlooks the cultural context.

It overlooks the cultural context.

Which of the following is NOT considered a critique of the theory of Kübler-Ross? It overlooks the cultural context. Many people don't go through all five stages. It places too much emphasis on cultural and spiritual beliefs. It overlooks fear as a response.

It places too much emphasis on cultural and spiritual beliefs.

One of your friends tells you that her mother died and they will be sitting shiva. In addition, she must recite a prayer called the Kaddish every day for 11 months. Your friend most likely follows which religion? Buddhism Hinduism Protestant Judaism

Judaism

Summarize Kübler-Ross's theory of death and dying.

Kübler-Ross proposed that people go through a series of five stages in their responses to imminent death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Describe how leisure activities, community involvement, religious involvement, and media use change in late adulthood.

Leisure activities in late adulthood tend to be a continuation of things adults had enjoyed earlier in life. Many older adults travel, but most of older adults' leisure time is spent watching television, reading, and visiting family and friends. Volunteering, involvement in civic organizations, and religious participation are high during late adulthood. Television use is also high, and Internet use can enhance the health care and social lives of older adults.

Explain how romantic relationships and sexuality change during late adulthood.

Marital satisfaction increases from middle adulthood to late adulthood and reaches its highest point of the entire life span. Many people, especially women, lose their spouse during late adulthood, a painful and difficult transition for most. Rates of remarriage are low but tend to be more successful in late adulthood than at earlier ages. There are wide cultural variations in views of the acceptability and appropriateness of sexual activity in late adulthood. Sexual activity depends crucially on physical health. A U.S. study reported that frequencies of kissing, hugging, and sexual touching and caressing were higher than rates of intercourse in late adulthood.

Which of the following statements best reflects the results of the Pew survey on afterlife beliefs within the United States? Afterlife beliefs were high among Christians, but quite low among other religions such as Muslims and Hindus. Across religious groups, people are somewhat more likely to believe in hell than to believe in heaven. Only a small percentage of Americans believe in life after death. Most Americans are tolerant of different views about religion and the afterlife, believing that many religions can lead to eternal life.

Most Americans are tolerant of different views about religion and the afterlife, believing that many religions can lead to eternal life.

Which of the following is true regarding work and retirement? Younger adults are more likely to be self-employed than their older counterparts. For most older adults, the main reason they work past the traditional "retirement age" is that they need the money. Most older Americans say they would prefer to enter retirement gradually. Retirement satisfaction tends to be higher among those in lower-status jobs because they feel a sense of relief to no longer have to go to work every day.

Most older Americans say they would prefer to enter retirement gradually.

Which of the following is TRUE? Research on patients who died in hospitals and their families has found that they were amazed and appreciative of the focus on the emotional needs of the patient. Dying in a hospital usually means that pain will be treated and the person is less likely to be fearful. Most people prefer to die at home. Even nearly a year after a home death, family caregivers report that it was relatively easy to not have to be in an institutional setting.

Most people prefer to die at home.

Compare and contrast the benefits and drawbacks of dying at home versus in a hospital.

Most people would prefer to die at home, yet few do in developed countries. Dying at home often takes place slowly and gradually, leaving caregivers under the strain of helping the dying person with daily activities. Hospitals offer advanced medical care but are often seen as impersonal and dehumanizing.

Compare and contrast the mourning rituals of Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Mourning rituals are important to Hindus and Buddhists, as they believe that these rituals will help influence what a soul's status will be in the next life. Both religions practice cremation. Jewish mourning rituals after death are among the most highly ritualized, and include sitting shiva with the deceased. Christian rituals may include the anointing of the sick, vigils, and a mass. Muslim burial takes place within a short time after death, because Islam does not allow embalming or otherwise disturbing the body after death. Prayers are recited outdoors and the body is laid to rest in a grave facing Mecca.

Which of the following best describes how sleep patterns change during late adulthood? People experience changes in sleep, but these changes are not correlated with psychological problems, such as depression, as they were in earlier parts of the life span. Women in late adulthood often experience sleep apnea, but the disorder is rare among men. People have fewer sleep problems than they did earlier in their lives because they no longer have the daily stress associated with work and children. People sleep less deeply than they did when they were younger.

