PSY 235: Exam #2

peak age of onset of anorexia nervosa

14 to 20

About ___% of people with a single major depressive episode will develop a chronic pattern; about ___& of those with chronic depression will have a more continuing, lifetime pattern

25; 50

Onset of depression is common through the age of ___; rate of onset then drops, in some cases increases in older adulthood

30

Suicide is ___ to ___ times more common among men than women, except in China and India.

3; 4

Why is interpersonal psychotherapy considered to be a sociocultural approach? A) Depression is thought to result from disrupted social interactions and role expectations. B) Depression is thought to result from individual pathology. C) Depression is thought to be best treated within the family and in the real world rather than in the clinic. D) Depression is thought to be best treated by use of a multidisciplinary treatment team.

A

When can ASPD be diagnosed?

18

What is the ratio of females to males for suicide attempts?

3:1

What is the ratio of suicide successes of males to females?

4:1

Risk of Bipolar I is about ___ with those with previous unipolar episode, ___ for those with Bipolar II; ___ to ___ relapse rate for Bipolar I; risk is highest soon after unipolar episode

5%; 7.5%; 15-50%

About __% of suicides occur during a depressive episode.

50

Treatment after a suicide attempt reduces the chance of another attempt by ___%.

50

About ___% of suicides have a psychiatric disorder.

90

A 25-year-old friend of yours is convinced that abstinence is the only way to get binge drinking under control. With that in mind, you might suggest using: A) Alcoholics Anonymous, but not behavioral self-control training. B) behavioral self-control training, but not Alcoholics Anonymous. C) either Alcoholics Anonymous or behavioral self-control training. D) neither Alcoholics Anonymous nor behavioral self-control training.

A

A person who experiences vomiting and shaking when he tries to stop drinking alcohol has developed: A) withdrawal symptoms. B) increased tolerance. C) hallucinosis. D) intoxication.

A

A therapist who sat with the bulimic patient while the patient ate appropriate quantities of "forbidden" foods, and then stayed until the patient no longer had the urge to purge would be practicing: A) exposure and response prevention. B) group insight-oriented therapy. C) correction and cognitive misperceptions. D) supportive nursing care.

A

A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish in the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is most likely: A) the "baby blues," something experienced by over half of new mothers. B) the "baby blues," something experienced by under half of new mothers. C) postpartum depression, something experienced by over half of new mothers. D) postpartum depression, something experienced by under half of new mothers.

A

Biological researchers have found a link between suicide and: A) low levels of serotonin. B) high levels of serotonin dopamine. C) high levels of 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid. D) elevated number of serotonin receptor sites.

A

If we were conducting a family pedigree study, we would be looking at: A) the number of depressed relatives a depressed person has. B) the cause of death of depressed peoples' twins. C) the influence of pets on depressed people. D) the depression rate in a person's neighborhood.

A

In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in: A) divorced people. B) married people. C) widowed people. D) never-married people.

A

Researchers have found that the sleep cycle in depressed people is: A) reversed. B) extended. C) devoid of REM sleep. D) missing several steps.

A

Second messengers are: A) active inside the neuron. B) the same as neurotransmitters. C) important in increasing the effectiveness of tricyclics. D) used by therapists when treating couples.

A

Someone who fasts or exercises strenuously following a binge is engaging in: A) compensation. B) purging. C) enmeshment. D) exposure and response prevention.

A

The finding that more than 90% of adolescents who attempt suicide know someone else who has attempted it provides a case for what process in suicidal actions? A) modeling B) reinforcement C) unconscious conflicts D) maladaptive thinking

A

The use of ECT was prompted by the discovery that psychotic people: A) rarely had epilepsy. B) rarely experienced depression. C) were very likely to experience convulsions. D) were unable to eat pork without having a convulsion.

A

Which of the following is true regarding war veterans' risk of suicide once they return home? A) War vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as similar nonveterans. B) War vets are no more likely to commit suicide than similar nonveterans. C) War vets are a little less likely to commit suicide than similar nonveterans. D) Family members of war vets, not the vets themselves, are at a higher suicide risk.

A

Which of these statements would not reflect a part of the cognitive triad? A) Everyone is out to get me. B) Life is just too overwhelming. C) I don't even want to wake up tomorrow. D) I just can't go on.

