Psy 309 Unit 4

Examples of secondary reinforcers

- Praise - Recognition - Smiles - Applause - Stimulus that predicts presentation of primary reinforcer - Money - Tokens (poker)

Which of the following are behaviors? (Choose all that are accurate, for partial credit for each correct)

- Saying "hello" - Hitting a ball - Smiling - Studying - Drinking water

Which of the following are behaviors?

- Chewing with mouth closed - Saying "thank you" - Complying with a direction - Walking - Standing

Examples of primary reinforcers

- Food - Water - Sexual stimulation - Sleep - Being able to move - Relief from heat or cold - Relief from pain - Social contact _ Exerting control over the environment - Drugs that cause a high

Which of the following must be true for the ABCFO template for negative reinforcement?

- Future likelihood of the behavior in a similar situation or context increases - An aversive stimulus or event is present prior to the behavior - The behavior is relevant to the given antecedent

True or False: When a behavioral contingency is operating, the consequence for the behavior in that environmental situation is guaranteed to be what the organism expects it to be.

False

What can be operantly conditioned?

Behaviors

Which of the following must be true for your example to be an accurate example of negative, primary reinforcement?

- The antecedent must be that an aversive stimulus or event is present. - The consequence must be that the aversive stimulus or event given as the antecedent is removed. - The future occurrence must be that the behavior given increases in the future. - The aversive stimulus or event must be innately aversive (or unlearned).

Which of the following are potential outcomes if punishment is effective?

- The behavior being punished declines or decreases in frequency. - The behavior being punished declines or decreases in intensity. - The behavior being punished declines or decreases in both frequency and intensity.

In positive reinforcement, which of the following are accurate about the aspects of the ABCFO template?

- The behavior is relevant to the antecedent context given - The future occurrence of the behavior increases - The antecedent is a contingency that indicates the behavior will be reinforced if the organism engages in the behavior.

In order to determine if a consequence is positive reinforcement, which of the following must be true?

- The consequence is appetitive. - The future likelihood of the behavior increases. - A stimulus or event has been added following the behavior.

The consequence in negative punishment could be:

- The removal of the ability to earn reinforcement contingent on the behavior. - An appetitive stimulus or event is removed contingent on the behavior.

Which of the following are important components of the future occurrence of the behavior? (Choose all that are accurate.)

- What happens to the future likelihood of the behavior - What happens to the behavior in a similar situation or context

Definition of reinforcement

- When the consequence of engaging in a behavior increases the future likelihood of engaging in that behavior in a similar situation in the future as a result of the consequence

Which of the following are key components of the definition of reinforcement?

- an increase in the likelihood of the behavior - the change in behavior is as a result of the consequence - the change in behavior takes place in a similar situation - a consequence followed the behavior

What are the three components that must be present to determine if a procedure has been punishment?

- consequence must depend on behavior occurring - the behavior decreases in strength in the future - the decrease in strength is because of the consequence

Which of the following is an example of a contingency?

- raising an arm to catch a ball when a ball is thrown to you - an animal running to eat when they hear their owner preparing the food - a rat pressing a lever because that lever always causes food to be delivered

In reinforcement, positive means ___1____ and negative means ____2____.

1 = addition 2 = subtraction

Match the items. a. Situation or context prior to the behavior b. What happens to the future likelihood of the behavior in a similar situation or context c. Observable action organism engages in d. What follows the behavior

1. Antecedent - A 2. Behavior - C 3. Consequence - D 4. Future Occurrence of the behavior - B

Definition of reinforcer

A consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood of the behavior it follows occurring again in a similar situation in the future in response to this consequence

Definition of secondary reinforcer

A reinforcer that becomes reinforcing through experience with primary reinforcers (sometimes conditioned reinforcers)

Definition of primary reinforcer

A reinforcer that is inherently reinforcing because it has innate biological value to the organism (also known as unconditioned reinforces)

Definition of punisher

A stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior it follows occurring again in a similar situation in the future in response to this consequence

Definition of positive punishment

Addition of an aversive stimuli or event following a behavior that causes the future likelihood of that behavior occurring to decrease

Dr. Woniz is using instrumental conditioning and Dr. Ivy is using operant conditioning in their current research studies. They are both attempting to modify ____.

