PSY 235: Exam #2
peak age of onset of anorexia nervosa
14 to 20
About ___% of people with a single major depressive episode will develop a chronic pattern; about ___& of those with chronic depression will have a more continuing, lifetime pattern
25; 50
Onset of depression is common through the age of ___; rate of onset then drops, in some cases increases in older adulthood
30
Suicide is ___ to ___ times more common among men than women, except in China and India.
3; 4
Why is interpersonal psychotherapy considered to be a sociocultural approach? A) Depression is thought to result from disrupted social interactions and role expectations. B) Depression is thought to result from individual pathology. C) Depression is thought to be best treated within the family and in the real world rather than in the clinic. D) Depression is thought to be best treated by use of a multidisciplinary treatment team.
A
When can ASPD be diagnosed?
18
What is the ratio of females to males for suicide attempts?
3:1
What is the ratio of suicide successes of males to females?
4:1
Risk of Bipolar I is about ___ with those with previous unipolar episode, ___ for those with Bipolar II; ___ to ___ relapse rate for Bipolar I; risk is highest soon after unipolar episode
5%; 7.5%; 15-50%
About __% of suicides occur during a depressive episode.
50
Treatment after a suicide attempt reduces the chance of another attempt by ___%.
50
About ___% of suicides have a psychiatric disorder.
90
A 25-year-old friend of yours is convinced that abstinence is the only way to get binge drinking under control. With that in mind, you might suggest using: A) Alcoholics Anonymous, but not behavioral self-control training. B) behavioral self-control training, but not Alcoholics Anonymous. C) either Alcoholics Anonymous or behavioral self-control training. D) neither Alcoholics Anonymous nor behavioral self-control training.
A
A person who experiences vomiting and shaking when he tries to stop drinking alcohol has developed: A) withdrawal symptoms. B) increased tolerance. C) hallucinosis. D) intoxication.
A
A therapist who sat with the bulimic patient while the patient ate appropriate quantities of "forbidden" foods, and then stayed until the patient no longer had the urge to purge would be practicing: A) exposure and response prevention. B) group insight-oriented therapy. C) correction and cognitive misperceptions. D) supportive nursing care.
A
A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish in the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is most likely: A) the "baby blues," something experienced by over half of new mothers. B) the "baby blues," something experienced by under half of new mothers. C) postpartum depression, something experienced by over half of new mothers. D) postpartum depression, something experienced by under half of new mothers.
A
Biological researchers have found a link between suicide and: A) low levels of serotonin. B) high levels of serotonin dopamine. C) high levels of 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid. D) elevated number of serotonin receptor sites.
A
If we were conducting a family pedigree study, we would be looking at: A) the number of depressed relatives a depressed person has. B) the cause of death of depressed peoples' twins. C) the influence of pets on depressed people. D) the depression rate in a person's neighborhood.
A
In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in: A) divorced people. B) married people. C) widowed people. D) never-married people.
A
Researchers have found that the sleep cycle in depressed people is: A) reversed. B) extended. C) devoid of REM sleep. D) missing several steps.
A
Second messengers are: A) active inside the neuron. B) the same as neurotransmitters. C) important in increasing the effectiveness of tricyclics. D) used by therapists when treating couples.
A
Someone who fasts or exercises strenuously following a binge is engaging in: A) compensation. B) purging. C) enmeshment. D) exposure and response prevention.
A
The finding that more than 90% of adolescents who attempt suicide know someone else who has attempted it provides a case for what process in suicidal actions? A) modeling B) reinforcement C) unconscious conflicts D) maladaptive thinking
A
The use of ECT was prompted by the discovery that psychotic people: A) rarely had epilepsy. B) rarely experienced depression. C) were very likely to experience convulsions. D) were unable to eat pork without having a convulsion.
A
Which of the following is true regarding war veterans' risk of suicide once they return home? A) War vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as similar nonveterans. B) War vets are no more likely to commit suicide than similar nonveterans. C) War vets are a little less likely to commit suicide than similar nonveterans. D) Family members of war vets, not the vets themselves, are at a higher suicide risk.
A
Which of these statements would not reflect a part of the cognitive triad? A) Everyone is out to get me. B) Life is just too overwhelming. C) I don't even want to wake up tomorrow. D) I just can't go on.