People sleep less deeply than they did when they were younger.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding research on wisdom? People who hold leadership positions are more likely than others to score high on measures of wisdom. There has been no empirical research conducted on wisdom because researchers disagree about how it should be measured. The construct of wisdom has only been studied in the United States. Wisdom increases as people get older, but it increases more for men than for women.

People who hold leadership positions are more likely than others to score high on measures of wisdom.

________ shows relatively little decline in late adulthood. Procedural memory Selective attention Divided attention Working memory

Procedural memory

_________________ is a protective factor against developing Alzheimer's disease. Regular physical activity Being of African heritage Abstaining from all alcohol Having the ApoE gene

Regular physical activity

________ has/have sometimes yielded dramatic results in slowing the aging process, but with some unpleasant side effects including growth of excess hair, liver damage, and abnormal growth of facial bones. Calorie restriction for over a year Antioxidant supplements DHEA supplements Regular use of growth hormone

Regular use of growth hormone

Which of the following would you expect a late adult to do best? Keep track of more than one information source simultaneously Concentrate on a task for an extended period of time Remember factual information Tune out irrelevant information

Remember factual information

Describe the rituals and traditions used by various religions to remember and honor the dead.

Rituals and traditions for remembering and honoring the dead exist in all traditions. They vary greatly, but many include leaving an offering such as food for the deceased, lighting candles in remembrance, saying prayers, and visiting the grave.

Describe how attention and memory change during late adulthood.

Several different types of attention decline in late adulthood, including selective, divided, and sustained attention. Memory declines vary based on the type of memory involved. There is relatively little decline in procedural memory and semantic memory, but declines are steeper in working memory, long-term memory, episodic memory, and source memory.

Identify the signs of physical aging in late adulthood, and differentiate the impact of primary and secondary aging on appearance.

Signs of physical aging include graying and thinning hair, age spots, decrease in body weight, and possible loss of teeth. Many of these changes are due to primary aging, although influences such as sun exposure and diet have an effect as well.

Older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their __________________. Social contacts career choices physical activities choice of cognitive activities

Social contacts

Describe variations in retirement, and identify the impact of retirement on older adults.

The decision about precisely when to retire is based on a variety of factors, especially financial considerations, physical health, and job satisfaction. Many older Americans enter retirement gradually, through bridge jobs that do not require full-time hours. Most older adults adjust well to retirement, but adults who were forced into retirement are less happy with retirement than those who retired by choice. People who choose to retire generally experience improvements in their physical and mental health following the transition, whereas people who retired involuntarily tend to decline.

Describe how the emotional responses associated with grief change over time.

The early responses to grief often entail shock, numbness, and disbelief, followed by a period of intense emotions alternating with states that resemble the symptoms of depression. Grief gradually subsides and the bereaved person is able to resume previous daily activities and social relationships, although feelings of loss and yearning may never entirely fade.

Define the old-age dependency ratio, and explain its impact on developed countries.

The old-age dependency ratio (OADR) is calculated by dividing the number of persons age 65 or older by the number of persons age 20-64 and multiplying by 100. The OADR in developed countries is rising because of decreasing fertility rates and increased life expectancy, due largely to medical interventions. Countries such as Japan face strains on their social welfare systems due to the rising OADR.

Which of the following best describes late adulthood relationships in Western culture? The risk of death after the loss of a spouse is greater for men than for women. Marital satisfaction is almost as high as it was in middle adulthood. Women are more likely than men to become depressed after a spouse dies. Rates of remarriage in late adulthood are higher than in middle adulthood because children are less likely to be living in the same household.

The risk of death after the loss of a spouse is greater for men than for women.

Describe variations in the grieving process, and identify factors that influence these variations.

There are variations in grieving depending on who has died and how the death occurred, with the most intense grief experienced for deaths of a parent, child, or spouse, and for deaths that occurred suddenly. Men and women generally deal with the death of a spouse differently, with men more likely to experience physical and mental health problems.

Compare cultural differences in living situations during late adulthood.

There is great variety in living situations for older adults: Some live independently, others live with children, and still others live in assisted living facilities or nursing homes. In Asian cultures, where filial piety is strong, older adults have traditionally lived with their children, although this pattern may be changing.

Which of the following about Alzheimer's disease is TRUE? Life expectancy following diagnosis of Alzheimer's is about 10 years for men and 15 years for women. Eating a Mediterranean diet increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's because of an associated protein deficiency. There is no evidence of a genetic basis of Alzheimer's disease. There is no cure for Alzheimer's

There is no cure for Alzheimer's

Which statement best describes the results of the International Social Survey Program survey on afterlife beliefs? Only a small percentage of Americans believe in life after death. There was great similarity in afterlife beliefs around the world. After life beliefs were strongest in European countries. There was great variability in the proportion of adults responding "definitely yes" to a belief in life after death.

There was great variability in the proportion of adults responding "definitely yes" to a belief in life after death.

When Lia's grandmother died, her parents told her "Grandma has passed on." This is an example of ___________________. a life review a personal fable a euphemism ego integrity versus despair

a euphemism

Your co-worker was talking about how, after the academic year, he is going back to Japan for his grandmother's kanreki. What is the purpose of this ritual? To celebrate the birth of her first grandson To celebrate her professional accomplishments as she enters retirement To celebrate her 50 th anniversary To celebrate her freedom from previous responsibilities and elevate her to a respected status as elder

To celebrate her freedom from previous responsibilities and elevate her to a respected status as elder

Describe how causes of death have changed throughout history and identify the two major causes of death today.

Until the past century, many deaths occurred during infancy, toddlerhood, and early childhood due to young children's susceptibility to infectious diseases. During the 20th century, causes of death such as cancer and heart disease became more common in developed countries as death occurs later in the life span. Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death among adults in developed countries. Symptoms of a heart attack include acute pain, weakness, dizziness, confusion, and shortness of breath. Men and African Americans have higher rates of heart disease. Symptoms of cancer depend on the type but may include weight loss, fatigue, and weakness. Cancer is most common in late adulthood and has a partly genetic origin, but smoking, poor diet, excessive alcohol use, and chronic exposure to sunlight can increase the risk of developing the disease.

Your grandmother is 78 and just found out that her osteoporosis has gotten much worse. For her birthday you thought you would get her a gift to help improve her bone density. What gift should you give her? Weights to carry with her on her walk A gift certificate for zumba classes A gift certificate to the organic meat market A yoga mat and a video with stretching exercises

Weights to carry with her on her walk

Describe the role that telomeres and free radicals play in aging, and review efforts to delay the aging process.

When the Hayflick limit is reached, the telomeres become too short and cells stop replicating. Shortened telomeres have been found to be associated with a wide range of diseases such as cancer. Some studies have reported that under certain conditions there can be an increase in an enzyme called telomerase, which regulates the length of telomeres. Free radicals cause damage to the DNA and other structures that cells need to function. The activity of free radicals is muted by the presence of antioxidants, which absorb the extra electron in the free radicals and thereby prevent them from damaging the cell. Antioxidants are found naturally in many foods, especially fruits and vegetables, yet research shows there are more risks than benefits from ingesting antioxidant medications and supplements. Experimental studies in which animals and humans receive supplements of growth hormone have yielded sometimes dramatic results, but these effects have not been permanent, and regular use of growth hormones has been found to have some unpleasant side effects. Studies on DHEA supplements have so far failed to show benefits. In a wide variety of animal species, decreasing caloric intake by 30-50% results in an increase in life span of up to 50%, but few studies have been done on humans.

Which of the following did Baltes define as "expertise in the conduct and meaning of life"? Wisdom Dialectical thinking Post-formal thinking Enlightenment

Wisdom

Research has shown that anxiety about death is highest among those who _______________. believe that they are sinners maintain strong religious faith are atheist or agnostic are unsure believers or inconsistent participants in religious activities

are unsure believers or inconsistent participants in religious activities

Define wisdom, and summarize research on the impact of age and culture on wisdom.

Wisdom is defined by Baltes as "expertise in the conduct and meaning of life," and wisdom research has focused on rating responses to hypothetical questions. Research on responses to hypothetical situations has found that wisdom is as likely to be found among the young as among the old. Wisdom accumulated by late adulthood may be more valuable in a culture where social change is slow than in a culture where change is rapid, because if it is slow, the life experiences of elders may be more relevant to the current experiences of people of younger ages.

How is wisdom related to age, according to research? Wisdom is at its peak during the college years. Wisdom is only attained when you reach late adulthood. Wisdom is generally unrelated to age. Wisdom declines after early adulthood.

Wisdom is generally unrelated to age.

Which of the following has been found in research about wisdom? People who hold leadership positions are more likely to score lower in wisdom. Wisdom is generally unrelated to age. Wisdom is negatively correlated with educational levels. Wisdom correlates strongly with brain size.

Wisdom is generally unrelated to age.

Research on grief has shown that _____________________. talking to the deceased spouse was found only among those who had psychological disorders before the loss after the initial shock fades, most bereaved people resume their daily activities, but it may take weeks or months survivors who experience a change in their identity to incorporate the recognition of the death are the ones most at risk of suicide after the initial shock fades, people who were not depressed before the loss will not be depressed after it because of their innate resiliency

after the initial shock fades, most bereaved people resume their daily activities, but it may take weeks or months

Elijah was recently given the news that his cancer has spread rapidly, and he does not have much longer to live. After a brief period of disbelief, he now says things like, "I'm a good person, why does that guy get to live and I have to die?" and, "That lady has been smoking for 30 years and she's fine. Why am I the one who has to get sick?" Elijah is clearly in Kübler -Ross's ______________ stage, the second stage of her five proposed stages of responses to imminent death. anger acceptance bargaining depression

anger

Parents who experience the death of a child ___________________. form a deeper bond with each other and have a stronger marriage as a result experience great distress, but recover from it quickly have double the risk of cancer are at a higher risk of divorce

are at a higher risk of divorce

Older Americans _______________________. who are higher in religious practices are more likely to have physical health problems who are higher in religious practices are more likely to have mental health problems are more religious than their younger counterparts report higher religious beliefs and practices if they are male than if they are female

are more religious than their younger counterparts

Older adults in developed countries _______________________. are the group most likely to be receiving public assistance are now more likely to be living in extended-family households than in the past are the wealthiest segment of the population usually perform a ritual celebrating the person's freedom from previous responsibilities

are the wealthiest segment of the population

Research on death anxiety has shown that __________________. death anxiety is higher among women than men strength of religious faith is unrelated to level of death anxiety younger people talk more about death than older people do because they see it as less of a threat because it is further away older adults are more afraid of death than younger age groups because they've witnessed the death of friends and family members

death anxiety is higher among women than men

After experiencing the death of a loved one, it is not uncommon for intense emotional states to alternate with states that resemble the symptoms of ___________. obsessive-compulsive disorder dissociative identity disorder Tourette's syndrome depression

depression

Lianna, a teenager, and her sister, who is only 8 years old, recently lost their grandmother. Lianna is more likely than her sister to _______________________. grieve understand that death is permanent cry over the loss discuss religious concepts surrounding the death

discuss religious concepts surrounding the death

Research on hospice has found that _______________. it is more expensive than standard hospital care family members who provide for the dying person with hospice support have better psychological functioning two years later, compared to family members without hospice support families of the dying find it to be more stressful than those who do not rely on hospice care because they feel a loss of control it is more common among African Americans, who tend to be higher than other groups in spirituality

family members who provide for the dying person with hospice support have better psychological functioning two years later, compared to family members without hospice support

One critique of Kübler-Ross's theory is that it overlooks ________ as a response to a diagnosis of terminal illness. fear anger relief depression

fear

Bertha has a higher ______ than her younger sister, Edna. Despite the fact that Bertha is 89 and her sister is only 72, Bertha is still able to live independently and even takes a daily walk. Unfortunately, Edna did not live a healthy lifestyle and is now confined to a wheelchair and needs an aide to help her with many of her activities of daily living. chronological lifespan actual lifespan functional age old-age dependency ratio

functional age

The old-age dependency ratio _______________________. is lowest in Japan where individuals retire in their 70s is highest in developing countries, particularly in Africa is not an immediate problem in the United States because its population is growing due to immigration is not a problem for countries with low fertility rates

is not an immediate problem in the United States because its population is growing due to immigration

Researchers comparing telomeres of healthy centenarians to a comparison group of their peers with two or more chronic health conditions found that the telomeres of those who were healthy were ______________________. shorter thicker thinner and more brittle longer

longer

Arthritis is usually caused by ___________________________. a steep drop in estrogen longtime use of the joints a diet low in protein a sedentary lifestyle

longtime use of the joints

During late adulthood ______________________________. loss of bone mass in the jaw makes the face look thinner veins become less visible as a result of the increase in fat layers of the skin height slowly declines for women, but not for men body weight increases from middle adulthood because few older adults exercise

loss of bone mass in the jaw makes the face look thinner

During late adulthood _________________________. many people develop age spots bones thicken in women body weight increases from middle adulthood because few older adults exercise veins become less visible as skin thickens

many people develop age spots

In the initial period following bereavement, grief __________________. subsides and the person begins to resume daily activities manifests itself in anger and aggressive behavior follows a predictable sequence of stages often involves shock, numbness, and disbelief

often involves shock, numbness, and disbelief

In late adulthood, religious beliefs are ______________________. weaker than in middle adulthood because many older adults have become disillusioned with organized religion positively correlated with both mental and physical health strong among Christians, but weak among followers of Eastern religions such as Buddhism strongest among Europeans

positively correlated with both mental and physical health

Interventions to determine whether cognitive decline can be prevented or even reversed _____________________. have only been conducted with cross-sectional studies found that only men and women from Asian American backgrounds show improvement resulted in significant improvement for a substantial proportion of individuals found that only men show significant improvement

resulted in significant improvement for a substantial proportion of individuals

Mary has always loved to sew but at age 80, she now sews only a few items of clothing per year, follows simple patterns, and she now uses a machine instead of stitching by hand. This is an example of _____________________. improved procedural memory with age selective optimization with compensation better divided attention among experts faster reaction times of older experts compared to their younger counterparts

selective optimization with compensation

When renowned pianist Arthur Rubinstein was asked how he managed to maintain a reputation as one of the world's top concert pianists well into late adulthood, he explained that he had reduced the range of pieces he played, practiced each of the remaining pieces more, and learned to play very slowly just before beginning a fast passage, to make the contrast more effective since he could not play as fast as when he was younger. Arthur Rubinstein's behaviors are an illustration of __________________. dishabituation selective optimization with compensation improved procedural memory with age habituation

selective optimization with compensation

According to socioemotional selectivity theory __________. the elderly tend to withdraw from society due to increased rates of depression in late adulthood people experience more negative emotions as they get older shrinking social networks in adulthood are by choice the older we get, the more important it becomes to acquire knowledge and become less emotional

shrinking social networks in adulthood are by choice

Kareem's father complains about having to wear a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device at night, because it makes it hard for him to sleep. He most likely has _____________________. tinnitus a REM sleep-related disorder sleep apnea insomnia

sleep apnea

Edna is a healthy, active 103-year-old. Considering the findings in a recent study on healthy centenarians, Edna likely has longer _____________ than her centenarian peers who have heart disease, cancer, stroke, or diabetes. telomeres immune responses dendrites synaptic gaps

telomeres

Manuel eats a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables, hoping to benefit from their naturally occurring ___________________, which promote longevity. antioxidants free radicals antibiotics telomeres

telomeres

The old-age dependency ratio (OADR) refers to ______________. the number of elderly living with extended family compared to the number living with just a spouse the number of elderly living independently compared to the number in nursing homes the number of persons aged 65 or older compared to the number of persons ages 20-64 the number of elderly with chronic illnesses compared to the number without any illnesses

the number of persons aged 65 or older compared to the number of persons ages 20-64

When death is expected, such as a death that occurs after a long illness, ______________. it usually causes long-term physical and mental health problems the survivors are able to prepare themselves through anticipatory grief family members often take longer to adapt to it emotionally than if it were a sudden death the grief experienced by survivors is especially intense

the survivors are able to prepare themselves through anticipatory grief

For many people, late adulthood is a time of ____________________. reluctance in talking or thinking about death distress over the goals they never accomplished high anxiety about death thinking about the life they have lived and coming to an acceptance of it

thinking about the life they have lived and coming to an acceptance of it

The focus of hospice care is ________________. to offer more intensive medical treatments to help cure life-threatening diseases to relieve a patient's pain and suffering and provide care that allows the patient to die with dignity to provide emotional support to family members without interacting directly with the patient to euthanize patients who are in severe pain

to relieve a patient's pain and suffering and provide care that allows the patient to die with dignity

Retirement satisfaction tends to be especially high for ___________. well-educated people who had high-status jobs women people who have children who live nearby men

well-educated people who had high-status jobs