Behaviors

Operant conditioning chambers (aka Skinner boxes) can be used to study the impact of ____ on behavior.

Both reinforcement and punishment

Halle loves making people laugh but Hank does not. Which of the following is true?

Halle will likely increase engaging in behaviors that make others laugh

Be able to recognize and give accurate examples of behavioral contingencies (other than examples provided in the lesson).

If you press the crosswalk signal before crossing the road, others may stop to let you walk across

A psychologist is measuring how quickly rats will reach a food reward when they are placed into a T maze with a food reward in the right arm. What type of conditioning is this psychologist studying?

Instrumental

Instrumental conditioning is

Instrumental conditioning is when an organism learns how to obtain a reward by engaging in a behavior.

negative punishment

Negative punishment is the procedure in which the removal of a desired stimulus or event following a behavior causes the future likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future to decrease.

What is a behavior?

Observable actions organisms can engage in

A psychologist is doing a study in which they are examining how frequently children seek out playing with other children in their class depending on how reinforcing the children find playing with each child in their class. The psychologist hypothesized that children will seek out playing with the children they enjoy playing with more frequently than seeking out playing with children they do not enjoy playing with. What type of conditioning is this psychologist studying?

Operant

How are behavioral contingency and operant conditioning similar?

Operant conditioning is essentially learning the behavioral contingency.

Definition of punishment

Punishment is when the consequence of engaging in a behavior decreases the future likelihood of engaging in that behavior in a similar situation in the future as a result of the consequence

Definition of appetitive

Stimuli or events organisms desire, actively seek out, consume, or try to obtain - also known as positive reinforcers

Definition of aversive

Stimuli or events organisms would like to avoid or get away from (they are unpleasant, undesirable) - also known as negative reinforcers

Which of the following must be true for negative reinforcement?

The aversive stimulus or event that was present prior to the behavior is removed following the behavior

What is the outcome on the future likelihood of the behavior if punishment is effective?

The behavior being punished declines in frequency, intensity or both

What is the intent of punishment?

The intention of punishment is to reduce or eliminate the behavior being punished

What is a behavioral contingency?

The relationship between: (a) the environmental situation or occasion, (b) a specific behavior, and (c) the consequence for that behavior

Definition of negative reinforcement

The removal of an aversive stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behavior it followed happening again in a similar situation in the future - something the organism would typically try to escape or avoid - sometime referred to as escape learning, escape-avoidance learning

Which of the following are accurate similarities between positive punishment and negative reinforcement?

The stimulus or event is aversive to the organism

True or False: In reality, many things might be a combination of both positive and negative reinforcement, but we will determine which it is based on how we present the information.

True

True or False: It is possible for the exact same behavior in the exact same situation to be reinforced or punished. What determines if it is reinforcement or punishment is the consequence following the behavior and what happens to the future occurrence of the behavior as a result of the consequence.

True

True or False: The increase in the future likelihood of the behavior in positive reinforcement must be due to the response-consequence relationship.

True

True or False: We can punish people for engaging in desired behaviors and the frequency or the intensity of those behaviors will decline even though it is a desired behavior.

True

Which of the following is true about reinforcers?

We only know if something is a reinforcer if it increases the strength of the behavior it followed.

Definition of positive reinforcement

When an appetitive/ desirable consequence (stimulus or event) follows a behavior that increases the likelihood of the behavior it followed happening again in a similar situation in the future

Definition of operant conditioning

When an organism learns the relationship between the environment predictors and the consequences of engaging in a specific behavior

When trying to determine what type of operant response procedure an example is, what does the future occurrence of the behavior help us to determine?

Whether it is reinforcement or punishment

In negative, secondary reinforcement, the aversive that is present prior to the behavior taking place and that is removed following the behavior is _____ aversive.

a learned

In positive reinforcement, is a stimuli or event added or removed?

added

Is a stimulus or event added or removed in positive punishment?

added

In positive reinforcement, the term positive refers to:

addition

The future occurrence of behavior for both primary and secondary negative reinforcement is:

an increased likelihood of the given behavior happening again when in the presence of the aversive stimulus or event

In negative, primary reinforcement, the aversive that is present prior to the behavior taking place and that is removed following the behavior is _____ aversive.

an unlearned

The situation or context prior to the behavior is known as the:

antecedent

In negative punishment, is the stimulus or event removed as a consequence of the behavior aversive or appetitive to the organism being punished?

appetitive

In positive reinforcement, was the stimuli or event that was added as a consequence of the behavior appetitive or aversive?

appetitive

In negative reinforcement is the stimulus or event that is removed following the behavior appetitive or aversive?

aversive

Is the stimulus or event that is added following the behavior aversive or appetitive to the organism being punished in positive punishment?

aversive

When trying to change a behavior, we must:

choose a reinforcer that is actually reinforcing to the organism being reinforced

Sam just entered a restaurant he has never entered and sees a sign "Please wait to be seated". Sam has learned the ______ between this sign and his behavior of waiting for a host/hostess to seat him, so he waits.

contingency

Because negative reinforcement is reinforcement, the behavior _____ in the future.

increases

In negative reinforcement, what happens to the future likelihood of the behavior in a similar situation in the future?

increases

In negative reinforcement, the future occurrence of the behavior:

is increased only when in the presence of that aversive antecedent.

What happens to the future likelihood of the behavior in a similar situation in the future if the behavior has been punished?

it decreases

In instrumental conditioning there are:

limited opportunities to obtain the reinforcer.

Which of the following are behaviors?

meditating biting nails writing reading

If we are removing a stimulus or event and the organism finds that stimulus appetitive or desirable, and it decreases the future likelihood of the behavior as a result, it is:

negative punishment

If we are adding a stimulus or event and the organism finds that stimulus aversive or undesirable, and it decreases the future likelihood of the behavior as a result, it is:

positive punishment

Negative reinforcement is sometimes referred to as all of the following EXCEPT:

positive punishment

What type of reinforcement do you think this is?

positive, secondary reinforcement

Reinforcers that are reinforcing without any previous experience with that reinforcer are:

primary reinforcers

In ____, the organism becomes less likely to engage in the behavior in a similar situation in the future because of a consequence received following the behavior.

punishment

Tyler took a run for the first time in 2 years. Tyler now feels extremely sore and like he can barely move. He is now less likely to run because he received _____ for running.

punishment

Lauren studied effectively for her first exam in Psy 309 and as a result earned a good grade. She is now more likely to study in the same manner for her second exam in Psy 309 because she received _____ for her studying effectively.

reinforcement

In negative punishment, is the stimulus or event added or removed as a result of the behavior?

removed

In negative reinforcement, is a stimulus or event added or removed following the behavior?

removed

Does the desirability of the behavior matter when determining if a procedure is punishment or reinforcement?

the desirability is irrelevant

Which of the following are components of a behavioral contingency?

the environmental situation or occasion the consequence for a behavior the specific behavior

Secondary reinforcers become reinforcers because:

they are neutral stimuli that are paired with an unconditioned stimulus that is a primary reinforcer.

The intent of punishment, as discussed in psychology, is

to reduce or eliminate the behavior being punished.

Definition of instrumental conditioning

type of conditioning that is occurring when an organism learns how to obtain a reward by engaging in a behavior. In this form of conditioning, the organism is limited in how many rewards it can obtain.