A
Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness? A) behavioral B) biochemical C) cognitive D) psychodynamic
A
A person who becomes depressed because of several recent tragic events would be experiencing ______ depression. A) endogenous B) exogenous C) experiential D) egocentric
B
According to Seligman's theory, who of the following would be most likely to develop learned helplessness? A) someone who had experienced no uncontrollable negative events, then experienced a controllable negative event B) someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event C) someone who had experienced controllable negative events, and then another controllable negative event D) someone who had experienced a random sequence of controllable and uncontrollable events
B
Compared to a generation ago: A) women, but not men, are much more dissatisfied with their bodies. B) both women and men are much more dissatisfied with their bodies. C) men, but not women, are much more dissatisfied with their bodies. D) there has not been much change in body dissatisfaction.
B
If a friend of yours had bulimia nervosa and engaged in frequent binges, about how many of his or her binges per week would you expect to witness yourself? A) ten B) none C) seven D) 40
B
Many of today's cognitive-behavioral therapists would agree that: A) Beck's approach to therapy should continue to be followed without modification. B) negative cognitions should be accepted, not necessarily eliminated. C) acceptance and commitment therapy is outdated and no longer useful. D) therapy needs to be individualized, not delivered in a group setting.
B
Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should—and in fact could—leave. A good explanation for their behavior is: A) symbolic (imagined) loss. B) learned helplessness. C) artifact theory. D) body dissatisfaction.
B
One of the factors that is believed to account for differences in the suicide rates of different countries is: A) climate. B) religious affiliation and beliefs. C) prevalence of mental disorders. D) governmental regulations regarding suicide.
B
The best evidence for the effectiveness of the psychodynamic approach comes from: A) work with seriously depressed people. B) case study reports. C) large-scale research projects conducted by the APA. D) situations when the childhood loss is less obvious.
B
The medication most helpful in the treatment of bulimia is an: A) antianxiety drug. B) antidepressant drug. C) antipsychotic drug. D) antiemetic drug (to eliminate vomiting.)
B
Which of the following statements is most accurate about the relationship between religion and suicide? A) A country's economic status is a more important predictor of suicide rates than its major religion. B) The degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion. C) Countries that have high Jewish and Muslim populations also have high suicide rates. D) Religion is a more important predictor of suicide risk for women than it is for men, especially in Catholic countries.
B
Which statement about the successes of suicide prevention programs is most accurate? A) People at greatest risk for suicide are most likely to call prevention centers. B) Of those who call, fewer later commit suicide than would be expected by chance. C) Suicide rates are consistently lower in communities that have centers. D) People thinking of suicide know about and readily call centers.
B
A manager who feels anxious about speaking in front of large groups frequently has a couple of glasses of wine to "relax" before beginning to speak. This "medicinal" use of alcohol can be explained most easily: A) by opponent-process theory. B) through molecular biological analysis. C) by operant conditioning. D) as genetic predisposition.
C
A society that loses its basic family and religious core values, experiences large-scale immigration of people with very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of its people is in danger of an increase in what Durkheim calls: A) egoistic suicide. B) altruistic suicide. C) anomic suicide. D) intragroup suicide.
C
Because alcohol binds to neurons that normally receive the neurotransmitter GABA, it is not surprising that alcohol: A) makes people feel happier. B) makes people throw up. C) reduces inhibitions. D) is a stimulant.
C
Cecil and Jeanne, teenagers, made a love pact, jumping from a cliff in order to be with each other for eternity. Cecil and Jeanne are examples of what Shneidman refers to as: A) death seekers B) death initiators C) death ignorers D) death darers
C
Critics of the "reuptake theory" of tricyclic antidepressant action focus on ______ to explain the mechanism by which tricyclics alleviate depressive symptoms. A) the molecular similarity of norepinephrine and imipramine B) the decline in the norepinephrine and serotonin levels of people taking tricyclics C) the 7- to 14-day lag between the start of its blocking reuptake and its effect on depressive symptoms D) the inconsistency between reuptake theory and the known mechanism of action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors
C
If you were to receive effective therapy for depression, your chances of recovery would be: A) no better than chance. B) about 50-50. C) about 60%. D) about 40%.
C
In terms of emotions, the pattern common in bulimia from prebinge, through binge, to postbinge is best described as: A) control, enjoyment, shame. B) relaxation, pleasure, enjoyment. C) tension, powerlessness, shame. D) shame, doubt, guilt.
C
One of the side effects of ECT is: A) mania. B) psychosis. C) memory loss. D) intensification of the depression.
C
People who are often overweight and regularly binge eat without compensatory behaviors are experiencing: A) binge-purge disorder. B) anorexia-bulimia disorder. C) binge-eating disorder. D) noncompensatory binge disorder.
C
Research indicates that the most important neurotransmitter in the "pleasure pathway" of the brain is probably: A) acetylcholine. B) anandamide. C) dopamine. D) one of the endorphins.
C
The pleasant feeling called a "high" produced by using narcotics is due to: A) an increase in the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin. B) the opponent process caused by IV injection. C) the drug attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins. D) the drug flooding neurotransmitter synapses with dopamine.
C
What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active? A) recurrent depression B) seasonal depression C) catatonic depression D) melancholic depression
C
Which of these characteristics is most consistent with anorexia nervosa? A) a refusal to think about food at all B) a view that one's body is too thin C) body size overestimation D) distorted perception of others' sizes
C
A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is: A) common: most people with this diagnosis are men in their early to mid 40s. B) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their early to mid 40s. C) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are men in their mid to late 20s. D) very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid to late 20s.
D
Alcohol works as a central nervous system depressant by: A) stimulating the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. B) blocking the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. C) unbinding receptors on neurons. D) binding to receptors on neurons.
D
Compared to adults in Japan, how likely are adults in the United States to suffer from mood disorders in a typical year? A) slightly less likely B) about equally likely C) two times as likely D) three times as likely
D
Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A) postpartum depression. B) reactive depression. C) exogenous depression. D) endogenous depression.
D
Polysubstance use involving illegal drugs occurs in about what percent of U.S. illegal drug users? A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) over 60%
D
Studies attempting to relate personality traits to potential for developing substance abuse show that: A) one key personality trait—impulsivity—predicts substance abuse. B) one key personality trait—dependence—predicts substance abuse. C) a specific group of traits predicts substance abuse. D) no single trait or combination of traits predicts substance abuse.
D
The best theory for explaining why for long-term drug users avoiding the negative aftereffects of drug use outweighs pursuing the pleasurable effects is: A) classical conditioning. B) operant conditioning. C) expectancy effects. D) opponent process.
D
The concordance rate for anorexia nervosa in identical twins is 70%. This means that: A) if you are an identical twin, your chances of getting anorexia are 70%. B) in 70% of identical twins, both people have anorexia. C) fraternal twins have a 30% rate of anorexia. D) if your identical twin has anorexia, your chances of having it are 70%.
D
The fastest way to get a drug to the brain is: A) snorting. B) injection. C) ingestion. D) inhalation.
D
What is the most likely explanation for the different explanations of eating disorders in men and women? A) Men are judged by a harsher cultural standard of attractiveness. B) Eating disorders may be overdiagnosed in women. C) Men restrict their caloric intake more severely when dieting. D) Male eating disorders are more likely to be tied to work or sports.
D
Which is true about alcohol use and suicide? A) Most people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. B) About one-fourth of people who commit suicide are legally drunk. C) Alcohol impairs judgment and lowers inhibitions. D) All of the above are true.
D
True or False. There is a negative correlation between amount of screen time and levels of depression.
False
dark triad
Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy
Low activity of the neurotransmitters ___ and ___ are linked to unipolar depression.
Norepinephrine and serotonin
True or False. In the U.S., there are generally no differences in depression rates by race, SES, and geographical location.
True
True or False. Women are more likely to be diagnosed with Bipolar II disorder than men.
True
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
a childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood
enmeshed family pattern
a family system in which members are over involved with each other's affairs and over concerned about each other's welfare
addiction
a pattern of inordinate attachment that leads to loss of freedom and distortion of reality
amennorhea
absence of menstruation
schizotypal
acute discomfort in close relationships; cognitive or perceptual distortions; eccentric behavior
Behavioral Activation
adding positive activities to a person's life
death darer
ambivalent suicidal behavior
tricyclic
an antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has three rings in its molecular structure
dramatic personality disorders
antisocial; borderline; histrionic; narcissistic
safe haven
attachment figure provides safety under threat conditions
secure base attachment
attachment figure provides security for exploration
death initiator
attempt to end life in the context of a terminal condition
anxious personality disorders
avoidant; dependent; obsessive-compulsive
cross addiction
becoming addicted to another substance or behavior after breaking an addiction to something else
what are the steps of the 12 step program
beginning steps; moral inventory steps; reparation steps; final steps
What are the stages in the DBT process?
behavioral control; replace emotional survival with positive emotions; address psychiatric and life problems; develop inner freedom and release from emotional bondage
What does lithium help treat?
bipolar disorder, more specifically manic episodes
characteristics of antisocial personality disorder
breaking the law; deceitfulness; aggressiveness and irritability; disregard for safety of self and others; consistent irresponsibility; lack of remorse
What are the 4 areas a PD is used to diagnosed with?
cognition; affectivity; interpersonal functioning; impulse control
suicidal plan
concrete idea about how to attempt suicide, more serious that suicidal ideation
What must an individual have before age 15 to be diagnosed with ASPD?
conduct disorder
What is it called when suicides in immediate environment or highly publicized events lead to other suicides?
copycat/modeling effect
Explain the biology of depression as it relates to the structural theory.
decreased activity in frontal cognitive control structures; increased activity in areas that may lead to emotional dysregulation
Explain the biology of depression as it relates to the neuroreceptor theory.
decreased number and sensitivity of receptors in NE and 5-HT synapses
schizoid
detachment from social relationships
What is the current standard treatment for borderline personality disorder?
dialectical behavior therapy
Triarchic Model of Psychopathy
disinhibition, boldness, and meanness
antisocial
disregard and violation of others' rights
paranoid
distrust and suspiciousness of others
A combination of what three types of therapy helps someone to recover from an eating disorder?
education; psychotherapy; and family therapy
What are the symptoms of depression?
emotional; motivational; behavioral; cognitive; physical
personality disorder
enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from cultural expectations
subintentional death
engaging in potentially lethal behavior without a definite intent to die
withdrawal
experiencing negative physical or psychological symptoms when ceasing to perform a prior behavior
What type of therapies are thought to be more effective than CBT therapy when treating eating disorders?
exposure therapy
haplessness
fate against me
what motivates people with anorexia nervosa to become thinner and thinner
fear of becoming obese
adjunctive psychotherapy
focuses on medication management, social skills, and relationship issues
characteristics of borderline personality disorder
frantic attempts to avoid abandonment; unstable or disturbed identity; impulsivity that is self damaging; chronic feelings of emptiness; inappropriate, intense anger; recurrent suicidal or self-mutilating behavior
characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder
grandiose sense of self-importance; preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes they are special; sense of entitlement; lacks empathy; envious of others; arrogant behaviors or attitudes
narcissistic
grandiosity; need for admiration; lack of empathy
Bipolar II Disorder
history of hypomanic and depressive disorders
Bipolar I Disorder
history of manic and depressive episodes
Cyclothymic Disorder
hypomanic and subclinical depressive episodes
characteristics of shizotypal personality disorder
ideas of reference; odd beliefs; unusual perceptual experiences; odd thinking and speech; lack of close friends; excessive social anxiety
Anhedonia
inability to feel pleasure
How do antidepressants work?
increasing supplies of neurotransmitters through reuptake blocking
What defines an enduring pattern for a PD?
inflexible and pervasive; related to significant distress and impairment; stable and long duration, beginning in low adolescence or early adulthood
Explain the cognitive theory of mood disorders.
learned helplessness; dysfunctional thoughts or thought processes involving a negative interpretation of self, events, and future; irrational ideas
Explain the biology of depression as it relates to the neurohormone theory.
levels of cortisol are different
social risk factors for ASPD
low SES; parenting problems; low parental affection or involvement; child maltreatment; adoptive child; family status; toxic peer influences
tolerance
needing to do something with greater intensity and/or frequency in order to get the same result
what are the personality problematic traits
negative affectivity; detachment; antagonism; disinhibition; psychoticism
Cognitive Triad
negative views about self, the world, and the future
fearful attachment pattern
negative views of self and others; socially avoidant
Automatic Thoughts
numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction
what are the big five personality traits
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
odd personality disorders
paranoid; schizoid; schizotypal
antisocial personality disorder
pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others since the age of 15
Explain the psychodynamic theory of mood disorders.
person experiences actual or symbolic loss, often early in life; anger and frustration over loss
description of borderline personality disorder
pervasive use of unstable behavior; poor self-awareness; alteration in cognition, affective response, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control; longstanding problems; considerable distress and impairment
preoccupied attachment pattern
positive view of other, but negative view of self; anxious and/or ambivalent
dismissing attachment pattern
positive view of self, but negative view of other and intimacy
secure attachment pattern
positive views of self and other; nondefensive
biological risk factors for ASPD
prenatal drug exposure; birth complications; low cortisol levels
obsessive-compulsive
preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control
characteristics of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
preoccupied with details; excessively devoted to work; overconscientious and inflexible; rigid and stubborn; miserly spending style
dimensional classification schemes
ratings on dimensions
What are the two major strategies used to study suicide?
retrospective analysis and the study of people who survive suicide attempts
Explain displacement as it relates to screen time and depression.
screen time takes away from other necessary activities
Genes that influence stress response include in mood disorders:
serotonin transporter gene
Research suggests that mania, like depression, may be linked to low ___ activity and high ___ activity.
serotonin; norepinephrine
avoidant
social inhibition; feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
What are 3 related factors that have a strong association between increasing depression and suicidality?
social media use; decreased sleep time; decreased face to face social interaction
What are some warning signs of suicide?
social withdrawal; changes in daily habits, sleeping, and eating patterns; verbal expressions of guilt; agitation
categorical classification scheme
specific categories and clusters
personality traits (or trait domains)
specific patterns in behavior, thinking, or feeling that are adaptive and provide consistency
What are the 3 risk factors for depression?
stress; poor social support; biological and genetic factors
dependent
submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of
suicide
successful attempt to end life
What are two ways to treat suicide?
suicide prevention and crisis intervention
anomic suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation
altruistic suicide
suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration
egoistic suicide
suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group
Learned Helplessness
the perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over the reinforcement in one's life
suicidal ideation
thoughts about attempting/committing suicide
suicide attempt (parasuicide)
unsuccessful attempt to end one's life
machiavellianism
use of manipulation, deceit, flattery, and exploitation of others for personal gain
what does dialectical behavior therapy consist of
weekly individual therapy and group skill-building sessions that last for approximately one year; special emphasis on self-harm and suicidal behaviors
Explain reinforcing spirals as it relates to screen time and depression.
when depressed, people seek out information consistent with their mindset, which leads to more depression
The chief danger of LSD use is: A) the risk of developing drug tolerance. B) the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions ("bad trip"). C) the severity of withdrawal symptoms among even occasional users. D) the universal occurrence of "flashbacks" among former users.
B
The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is: A) the number of depressive and manic episodes. B) the severity of the manic episodes. C) the number of depressive episodes. D) the seasonal variation in the episodes.
B
The drug which, when misused, would most quickly result in dependence or addiction would be: A) Xanax. B) opium. C) cannabis. D) ethyl alcohol.
B
What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future? A) almost zero—so far, no specific genes have been linked to unipolar depression B) low—so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression C) moderate—researchers have identified at most a half-dozen or so genes linked to unipolar depression D) high—researchers have narrowed their study down to at most three genes linked to unipolar depression
B
Which of the following is true about recovery from anorexia? A) The death rate from anorexia is increasing recently. B) Anorectic behavior recurs in about one-third of recovered patients. C) Most recovered patients experience marital dissatisfaction and are ineffective as employees. D) Few recovered patients continue to express concern about weight and appearance.
B
A patient in therapy who eats exactly eight pieces of bread that he or she has carefully made into balls of equal diameter is displaying a symptom of anorexia nervosa related to: A) schizophrenia. B) depression. C) obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) substance abuse.
C
A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms except ______ symptoms. A) emotional B) motivational C) behavioral D) cognitive
C
Support for the idea that mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders comes from evidence that shows: A) high levels of serotonin in the brain. B) that eating disorders have been successfully treated using anti-anxiety medication. C) that close relatives of people with eating disorders have a high rate of mood disorders. D) that people with eating disorders are not more likely themselves to be diagnosed with depression.
C
The "increasing activities and elevating mood" phase of Beck's treatment for depression: A) requires the use of antidepressant medication to be effective. B) is the phase most related to cognitions. C) makes the therapy cognitive-behavioral rather than purely cognitive. D) deals with the problem of dichotomous thinking.
C
The adolescent push for independence threatens the enmeshed family pattern. In these cases: A) the child becomes anxious and this produces anorexia nervosa. B) the stress of the situation leads to psychological (eating) disorders. C) the child takes on a sick role to allow the family to live in harmony. D) the child tries harder to adhere to the social view of physical perfection.
C
The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression: A) is probably wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus. B) is probably correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. C) is probably correct; lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. D) is probably correct; although researchers haven't identified the specifics of the relationship.
C
Which of the following best describes the action of cocaine at the synaptic level? A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor B) selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor C) selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor D) selective amphetamine reuptake inhibitor
C
Which of the following combinations is most likely to result in cross-tolerant effects? A) cocaine and heroin B) cannabis and cocaine C) alcohol and barbiturates D) LSD and benzodiazepines
C
Which of the following is the least common form of a mood disorder? A) full manic and full depressive episodes B) swinging from manic to depressive symptoms on the same day C) full manic episodes with no depressive episodes D) full depressive episodes with no manic episodes
C
Which of the following is the most accurate biological explanation for people who gain weight after losing it? A) abnormally high levels of serotonin persist despite dieting B) hypothalamus stops producing the appetite suppressant GLP-1 C) the brain is trying to restore one to a set weight point D) excessive stimulation of the ventromedial hypothatamus
C
A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it's like: A) a roller coaster—up and down, up and down. B) a meteorite—a sudden burst of energy that's quickly gone. C) a power plant's output—steady, regular energy being produced. D) a flash flood—spreading out wherever there's room for it to go.
D
A large-scale NIMH comparison study of cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy and antidepressant drug therapy showed that: A) cognitive therapy works more quickly than drug therapy. B) drug therapy was better than cognitive therapy at preventing relapse. C) interpersonal therapy was the least effective. D) the three therapies were about equally effective at reducing depressive symptoms.
D
At the time of the suicide, a suicide victim was receiving psychotherapy, and left a clear suicide note. This suicide victim is: A) the most common kind; most suicide victims are in psychotherapy, and leave a suicide note. B) a somewhat uncommon kind; most suicide victims are in psychotherapy, but do not leave a suicide note. C) a somewhat uncommon kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, but do leave a suicide note. D) the least common kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, and do not leave a suicide note.
D
Which of the following risk percentage patterns would best support the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder? ______ in the general population; ______ among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder; ______ among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder. A) 10%; 10%; 10% B) 40%; 10%; 1% C) 40%; 40%; 40% D) 1%; 10%; 40%
D
characteristics of avoidant personality disorder
avoids relationships at work because of fear about criticism and rejection; unwilling to get involved; preoccupied with criticism or rejection; inhibited in new relationships; reluctant to take personal risks
personality elements
basic dimensions that make up healthy and dysfunctional personalities
Cognitive Therapy
change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders
Explain the biology of depression as it relates to the neurotransmitter theory.
depression caused by a shortage of neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine
Explain the behavioral theory of mood disorders.
depression is a learned behavior, or dependent in some way upon environmental conditions and contingencies; stress; lack of positive reinforcement
Explain the sociocultural theory of depression.
depression is found in all cultures, but the rate and symptom expression of the disorder appear to differ
Unipolar Depression
depression without a history of mania
histrionic
excessive emotionality and attention seeking
psychological and psychiatric risk factors of ASPD
family history of ASPD; early onset of conduct disorder and ADHD; conduct disorder with accompanying history of child abuse or neglect; low IQ and academic failures
What is the most effective treatment for someone with overeating issues?
group or relational settings
comorbid addiction
having multiple addictions at the same time
dual diagnosis
having multiple diagnoses, typically used to refer to individuals who have an addiction and an actual psychiatric diagnosis
borderline
instability in relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity
What are the 7 pathological traits of ASPD?
manipulativeness; callousness; impulsivity; irresponsibility; risk taking; hostility; deceitfulness
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
milder chronic depressive symptoms
motivational interviewing
mixture of empathy and inquiring review to help motivate clients to recognize they have a serious psychological problem and commit to making constructive choices and behavior changes
set point
natural weight level which is defended by the body when we attempt to go above or below it
personality disorders
patterns in personality trait domains or elements that cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning
Explain upward social comparison as it relates to screen time and depression.
people feel depressed when comparing self to others
interpersonal theory of suicide
people will be inclined to commit suicide if they hold a belief that they are burdensome and have a thwarted belongingness
Major Depressive Disorder
severe depressive symptoms of at least 2 weeks duration; no history of manic or hypomanic episodes
dichotomous thinking
viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms
