PSY 241- Chapter 2, PSY Exam 2
Regarding bonding, which of the following statements is FALSE?
*** There is strong evidence that bonding in the first several days after birth is critical to the development of a competent infant
Because it links them to other services, prenatal care is especially valuable for which of the following?
***** -first-time mothers -women in poverty
Which of the following is true of a zygote?
*It contains 23 unpaired chromosomes from the egg and 23 unpaired chromosomes from the sperm
Genes are randomly placed on chromosomes as a result of meiosis.
*True
Adopted children are most likely to engage in a lengthy identity search during
*adolescence
Whether or not a gene is active or not is influenced by
*both nature and nurture
Susan and Lon both have brown hair, but they have a blond-haired child. This is possible because
*both susan and Lon passed on a recessive gene for blonde hair
Erin has dimples. Her mother has them, too, but her father does not. Therefore, her mother carries the ________ gene for dimples.
*dominant
Which of the following refers to short segments of DNA?
*genes
Mike has red hair and green eyes, while both his parents have dark hair and brown eyes. Therefore, Mike's ________contains the genetic material for having dark eyes and hair, but his ________ is red hair and green eyes.
*genotype; phenotype
From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following signals that an organism is best adapted to its environment?
*having the most offspring
The ________ of each cell contains chromosomes.
*nucleus
Mike has red hair and green eyes even though both of his parents have dark hair and dark eyes. Mike's mother and father both have the genotype containing the genetic material for having red hair and green eyes, but they are
*recessive genes
Which of the following characteristics are part of a person's phenotype?
-height -hair color -intelligence
Low birth weight infants weigh less than ______ at birth.
5 pounds 8 ounces
_______ is a parent-child relationship that is established through a social and legal process.
Adoption
The ________ is used to assess the health of at-risk infants, especially preterm infants.
Apgar Scale
The ________ is used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth.
Apgar Scale
Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?
Apgar scale
Which of the following is a true statement regarding adopted children?
Children adopted earlier in life have better outcomes than those adopted later.
The threadlike structures found in the nucleus of each human cell and made up of deoxyribonucleic acid are called
Chromosomes
______ are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Chromosomes
The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins the week after conception.
Differentiation
_____ syndrome results when a person inherits an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Down
Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?
Down syndrome
Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?
Evolutionary psychology
Fertilization typically takes place in the
Fallopian tube
Recent studies show that fathers, unlike mothers, are not prone to feelings of depression in the postpartum period.
False
Smoking e-cigarettes during pregnancy will not affect a developing fetus.
False
True or false: Children's development is solely the outcome of their heredity and environment.
False
True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.
False
True or false: Those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence.
False
Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?
Germinal, fetal, and embryonic
The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as
Implantation
According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that
Increase reproductive success
If phenylketonuria (PKU) is not properly treated, it will lead to
Intellectual disability
Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have
Klinefelter syndrome
A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body's organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal
MRI
_____ is the specialized form of cell division in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice to form four cells.
Meiosis
As the environment changes, some species adapt in a way that helps them survive and reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called
Natural Selection
Sickle-cell anemia, in which the red blood cells cannot carry ______ properly and die quickly, occurs most often in African Americans.
Oxygen
A dominant gene will override the potential influence of a _________ gene.
Recessive
Ultrasound sonography uses ______ directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen that produce(s) a visual representation of the fetus.
Sound waves
Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n)
Teratogen
How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next?
The genetic code inherited from our parents
True or false: Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight.
True
True or false: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.
True
A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as
Turner syndrome
Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome?
XO
All of the following are physical adjustments that occur during the postpartum period, EXCEPT
a steep rise in dopamine production
How long does the postpartum period last?
about 6 weeks
In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the
afterbirth
All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome EXCEPT
an extra Y chromosome
An epidural block is a type of
anesthesia
Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?
caffeine, alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine
In a ________ delivery, the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen.
cesarean
There are times when abnormalities involve whole __________ that do not separate properly, whereas other abnormalities are produced by harmful genes.
chromosomes
Threadlike structures that contain DNA are known as
chromosomes
David and Allison are twins but developed from separate eggs and sperm. Therefore, they are ________ twins.
dizygotic
Following delivery, the mother's estrogen and progesterone levels
drop steeply and remain low for a time
According to the epigenetic view, development is
due to heredity and environment each affecting the other.
When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with
either the woman or the man
The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early ______ period, when organs are being formed.
embryonic
The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following, EXCEPT
euphoria
Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes, called mitosis, meiosis, and
fertilization
The sperm and the egg fuse together to form a single cell during
fertilization
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.
germinal
The _______ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
germinal period
Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of
heredity- environment correlations
In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.
it occurs earlier in the pregnancy
One study found that individuals who have a short version of a gene labeled 5-HTTLPR (a gene involving the neurotransmitter serotonin) have an elevated risk of developing depression only if they also
live stressful lives
Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) ______ infant
low birth weight
All cells in our bodies, other than eggs and sperm, reproduce through a process called
mitosis
The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called ______ selection.
natural
The female egg is known as the
ovum
Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is
retained in our DNA
Which of the following hospital procedures is/are an attempt to foster parent-infant bonding?
rooming-in arrangements
Which genetic disorder occurs primarily in African Americans?
sickle cell anemia
A genetic disorder that impairs the body's red blood cells is called
sickle-cell anemia
Kangaroo care involves
skin-to-skin contact between infant and mother.
Teratology is the field of study that investigates
the causes of birth defects
Tara is 7 weeks pregnant. At a recent checkup, her doctor used a machine with which high-frequency sound waves provide a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures. This type of diagnostic test is called
ultrasound sonography
Which of the following tests can be used to indicate whether a fetus is developing normally?
ultrasound, fetal MRI, chorionic villus sampling, and amniocentesis
Fertilization results in a single cell, which is known as a
zygote
Every one of us started out as a single cell that contained all our
*genetic material
******Germinal period
-24-30 hours after fertilization: male and female chromosome material unite -11-15 days after fertilization: blastocyst becomes implanted in uterine wall -Between 30-36 hours after fertilization: first egg cell division -Within 24 hours of ovulation: fertilization occurs -4-5 days after fertilization: inner cell mass forms -4 days after fertilization: blastocyst forms -6-7 days after fertilization: blastocyst attached to wall of uterus -Days 9-16 of a 28 day menstrual cycle: a single cell from the ovary is drawn into the fallopian tube
Mitosis Meiosis Fertilization
-A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides -A specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only - An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell
Which of the following are benefits of the Apgar Scale?
-It is good at assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment -It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation
The birth process
-Uterine contractions are 15-20 min apart -Contractions occur every 2-5 min -Cervix dilates to about 10 centimeters -Contractions push the baby through the birth canal -the baby's head emerges -uterus expels placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes
In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?
-a defined schedule of visits for medical care -screening for manageable conditions -testing for treatable diseases
Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?
-antibiotics -antidepressants -synthetic estrogen -Accutane (acne meds)
Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (Choose every correct answer.)
-heart problems -learning problems -facial deformities
Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus? (Choose every correct answer.)
-low birth weight -sudden infant death syndrome -respiratory problems
Loss of sleep is one of the biggest concerns during the postpartum period and has been shown to affect which of the following?
-marital conflict -stress levels -decision making
Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?
-organs begin to appear -support systems for cells begin to form
Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?
-social services -nutritional services -comprehensive educational services
Which of the following are potential causes of infertility?
-the woman does not ovulate -blocked fallopian tubes -low sperm production
The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at
1 and 5 minutes after birth
How many pairs of chromosomes does each cell contain?
23
Babies weighing less than ________ are called very low birth weight infants.
3 pounds 4 ounces
________ is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.
Adoption
______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these.
Behavior geneticists
True or false: Ultrasound sonography during pregnancy can pose significant risks to both mother and fetus.
False
Which of the following are recessive characteristics?
Freckles, nearsightedness, and blond hair
Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to environmental smoke?
It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring
Which of the following is a sex-linked chromosomal abnormality?
Klinefelter syndrome
Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which
There is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks
Emily and Robin are sisters. They were originally a single zygote that split into two. Which of the following is true of Emily and Robin?
They are identical
Engaging in regular physical exercise has been shown to help alleviate the symptoms of postpartum depression.
True
True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.
True
All the following factors are part of the postpartum period EXCEPT
abstaining from exercise
Fraternal twins
are no more similar than ordinary siblings
According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?
bidirectional
In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as
bonding
The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as
bonding
Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is
complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.
The two new cells created by mitosis
contain the same DNA as the original cell
Which of the following refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development?
critical period
Research shows that exercise during pregnancy
decreases the risk for preterm delivery
The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.
embryonic period
Which of the following concepts states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment?
epigenetic view
Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______.
fertilization; birth
What fetal screening method can provide more detailed images than an ultrasound?
fetal MRI
A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the
male has an extra Y chromosome
Klinefelter syndrome is a relatively common sex-linked chromosomal abnormality in which
males are XXY instead of XY
Chromosomal abnormalities result when a chromosome does not separate properly during
meiosis
A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is
mental deficiency
According to the U.S. surgeon general,
no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy
Nurse midwives feel that birth is best described as a(n)
normal aspect of the life span
Which of the following is NOT one of behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr's hereditary-environment correlations?
phenotypic
Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize a certain amino acid and, if left untreated, causes intellectual disability?
phenylketonuria (PKU)
The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).
postpartum
Some women develop ______, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.
postpartum depression
The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is
psychoactive drugs
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with
reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference
Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) _____ to the unborn fetus
teratogen
Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT
the Apgar Scale
The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ____ stage of birth.
third
A midwife is with the mother
throughout her pregnancy, labor, and birth
The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen.
time
About half of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs.
true
Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist?
twin or adoption studies