PSY 241- Chapter 2, PSY Exam 2

Regarding bonding, which of the following statements is FALSE?

*** There is strong evidence that bonding in the first several days after birth is critical to the development of a competent infant

Because it links them to other services, prenatal care is especially valuable for which of the following?

***** -first-time mothers -women in poverty

Which of the following is true of a zygote?

*It contains 23 unpaired chromosomes from the egg and 23 unpaired chromosomes from the sperm

Genes are randomly placed on chromosomes as a result of meiosis.

*True

Adopted children are most likely to engage in a lengthy identity search during

*adolescence

Whether or not a gene is active or not is influenced by

*both nature and nurture

Susan and Lon both have brown hair, but they have a blond-haired child. This is possible because

*both susan and Lon passed on a recessive gene for blonde hair

Erin has dimples. Her mother has them, too, but her father does not. Therefore, her mother carries the ________ gene for dimples.

*dominant

Which of the following refers to short segments of DNA?

*genes

Mike has red hair and green eyes, while both his parents have dark hair and brown eyes. Therefore, Mike's ________contains the genetic material for having dark eyes and hair, but his ________ is red hair and green eyes.

*genotype; phenotype

From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following signals that an organism is best adapted to its environment?

*having the most offspring

The ________ of each cell contains chromosomes.

*nucleus

Mike has red hair and green eyes even though both of his parents have dark hair and dark eyes. Mike's mother and father both have the genotype containing the genetic material for having red hair and green eyes, but they are

*recessive genes

Which of the following characteristics are part of a person's phenotype?

-height -hair color -intelligence

Low birth weight infants weigh less than ______ at birth.

5 pounds 8 ounces

_______ is a parent-child relationship that is established through a social and legal process.

Adoption

The ________ is used to assess the health of at-risk infants, especially preterm infants.

Apgar Scale

The ________ is used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth.

Apgar Scale

Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?

Apgar scale

Which of the following is a true statement regarding adopted children?

Children adopted earlier in life have better outcomes than those adopted later.

The threadlike structures found in the nucleus of each human cell and made up of deoxyribonucleic acid are called

Chromosomes

______ are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Chromosomes

The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins the week after conception.

Differentiation

_____ syndrome results when a person inherits an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Down syndrome

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

Evolutionary psychology

Fertilization typically takes place in the

Fallopian tube

Recent studies show that fathers, unlike mothers, are not prone to feelings of depression in the postpartum period.

False

Smoking e-cigarettes during pregnancy will not affect a developing fetus.

False

True or false: Children's development is solely the outcome of their heredity and environment.

False

True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

False

True or false: Those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence.

False

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

Germinal, fetal, and embryonic

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as

Implantation

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that

Increase reproductive success

If phenylketonuria (PKU) is not properly treated, it will lead to

Intellectual disability

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have

Klinefelter syndrome

A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body's organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal

MRI

_____ is the specialized form of cell division in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice to form four cells.

Meiosis

As the environment changes, some species adapt in a way that helps them survive and reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called

Natural Selection

Sickle-cell anemia, in which the red blood cells cannot carry ______ properly and die quickly, occurs most often in African Americans.

Oxygen

A dominant gene will override the potential influence of a _________ gene.

Recessive

Ultrasound sonography uses ______ directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen that produce(s) a visual representation of the fetus.

Sound waves

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n)

Teratogen

How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next?

The genetic code inherited from our parents

True or false: Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight.

True

True or false: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.

True

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as

Turner syndrome

Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome?

XO

All of the following are physical adjustments that occur during the postpartum period, EXCEPT

a steep rise in dopamine production

How long does the postpartum period last?

about 6 weeks

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the

afterbirth

All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome EXCEPT

an extra Y chromosome

An epidural block is a type of

anesthesia

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

caffeine, alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine

In a ________ delivery, the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen.

cesarean

There are times when abnormalities involve whole __________ that do not separate properly, whereas other abnormalities are produced by harmful genes.

chromosomes

Threadlike structures that contain DNA are known as

chromosomes

David and Allison are twins but developed from separate eggs and sperm. Therefore, they are ________ twins.

dizygotic

Following delivery, the mother's estrogen and progesterone levels

drop steeply and remain low for a time

According to the epigenetic view, development is

due to heredity and environment each affecting the other.

When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with

either the woman or the man

The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early ______ period, when organs are being formed.

embryonic

The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following, EXCEPT

euphoria

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes, called mitosis, meiosis, and

fertilization

The sperm and the egg fuse together to form a single cell during

fertilization

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

germinal

The _______ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

germinal period

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

heredity- environment correlations

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

One study found that individuals who have a short version of a gene labeled 5-HTTLPR (a gene involving the neurotransmitter serotonin) have an elevated risk of developing depression only if they also

live stressful lives

Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) ______ infant

low birth weight

All cells in our bodies, other than eggs and sperm, reproduce through a process called

mitosis

The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called ______ selection.

natural

The female egg is known as the

ovum

Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is

retained in our DNA

Which of the following hospital procedures is/are an attempt to foster parent-infant bonding?

rooming-in arrangements

Which genetic disorder occurs primarily in African Americans?

sickle cell anemia

A genetic disorder that impairs the body's red blood cells is called

sickle-cell anemia

Kangaroo care involves

skin-to-skin contact between infant and mother.

Teratology is the field of study that investigates

the causes of birth defects

Tara is 7 weeks pregnant. At a recent checkup, her doctor used a machine with which high-frequency sound waves provide a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures. This type of diagnostic test is called

ultrasound sonography

Which of the following tests can be used to indicate whether a fetus is developing normally?

ultrasound, fetal MRI, chorionic villus sampling, and amniocentesis

Fertilization results in a single cell, which is known as a

zygote

Every one of us started out as a single cell that contained all our

*genetic material

******Germinal period

-24-30 hours after fertilization: male and female chromosome material unite -11-15 days after fertilization: blastocyst becomes implanted in uterine wall -Between 30-36 hours after fertilization: first egg cell division -Within 24 hours of ovulation: fertilization occurs -4-5 days after fertilization: inner cell mass forms -4 days after fertilization: blastocyst forms -6-7 days after fertilization: blastocyst attached to wall of uterus -Days 9-16 of a 28 day menstrual cycle: a single cell from the ovary is drawn into the fallopian tube

Mitosis Meiosis Fertilization

-A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides -A specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only - An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell

Which of the following are benefits of the Apgar Scale?

-It is good at assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment -It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation

The birth process

-Uterine contractions are 15-20 min apart -Contractions occur every 2-5 min -Cervix dilates to about 10 centimeters -Contractions push the baby through the birth canal -the baby's head emerges -uterus expels placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

-a defined schedule of visits for medical care -screening for manageable conditions -testing for treatable diseases

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

-antibiotics -antidepressants -synthetic estrogen -Accutane (acne meds)

Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (Choose every correct answer.)

-heart problems -learning problems -facial deformities

Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus? (Choose every correct answer.)

-low birth weight -sudden infant death syndrome -respiratory problems

Loss of sleep is one of the biggest concerns during the postpartum period and has been shown to affect which of the following?

-marital conflict -stress levels -decision making

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?

-organs begin to appear -support systems for cells begin to form

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

-social services -nutritional services -comprehensive educational services

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility?

-the woman does not ovulate -blocked fallopian tubes -low sperm production

The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at

1 and 5 minutes after birth

How many pairs of chromosomes does each cell contain?

23

Babies weighing less than ________ are called very low birth weight infants.

3 pounds 4 ounces

________ is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.

Adoption

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these.

Behavior geneticists

True or false: Ultrasound sonography during pregnancy can pose significant risks to both mother and fetus.

False

Which of the following are recessive characteristics?

Freckles, nearsightedness, and blond hair

Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to environmental smoke?

It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring

Which of the following is a sex-linked chromosomal abnormality?

Klinefelter syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which

There is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks

Emily and Robin are sisters. They were originally a single zygote that split into two. Which of the following is true of Emily and Robin?

They are identical

Engaging in regular physical exercise has been shown to help alleviate the symptoms of postpartum depression.

True

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.

True

All the following factors are part of the postpartum period EXCEPT

abstaining from exercise

Fraternal twins

are no more similar than ordinary siblings

According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

bidirectional

In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as

bonding

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as

bonding

Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is

complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.

The two new cells created by mitosis

contain the same DNA as the original cell

Which of the following refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development?

critical period

Research shows that exercise during pregnancy

decreases the risk for preterm delivery

The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

embryonic period

Which of the following concepts states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment?

epigenetic view

Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______.

fertilization; birth

What fetal screening method can provide more detailed images than an ultrasound?

fetal MRI

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the

male has an extra Y chromosome

Klinefelter syndrome is a relatively common sex-linked chromosomal abnormality in which

males are XXY instead of XY

Chromosomal abnormalities result when a chromosome does not separate properly during

meiosis

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is

mental deficiency

According to the U.S. surgeon general,

no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy

Nurse midwives feel that birth is best described as a(n)

normal aspect of the life span

Which of the following is NOT one of behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr's hereditary-environment correlations?

phenotypic

Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize a certain amino acid and, if left untreated, causes intellectual disability?

phenylketonuria (PKU)

The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).

postpartum

Some women develop ______, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.

postpartum depression

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is

psychoactive drugs

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) _____ to the unborn fetus

teratogen

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT

the Apgar Scale

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ____ stage of birth.

third

A midwife is with the mother

throughout her pregnancy, labor, and birth

The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen.

time

About half of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs.

true

Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist?

twin or adoption studies