A

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness? A) behavioral B) biochemical C) cognitive D) psychodynamic

A

A person who becomes depressed because of several recent tragic events would be experiencing ______ depression. A) endogenous B) exogenous C) experiential D) egocentric

B

According to Seligman's theory, who of the following would be most likely to develop learned helplessness? A) someone who had experienced no uncontrollable negative events, then experienced a controllable negative event B) someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event C) someone who had experienced controllable negative events, and then another controllable negative event D) someone who had experienced a random sequence of controllable and uncontrollable events

B

Compared to a generation ago: A) women, but not men, are much more dissatisfied with their bodies. B) both women and men are much more dissatisfied with their bodies. C) men, but not women, are much more dissatisfied with their bodies. D) there has not been much change in body dissatisfaction.

B

If a friend of yours had bulimia nervosa and engaged in frequent binges, about how many of his or her binges per week would you expect to witness yourself? A) ten B) none C) seven D) 40

B

Many of today's cognitive-behavioral therapists would agree that: A) Beck's approach to therapy should continue to be followed without modification. B) negative cognitions should be accepted, not necessarily eliminated. C) acceptance and commitment therapy is outdated and no longer useful. D) therapy needs to be individualized, not delivered in a group setting.

B

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should—and in fact could—leave. A good explanation for their behavior is: A) symbolic (imagined) loss. B) learned helplessness. C) artifact theory. D) body dissatisfaction.

B

One of the factors that is believed to account for differences in the suicide rates of different countries is: A) climate. B) religious affiliation and beliefs. C) prevalence of mental disorders. D) governmental regulations regarding suicide.

B

The best evidence for the effectiveness of the psychodynamic approach comes from: A) work with seriously depressed people. B) case study reports. C) large-scale research projects conducted by the APA. D) situations when the childhood loss is less obvious.

B

The medication most helpful in the treatment of bulimia is an: A) antianxiety drug. B) antidepressant drug. C) antipsychotic drug. D) antiemetic drug (to eliminate vomiting.)

B

Which of the following statements is most accurate about the relationship between religion and suicide? A) A country's economic status is a more important predictor of suicide rates than its major religion. B) The degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion. C) Countries that have high Jewish and Muslim populations also have high suicide rates. D) Religion is a more important predictor of suicide risk for women than it is for men, especially in Catholic countries.

B

Which statement about the successes of suicide prevention programs is most accurate? A) People at greatest risk for suicide are most likely to call prevention centers. B) Of those who call, fewer later commit suicide than would be expected by chance. C) Suicide rates are consistently lower in communities that have centers. D) People thinking of suicide know about and readily call centers.

B

A manager who feels anxious about speaking in front of large groups frequently has a couple of glasses of wine to "relax" before beginning to speak. This "medicinal" use of alcohol can be explained most easily: A) by opponent-process theory. B) through molecular biological analysis. C) by operant conditioning. D) as genetic predisposition.

C

A society that loses its basic family and religious core values, experiences large-scale immigration of people with very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of its people is in danger of an increase in what Durkheim calls: A) egoistic suicide. B) altruistic suicide. C) anomic suicide. D) intragroup suicide.

C

Because alcohol binds to neurons that normally receive the neurotransmitter GABA, it is not surprising that alcohol: A) makes people feel happier. B) makes people throw up. C) reduces inhibitions. D) is a stimulant.

C

Cecil and Jeanne, teenagers, made a love pact, jumping from a cliff in order to be with each other for eternity. Cecil and Jeanne are examples of what Shneidman refers to as: A) death seekers B) death initiators C) death ignorers D) death darers

C

Critics of the "reuptake theory" of tricyclic antidepressant action focus on ______ to explain the mechanism by which tricyclics alleviate depressive symptoms. A) the molecular similarity of norepinephrine and imipramine B) the decline in the norepinephrine and serotonin levels of people taking tricyclics C) the 7- to 14-day lag between the start of its blocking reuptake and its effect on depressive symptoms D) the inconsistency between reuptake theory and the known mechanism of action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors

C

If you were to receive effective therapy for depression, your chances of recovery would be: A) no better than chance. B) about 50-50. C) about 60%. D) about 40%.

C

In terms of emotions, the pattern common in bulimia from prebinge, through binge, to postbinge is best described as: A) control, enjoyment, shame. B) relaxation, pleasure, enjoyment. C) tension, powerlessness, shame. D) shame, doubt, guilt.

C

One of the side effects of ECT is: A) mania. B) psychosis. C) memory loss. D) intensification of the depression.

C

People who are often overweight and regularly binge eat without compensatory behaviors are experiencing: A) binge-purge disorder. B) anorexia-bulimia disorder. C) binge-eating disorder. D) noncompensatory binge disorder.

C

Research indicates that the most important neurotransmitter in the "pleasure pathway" of the brain is probably: A) acetylcholine. B) anandamide. C) dopamine. D) one of the endorphins.

C

The pleasant feeling called a "high" produced by using narcotics is due to: A) an increase in the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin. B) the opponent process caused by IV injection. C) the drug attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins. D) the drug flooding neurotransmitter synapses with dopamine.

C

What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active? A) recurrent depression B) seasonal depression C) catatonic depression D) melancholic depression

C

Which of these characteristics is most consistent with anorexia nervosa? A) a refusal to think about food at all B) a view that one's body is too thin C) body size overestimation D) distorted perception of others' sizes

C

A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is: A) common: most people with this diagnosis are men in their early to mid 40s. B) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their early to mid 40s. C) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are men in their mid to late 20s. D) very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid to late 20s.

D

Alcohol works as a central nervous system depressant by: A) stimulating the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. B) blocking the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. C) unbinding receptors on neurons. D) binding to receptors on neurons.

D

Compared to adults in Japan, how likely are adults in the United States to suffer from mood disorders in a typical year? A) slightly less likely B) about equally likely C) two times as likely D) three times as likely

D

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A) postpartum depression. B) reactive depression. C) exogenous depression. D) endogenous depression.

D

Polysubstance use involving illegal drugs occurs in about what percent of U.S. illegal drug users? A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) over 60%

D

Studies attempting to relate personality traits to potential for developing substance abuse show that: A) one key personality trait—impulsivity—predicts substance abuse. B) one key personality trait—dependence—predicts substance abuse. C) a specific group of traits predicts substance abuse. D) no single trait or combination of traits predicts substance abuse.

D

The best theory for explaining why for long-term drug users avoiding the negative aftereffects of drug use outweighs pursuing the pleasurable effects is: A) classical conditioning. B) operant conditioning. C) expectancy effects. D) opponent process.

D

The concordance rate for anorexia nervosa in identical twins is 70%. This means that: A) if you are an identical twin, your chances of getting anorexia are 70%. B) in 70% of identical twins, both people have anorexia. C) fraternal twins have a 30% rate of anorexia. D) if your identical twin has anorexia, your chances of having it are 70%.

D

The fastest way to get a drug to the brain is: A) snorting. B) injection. C) ingestion. D) inhalation.

D

What is the most likely explanation for the different explanations of eating disorders in men and women? A) Men are judged by a harsher cultural standard of attractiveness. B) Eating disorders may be overdiagnosed in women. C) Men restrict their caloric intake more severely when dieting. D) Male eating disorders are more likely to be tied to work or sports.

D

Which is true about alcohol use and suicide? A) Most people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. B) About one-fourth of people who commit suicide are legally drunk. C) Alcohol impairs judgment and lowers inhibitions. D) All of the above are true.

D

True or False. There is a negative correlation between amount of screen time and levels of depression.

False

dark triad

Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy

Low activity of the neurotransmitters ___ and ___ are linked to unipolar depression.

Norepinephrine and serotonin

True or False. In the U.S., there are generally no differences in depression rates by race, SES, and geographical location.

True

True or False. Women are more likely to be diagnosed with Bipolar II disorder than men.

True

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

a childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood

enmeshed family pattern

a family system in which members are over involved with each other's affairs and over concerned about each other's welfare

addiction

a pattern of inordinate attachment that leads to loss of freedom and distortion of reality

amennorhea

absence of menstruation

schizotypal

acute discomfort in close relationships; cognitive or perceptual distortions; eccentric behavior

Behavioral Activation

adding positive activities to a person's life

death darer

ambivalent suicidal behavior

tricyclic

an antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has three rings in its molecular structure

dramatic personality disorders

antisocial; borderline; histrionic; narcissistic

safe haven

attachment figure provides safety under threat conditions

secure base attachment

attachment figure provides security for exploration

death initiator

attempt to end life in the context of a terminal condition

anxious personality disorders

avoidant; dependent; obsessive-compulsive

cross addiction

becoming addicted to another substance or behavior after breaking an addiction to something else

what are the steps of the 12 step program

beginning steps; moral inventory steps; reparation steps; final steps

What are the stages in the DBT process?

behavioral control; replace emotional survival with positive emotions; address psychiatric and life problems; develop inner freedom and release from emotional bondage

What does lithium help treat?

bipolar disorder, more specifically manic episodes

characteristics of antisocial personality disorder

breaking the law; deceitfulness; aggressiveness and irritability; disregard for safety of self and others; consistent irresponsibility; lack of remorse

What are the 4 areas a PD is used to diagnosed with?

cognition; affectivity; interpersonal functioning; impulse control

suicidal plan

concrete idea about how to attempt suicide, more serious that suicidal ideation

What must an individual have before age 15 to be diagnosed with ASPD?

conduct disorder

What is it called when suicides in immediate environment or highly publicized events lead to other suicides?

copycat/modeling effect

Explain the biology of depression as it relates to the structural theory.

decreased activity in frontal cognitive control structures; increased activity in areas that may lead to emotional dysregulation

Explain the biology of depression as it relates to the neuroreceptor theory.

decreased number and sensitivity of receptors in NE and 5-HT synapses

schizoid

detachment from social relationships

What is the current standard treatment for borderline personality disorder?

dialectical behavior therapy

Triarchic Model of Psychopathy

disinhibition, boldness, and meanness

antisocial

disregard and violation of others' rights

paranoid

distrust and suspiciousness of others

A combination of what three types of therapy helps someone to recover from an eating disorder?

education; psychotherapy; and family therapy

What are the symptoms of depression?

emotional; motivational; behavioral; cognitive; physical

personality disorder

enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from cultural expectations

subintentional death

engaging in potentially lethal behavior without a definite intent to die

withdrawal

experiencing negative physical or psychological symptoms when ceasing to perform a prior behavior

What type of therapies are thought to be more effective than CBT therapy when treating eating disorders?

exposure therapy

haplessness

fate against me

what motivates people with anorexia nervosa to become thinner and thinner

fear of becoming obese

adjunctive psychotherapy

focuses on medication management, social skills, and relationship issues

characteristics of borderline personality disorder

frantic attempts to avoid abandonment; unstable or disturbed identity; impulsivity that is self damaging; chronic feelings of emptiness; inappropriate, intense anger; recurrent suicidal or self-mutilating behavior

characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder

grandiose sense of self-importance; preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes they are special; sense of entitlement; lacks empathy; envious of others; arrogant behaviors or attitudes

narcissistic

grandiosity; need for admiration; lack of empathy

Bipolar II Disorder

history of hypomanic and depressive disorders

Bipolar I Disorder

history of manic and depressive episodes

Cyclothymic Disorder

hypomanic and subclinical depressive episodes

characteristics of shizotypal personality disorder

ideas of reference; odd beliefs; unusual perceptual experiences; odd thinking and speech; lack of close friends; excessive social anxiety

Anhedonia

inability to feel pleasure

How do antidepressants work?

increasing supplies of neurotransmitters through reuptake blocking

What defines an enduring pattern for a PD?

inflexible and pervasive; related to significant distress and impairment; stable and long duration, beginning in low adolescence or early adulthood

Explain the cognitive theory of mood disorders.

learned helplessness; dysfunctional thoughts or thought processes involving a negative interpretation of self, events, and future; irrational ideas

Explain the biology of depression as it relates to the neurohormone theory.

levels of cortisol are different

social risk factors for ASPD

low SES; parenting problems; low parental affection or involvement; child maltreatment; adoptive child; family status; toxic peer influences

tolerance

needing to do something with greater intensity and/or frequency in order to get the same result

what are the personality problematic traits

negative affectivity; detachment; antagonism; disinhibition; psychoticism

Cognitive Triad

negative views about self, the world, and the future

fearful attachment pattern

negative views of self and others; socially avoidant

Automatic Thoughts

numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction

what are the big five personality traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

odd personality disorders

paranoid; schizoid; schizotypal

antisocial personality disorder

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others since the age of 15

Explain the psychodynamic theory of mood disorders.

person experiences actual or symbolic loss, often early in life; anger and frustration over loss

description of borderline personality disorder

pervasive use of unstable behavior; poor self-awareness; alteration in cognition, affective response, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control; longstanding problems; considerable distress and impairment

preoccupied attachment pattern

positive view of other, but negative view of self; anxious and/or ambivalent

dismissing attachment pattern

positive view of self, but negative view of other and intimacy

secure attachment pattern

positive views of self and other; nondefensive

biological risk factors for ASPD

prenatal drug exposure; birth complications; low cortisol levels

obsessive-compulsive

preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

characteristics of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

preoccupied with details; excessively devoted to work; overconscientious and inflexible; rigid and stubborn; miserly spending style

dimensional classification schemes

ratings on dimensions

What are the two major strategies used to study suicide?

retrospective analysis and the study of people who survive suicide attempts

Explain displacement as it relates to screen time and depression.

screen time takes away from other necessary activities

Genes that influence stress response include in mood disorders:

serotonin transporter gene

Research suggests that mania, like depression, may be linked to low ___ activity and high ___ activity.

serotonin; norepinephrine

avoidant

social inhibition; feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

What are 3 related factors that have a strong association between increasing depression and suicidality?

social media use; decreased sleep time; decreased face to face social interaction

What are some warning signs of suicide?

social withdrawal; changes in daily habits, sleeping, and eating patterns; verbal expressions of guilt; agitation

categorical classification scheme

specific categories and clusters

personality traits (or trait domains)

specific patterns in behavior, thinking, or feeling that are adaptive and provide consistency

What are the 3 risk factors for depression?

stress; poor social support; biological and genetic factors

dependent

submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of

suicide

successful attempt to end life

What are two ways to treat suicide?

suicide prevention and crisis intervention

anomic suicide

suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation

altruistic suicide

suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration

egoistic suicide

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

Learned Helplessness

the perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over the reinforcement in one's life

suicidal ideation

thoughts about attempting/committing suicide

suicide attempt (parasuicide)

unsuccessful attempt to end one's life

machiavellianism

use of manipulation, deceit, flattery, and exploitation of others for personal gain

what does dialectical behavior therapy consist of

weekly individual therapy and group skill-building sessions that last for approximately one year; special emphasis on self-harm and suicidal behaviors

Explain reinforcing spirals as it relates to screen time and depression.

when depressed, people seek out information consistent with their mindset, which leads to more depression

The chief danger of LSD use is: A) the risk of developing drug tolerance. B) the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions ("bad trip"). C) the severity of withdrawal symptoms among even occasional users. D) the universal occurrence of "flashbacks" among former users.

B

The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is: A) the number of depressive and manic episodes. B) the severity of the manic episodes. C) the number of depressive episodes. D) the seasonal variation in the episodes.

B

The drug which, when misused, would most quickly result in dependence or addiction would be: A) Xanax. B) opium. C) cannabis. D) ethyl alcohol.

B

What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future? A) almost zero—so far, no specific genes have been linked to unipolar depression B) low—so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression C) moderate—researchers have identified at most a half-dozen or so genes linked to unipolar depression D) high—researchers have narrowed their study down to at most three genes linked to unipolar depression

B

Which of the following is true about recovery from anorexia? A) The death rate from anorexia is increasing recently. B) Anorectic behavior recurs in about one-third of recovered patients. C) Most recovered patients experience marital dissatisfaction and are ineffective as employees. D) Few recovered patients continue to express concern about weight and appearance.

B

A patient in therapy who eats exactly eight pieces of bread that he or she has carefully made into balls of equal diameter is displaying a symptom of anorexia nervosa related to: A) schizophrenia. B) depression. C) obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) substance abuse.

C

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms except ______ symptoms. A) emotional B) motivational C) behavioral D) cognitive

C

Support for the idea that mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders comes from evidence that shows: A) high levels of serotonin in the brain. B) that eating disorders have been successfully treated using anti-anxiety medication. C) that close relatives of people with eating disorders have a high rate of mood disorders. D) that people with eating disorders are not more likely themselves to be diagnosed with depression.

C

The "increasing activities and elevating mood" phase of Beck's treatment for depression: A) requires the use of antidepressant medication to be effective. B) is the phase most related to cognitions. C) makes the therapy cognitive-behavioral rather than purely cognitive. D) deals with the problem of dichotomous thinking.

C

The adolescent push for independence threatens the enmeshed family pattern. In these cases: A) the child becomes anxious and this produces anorexia nervosa. B) the stress of the situation leads to psychological (eating) disorders. C) the child takes on a sick role to allow the family to live in harmony. D) the child tries harder to adhere to the social view of physical perfection.

C

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression: A) is probably wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus. B) is probably correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. C) is probably correct; lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. D) is probably correct; although researchers haven't identified the specifics of the relationship.

C

Which of the following best describes the action of cocaine at the synaptic level? A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor B) selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor C) selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor D) selective amphetamine reuptake inhibitor

C

Which of the following combinations is most likely to result in cross-tolerant effects? A) cocaine and heroin B) cannabis and cocaine C) alcohol and barbiturates D) LSD and benzodiazepines

C

Which of the following is the least common form of a mood disorder? A) full manic and full depressive episodes B) swinging from manic to depressive symptoms on the same day C) full manic episodes with no depressive episodes D) full depressive episodes with no manic episodes

C

Which of the following is the most accurate biological explanation for people who gain weight after losing it? A) abnormally high levels of serotonin persist despite dieting B) hypothalamus stops producing the appetite suppressant GLP-1 C) the brain is trying to restore one to a set weight point D) excessive stimulation of the ventromedial hypothatamus

C

A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it's like: A) a roller coaster—up and down, up and down. B) a meteorite—a sudden burst of energy that's quickly gone. C) a power plant's output—steady, regular energy being produced. D) a flash flood—spreading out wherever there's room for it to go.

D

A large-scale NIMH comparison study of cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy and antidepressant drug therapy showed that: A) cognitive therapy works more quickly than drug therapy. B) drug therapy was better than cognitive therapy at preventing relapse. C) interpersonal therapy was the least effective. D) the three therapies were about equally effective at reducing depressive symptoms.

D

At the time of the suicide, a suicide victim was receiving psychotherapy, and left a clear suicide note. This suicide victim is: A) the most common kind; most suicide victims are in psychotherapy, and leave a suicide note. B) a somewhat uncommon kind; most suicide victims are in psychotherapy, but do not leave a suicide note. C) a somewhat uncommon kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, but do leave a suicide note. D) the least common kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, and do not leave a suicide note.

D

Which of the following risk percentage patterns would best support the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder? ______ in the general population; ______ among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder; ______ among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder. A) 10%; 10%; 10% B) 40%; 10%; 1% C) 40%; 40%; 40% D) 1%; 10%; 40%

D

characteristics of avoidant personality disorder

avoids relationships at work because of fear about criticism and rejection; unwilling to get involved; preoccupied with criticism or rejection; inhibited in new relationships; reluctant to take personal risks

personality elements

basic dimensions that make up healthy and dysfunctional personalities

Cognitive Therapy

change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders

Explain the biology of depression as it relates to the neurotransmitter theory.

depression caused by a shortage of neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine

Explain the behavioral theory of mood disorders.

depression is a learned behavior, or dependent in some way upon environmental conditions and contingencies; stress; lack of positive reinforcement

Explain the sociocultural theory of depression.

depression is found in all cultures, but the rate and symptom expression of the disorder appear to differ

Unipolar Depression

depression without a history of mania

histrionic

excessive emotionality and attention seeking

psychological and psychiatric risk factors of ASPD

family history of ASPD; early onset of conduct disorder and ADHD; conduct disorder with accompanying history of child abuse or neglect; low IQ and academic failures

What is the most effective treatment for someone with overeating issues?

group or relational settings

comorbid addiction

having multiple addictions at the same time

dual diagnosis

having multiple diagnoses, typically used to refer to individuals who have an addiction and an actual psychiatric diagnosis

borderline

instability in relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity

What are the 7 pathological traits of ASPD?

manipulativeness; callousness; impulsivity; irresponsibility; risk taking; hostility; deceitfulness

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

milder chronic depressive symptoms

motivational interviewing

mixture of empathy and inquiring review to help motivate clients to recognize they have a serious psychological problem and commit to making constructive choices and behavior changes

set point

natural weight level which is defended by the body when we attempt to go above or below it

personality disorders

patterns in personality trait domains or elements that cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning

Explain upward social comparison as it relates to screen time and depression.

people feel depressed when comparing self to others

interpersonal theory of suicide

people will be inclined to commit suicide if they hold a belief that they are burdensome and have a thwarted belongingness

Major Depressive Disorder

severe depressive symptoms of at least 2 weeks duration; no history of manic or hypomanic episodes

dichotomous thinking

viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms