Quick Recall Social Studies Questions

He succeeded George Clinton as the second Governor of New York two days after he resigned as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Identify the Chief Justice remembered for negotiating a treaty in 1794 between the United States and Great Britain that is named for him.

(JOHN) JAY

His writings were declared "heretical, scandalous, and offensive to pious ears," by Pope Leo the Tenth. Name the influential theologian who, in 1522, translated the New Testament into German.

(MARTIN) LUTHER

This man was told by Chief Donnacona of Hochelage [hoh-chuh-LAH-guh] about a city of gold, named Saguenay [SAH-guh-nay]. While exploring the St. Lawrence River, he claimed Canada for France. Identify this explorer, who has namesake parks in Quebec and New York.

(JACQUES) CARTIER

A year after founding the climate change coalition World War Zero, he was chosen to serve as special presidential envoy for climate in the Biden administration. Identify this former Massachusetts senator and 2004 Democratic nominee for president, who served under President Barack Obama from 2013 to 2017 as secretary of state.

(JOHN) KERRY

The successor to King William the Fourth, this monarch was the last of the house of Hanover to rule in the United Kingdom, reigning from 1837 until 1901. Identify this long-reigning British queen.

(QUEEN) (ALEXANDRINA) VICTORIA

This woman coined the phrase "annus horribilis [hor-RIB-uh-lis]" to refer to 1992 -- the year when three of her children separated from their spouses. She acquired her current title in February 1952, making her now the longest-reigning monarch in British history. Who is she?

(QUEEN) ELIZABETH (THE SECOND)

He was appointed secretary of the treasury by President Warren G. Harding, and continued in that role in the administrations of Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover. Identify this American financier who, along with Andrew Carnegie, lends his name to a research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(ANDREW WILLIAM) MELLON

Failing to secure the Republican nomination for president in 2016, he reversed his earlier decision not to seek a second term in the United States Senate, and was re-elected that same year. After the defeat of Senator Bill Nelson by Governor Rick Scott in 2018, he became Florida's senior senator. Identify this Cuban-American politician.

(MARCO) RUBIO

This world leader's publications in the field of quantum chemistry have included papers on the reactions of polyatomic molecules. In response to claims that the United States NSA had been eavesdropping on her phone calls, this leader commented that "spying among friends is never acceptable." Name this leader of the Christian Democratic Union, who began serving as Chancellor of Germany in 2005.

(ANGELA) MERKEL (Accept: (ANGELA) KASNER)

This term refers to four naval conflicts that occurred between two European nations in the 17th and 18th centuries. The first three resulted in England's becoming an established naval power, while the fourth ended the other nation's status as a world power. Identify these conflicts fought between England and the Netherlands.

(ANGLO-)DUTCH WARS

This future vice president joined the assault on Quebec as a volunteer, became an aide to George Washington and rose to the rank of colonel. Entering New York politics after the revolution, he was elected to the Senate in 1791 and unseated incumbent Phillip Schuyler. What American politician is mostly remembered for his duel with Schuyler's son-in-law, Alexander Hamilton?

(AARON) BURR

His most famous volumes were Toward a Psychology of Being and Motivation and Personality. He was considered a humanistic psychologist, and one theory he is known for contains levels such as physiological, safety, and esteem needs. Who is this psychologist, best known for his "hierarchy of needs"?

(ABRAHAM HAROLD) MASLOW

He was elected to the state legislature in 1834, then passed the bar exam two years later. An accomplished orator and lawyer, he lost his campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1858. Name the 16th president of the United States, who issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.

(ABRAHAM) LINCOLN

HE succeeded Kennesaw Mountain Landis, as the second commissioner of baseball, and was instrumental in allowing Jackie Robinson to join the major leagues. Identify this leaser, who followed his one term as commissioner, with a second term as Governor of Kentucky.

(ALBERT BENJAMIN "HAPPY") CHANDLER

This businessman, who himself held more than 350 patents, earned his wealth primarily through weapons manufacturing in northern Europe. Upon learning of his legacy as a "merchant of death," he set aside his fortune to the Royal Swedish Academy of Science to be distributed after his death. Identify this Swedish chemist and inventor of dynamite, who gave his name to awards given out yearly in various scientific categories, literature, and peace.

(ALFRED) NOBEL

Her book Change Sings: A Children's Anthem skyrocketed to the top of best seller's lists in January 2021, after she read "The Hill We Climb" at the inauguration of President Joe Biden. Who was the United States' first National Youth Poet Laureate?

(AMANDA) GORMAN

This colonial English woman was the subject of the Antinomian Controversy in which she was put on trial and banished because her interpretation of sermons by preachers were often in disagreement with those religious figures. While in exile in modern-day New York City, six of her children were killed in an attack by members of the Siwanoy tribe. Who was this proponent of "free grace" in early American history, that assisted Roger Williams in the creation of a new colony when she and her followers established Portsmouth, Rhode Island?

(ANNE) HUTCHINSON

This originator of the "religion of humanity" also developed the "law of the three stages." His Course of Positive Philosophy outlined the principles of positivism, a philosophical system concerned exclusively with experiential data. Name this man, who was also considered the father of sociology.

(AUGUSTE) COMTE [oh-GYOOST KAWNT]

He worked as a community organizer in between attending Columbia University and Harvard Law School. He lost his first Congressional election in 2000, but was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2004 and gave the keynote speech at the Democratic National Convention that same year. Name the politician and native of Hawaii who served two terms as the first African-American president.

(BARACK) OBAMA

Following the long-time rule of his father Hafez, his 2000 election signaled a short period of national peace known as "Damascus Spring." Since 2011, he has presided over a long civil war and refugee crisis in his nation. Who is this current Syrian president?

(BASHAR) (AL-) ASSAD [buh-SHAR ah-SAHD]

In this battle, the aircraft carrier Shokaku [SHOH-kah-KOO] was severely damaged, while the Lexington was sunk. This battle was a strategic defeat for the Japanese, who abandoned their efforts to seize Port Moresby. What May 1942 World War Two battle was the first naval battle fought entirely by aircraft?

(BATLLE OF THE) CORAL SEA

It was during this battle that an American commander replied, "Nuts!" to an enemy surrender demand. A heavily forested region of France, Luxembourg, and Belgium was the site of this World War Two battle, fought from December 16, 1944, to January 16, 1945. Name this battle, the last of Germany's major Western Front offensives.

(BATTLE OF THE) BULGE (Accept (BATTLE OF THE) ARDENNES)

General Lee's first attempt at invading a Northern state, led to this battle in Maryland. The Union pushed the Confederated soldiers south, allowing President Lincoln to deliver the Emancipation Proclamation. What Civil War battle, occurred September 17, 1862, and was the bloodiest single day in American military history?

(BATTLE OF) ANTIETAM (Accept: (BATTLE OF) SHARPSBURG)

George Washington saw his first combat in this battle fought on May 28, 1754. What was the opening battle of the French and Indian War?

(BATTLE OF) JUMONVILLE [juh-MAHN-vill] GLEN

With ten generals split on how the Athenian army should approach this battle, the decision to attack was ultimately made by the deciding vote of Callimachus [kuh-LIM-uh-kuhs]. The Athenians were ultimately able to fend off the invading Persians in a single afternoon. Give the name of this GrecoPersian battle, often associated with the legend of a messenger's long run to share news of the Athenian victory.

(BATTLE OF) MARATHON

This battle took place at a location with a name meaning "the hot gates." It took place at the same time as a naval battle at Artemisium [ar-tuh-MEEZ-ee-um], and a decisive moment was the betrayal by Ephialtes [ef-ee-AL-teez]. Name this battle, the first conflict in the second Persian invasion of Greece.

(BATTLE OF) THERMOPYLAE [ther-MOP-uh-lee]

An allied army of German, Dutch, British, and Belgian forces were led to victory in this battle by the duke of Wellington on June 18, 1815. Identify the battle fought in Belgium, at which Napoleon suffered his final defeat.

(BATTLE OF) WATERLOO (Accept (LA) BELLE ALLIANCE)

This Viceroy of Peru studied in England under Francisco de Miranda, a revolutionary who pushed for independence in his native Venezuela. This military leader later joined the September 18 movement for his country's independence after Carrera fled the battlefield at El Roble [ROH-blay]. Name this son of an Irish Immigrant, from Spain, who led the Chilean independence fight in the early 1800s.

(BERNARDO) O'HIGGINS

He was particularly praised for his coverage of Hurricane Katrina, but was later suspended by the network for misrepresenting his experience during the U.S. invasion of Iraq. NBC announced in 2004 its choice of this newsman to replace Tom Brokaw as the anchor of NBC Nightly News. Identify this broadcaster who hosts MSNBC's The Eleventh Hour, where he served as anchor of the network's coverage of the 2020 presidential election.

(BRIAN) WILLIAMS

For publishing a letter criticizing this man's conviction, novelist Émile Zola [ay-MEEL ZOH-luh] was sentenced to a year in prison in February 1898. The conviction stemmed from accusations he had sold military secrets to the German military while serving in the French War Ministry. Identify the French army officer whose conviction for treason in 1894 began a 12-year period known in French history as an "affair" named for him.

(CAPTAIN ALFRED) DREYFUS [dray-FUS]

He coined numerous psychological concepts such as archetypes, synchronicity, and the collective unconscious. The MBTI system for personality classification is based on the work of this man. Name this contemporary and pupil of Freud, who disagreed about the sexual basis of neuroses.

(CARL) JUNG [YOONG]

Elected president of the International Psychoanalytic Society in 1911, he left the group three years later following the end of his collaboration with Freud. His relationship with Freud became strained after the release of his book Psychology of the Unconscious. Name the Swiss psychiatrist, known as the founder of analytic psychology.

(CARL) JUNG [yoong]

His 1912 work, Psychology of the Unconscious, led to his resignation as president of the International Psychoanalytic Society, and his further development of the field of analytic psychology. Identify this Swiss psychologist, often remembered for his relationship and rivalry with his mentor, Sigmund Freud.

(CARL) JUNG [yoong]

After surviving an assassination attempt in September 2018, he was elected his country's president a month later, largely through the support of antiestablishment voters. Those voters were upset over the government's involvement in the Petrobras [peh-troh-BRAHS] scandal. Identify this South American politician who took office as the leader of Brazil in 2019.

(JAIR) BOLSONARO [jah-EAR bole-zoh-NAH-roe]

While serving as a member of parliament in South Africa, this man repeatedly introduced legislation intended to oppress the black population of the country, including The Glen Grey Act. His political clout would remain high in that country until his death due to the wealth he amassed from his holdings in the DeBeers company. Who was this controversial British mining magnate whose estate funds a scholarship to the University of Oxford in his name?

(CECIL) RHODES

His work White Collar analyzes the rise of middle managers. One of his best known works argues that those in "The Highest Circles" have stripped average Americans of their authority. Name this sociologist and writer of The Power Elite.

(CHARLES WRITGHT) MILLS

In October 1906, he succeeded William Howard Taft as provisional governor of Cuba. Identify this government official who earlier was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt as minister to Panama, and as governor of the Panama Canal Zone.

(CHARLES) MAGOON

When his case was seen by the Supreme Court in January 1963, he was represented by future justice Abe Fortas for free. Identify the defendant, whose request for a court-appointed attorney, led the court to decide denial of an attorney violates due process.

(CLARENCE) (EARL) GIDEON

This group was commissioned by the National Convention in France in 1793 for the purposes of defending the nation from both internal and external threats. Chaired by Maximilien Robespierre from July of 1793 until his execution in 1794, it allowed him near autocratic control of the country. What was this government committee that effectively ruled France during the Reign of Terror years of the French Revolution?

(COMMITTEE OF) PUBLIC SAFETY

In one work, this thinker analyzed the origin of supernatural beliefs in terms of relations to outside objects. Another work by this man describes anomic, altruistic, and fatalistic forms of the title action. Who is this French sociologist, best known for writing Suicide and The Division of Labor in Society?

(DAVID EMILE) DURKHEIM

In one work, this thinker analyzed the origin of supernatural beliefs in terms of relations to outside objects. In another work, he described anomic [uh-NOM-ick], altruistic, and fatalistic forms of the title action. What French sociologist is best known for writing Suicide and The Division of Labor in Society?

(DAVID EMILE) DURKHEIM [DURK-hime]

Having founded the Histadrut [his-tah-DROOT] and elected as the organization's first secretarygeneral, he was elected chairman of the Zionist Executive in 1935. On May 14, 1948, in an address from Tel Aviv, he delivered the declaration of independence for the state of Israel. Identify this Zionist statesman, Israel's first prime minister.

(DAVID) BEN-GURION (Accept (DAVID) GRUEN)

After serving from 2005 to 2010 as Britain's leader of the opposition, this politician succeeded Gordon Brown as the country's prime minister. Who resigned as Britain's prime minister on July 13, 2016, following the country's vote to withdraw from the European Union?

(DAVID) CAMERON

Paul Krugman credited this economist with, quote, "creating the first true economic model," end quote, with his 1752 essay On the Balance of Trade. His definitions of wealth as a collection of commodities and low interest rates as a symptom of successful trade strongly influenced the ideas of so-called "classical economics," as well as the later economic contributions of his friend, Adam Smith. Identify this Scottish philosopher and essayist.

(DAVID) HUME

He showed how comparative advantage provided a justification for unfettered international trade. Perhaps his best known work is Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Identify this British economist, known for putting forth his "Iron Law of Wages."

(DAVID) RICARDO

Letters by this economist, first published in the Morning Chronicle in 1809, influenced a House of Commons committee to recommend the repeal of Britain's Bank Restriction Act. Those letters were published a year later as his first major work, The High Price of Bullion. Identify the economist best known for his Iron Law of Wages.

(DAVID) RICARDO

This department's longest-serving secretary was Herbert Hoover, for who its headquarters is named. Its agencies include the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Census Bureau. What cabinet-level department deals with national economic growth and international trade?

(DEPARTMENT OF) COMMERCE

Joe Biden's nominees to lead these two U.S. Cabinet departments were Miguel Cardona and Jennifer Granholm. Two of the most recently created cabinet departments, they were established in 1977 and 1979. Identify the two cabinet departments established during the presidency of Jimmy Carter.

(DEPARTMENT OF) ENERGY, (DEPARTMENT OF) EDUCATION (EITHER ORDER)

Component agencies of this department include the TSA, the U.S. Secret Service, and FEMA. Originally led by Tom Ridge, Kirstjen Nielsen became secretary in 2017. Identify the United States cabinet department announced by President George W. Bush in 2001, in response to the September 11th attacks.

(DEPARTMENT OF) HOMELAND SECURITY

Its current deputy is Claire Grady and leaders of this body have included Janet Napolitano and Tom Ridge. Kirstjen Nielsen is the current head of this department, which has existed since the early 2000s. What is this most recently developed department of the US executive branch, created as a reaction to the September 11th terrorist attacks?

(DEPARTMENT OF) HOMELAND SECURITY

This New York politician purchased the USFL's New Jersey Generals in 1983, and indirectly led to the league's demise due to plans to compete with the NFL schedule. He continued to pursue real estate development, expanding into golf courses, casinos, and reality television. What Wharton School of Business graduate was elected to president in 2016?

(DONALD) TRUMP

He unsuccessfully attempted to purchase his freedom from Irene Emerson, before filing suit to obtain it in Missouri state court. Identify the African American slave, whose case reached the Supreme Court, resulting in the Missouri Compromise being found unconstitutional.

(DRED) SCOTT

During the late eighteenth century, this British army officer was colonial governor of Roatan Island, the Gulf of Honduras, the Mosquito Coast, and Belize. He is best remembered for his organized plot to capture the Tower of London and to assassinate King George the Third. Identify this traitor who was hanged in London in 1803.

(EDWARD) DESPARD

Though he was the United States' fifth vice president when he died in 1814, he is best remembered today for signing into law controversial redistricting legislation while governor of Massachusetts. Identify the Democratic-Republican politician who lends his name to the practice of purposely drawing electoral boundaries so that they are favorable to a specific political party.

(ELBRIDGE) GERRY

In reaction to a statement by Judge Luke Lawless condoning the actions of a pro-slavery mob, this man increased his public abolitionist stance and harshly criticized the judge. Many citizens of Missouri took offense to this man's publications, and a mob forced him to relocate his business in the free state of Illinois. Name this outspoken owner of the St. Louis Observer, who John Quincy Adams called "the first martyr to the freedom of the press and the freedom of the slave" after his murder in 1837.

(ELIJAH) LOVEJOY

In 1936, he was named Cleveland's public safety director, resigning as an agent of the Treasury's Alcohol Beverage Unit. He had come to Cleveland from Cincinnati, where he was assigned after heading Chicago's Prohibition Unit from 1920 to 1933. Name the federal agent who led the Untouchables in their pursuit of Al Capone.

(ELIOT) NESS

Her Declaration of Sentiments was read in 1848, at a convention in the New York Town where she lived. Name the woman suffrage leader, who along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

(ELIZABETH CADY) STANTON

This man's first company was Zip2, a company that provided maps and business directories to online newspapers. He was under fire in July 2018 for his large donations to a GOP political action committee, and has also proposed a high speed rail system called the Hyperloop. What entrepreneur founded Pay Pal, Tesla, and SpaceX?

(ELON) MUSK

This mestizo [meh-STEE-zoh] took part in an 1897 demonstration against the large estate that had taken villagers' lands. He was arrested, was pardoned, and was drafted into the army when he continued to agitate against large landowners. Name this Mexican revolutionary who helped oust Porfirio Diaz, then fought against Francisco Madero.

(EMILIANO) ZAPATA [sah-PAH-tah]

She was a native of Lithuania and was first exposed to socialism while working in Connecticut and New York clothing factories. She embarked on an 1895 speaking tour and was cited as the inspiration for the assassination of President McKinley. What socialist and founder of the periodical Mother Earth was jailed and deported during the Red Scare of 1919?

(EMMA) GOLDMAN

Coming to power after the death of Gaozong, this ruler oversaw the construction of the Cave of Ten Thousand Buddhas. Her rule interrupted the Tang Dynasty, in a dynasty that lasted a mere 15 years. Name this only female Emperor of China, who came to power during the Zhou Dynasty.

(EMPRESS) WU (ZETIAN)

The third overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft, this professional basketball player self-identified as stateless in 2017, after his citizenship was revoked by his native country. Officials there have accused him of supporting a group they label as promoting terrorism. Name this athlete and social activist, from Turkey.

(ENES) KANTER

On the first day of this battle, British forces lost some 19,000 soldiers, making it the single deadliest day in the nation's military history. By the battle's end, more than four months later, more than one million were wounded or killed. Name this costly battle of World War One, fought from July to November 1916 in France.

(FIRST) (BATTLE OF) (THE) SOMME (Accept SOMME (OFFENSIVE))

Having led a successful revolt against the Roman general Orestes [aw-RES-teez], he was proclaimed king by his troops on August 23, 476, a date now recognized as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. Name Italy's first barbarian king.

(FLAVIUS) ODOACER [oh-doe-AY-ser]

Founded in April 1775, it was one of the first English settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains, and the site of Kentucky's first form of representative government. Name this frontier fort established in what is now Madison County, Kentucky.

(FORT) BOONESBOROUGH

Name, not nickname, please. As a lieutenant colonel in the Second South Carolina Regiment, he led a group of volunteers in surprise attacks on British troops and Loyalists, and in quick retreats through the wetlands of the state. Identify the American Revolutionary soldier whose tactics earned him the nickname "Swamp Fox."

(FRANCES) MARION

This Southern officer was commissioned a major and served under Benjamin Lincoln at Charleston in 1776. Drawing from his service in the French and Indian War, he rallied American troops after the British victory at Camden and retreated to the swamps. Name the American officer who led guerrilla raids against British troops and earned the nickname Swamp Fox.

(FRANCIS) MARION

Name and number please. With this monarch's death in 1603, so ended the rule of the royal House of Tudor. Name this child of King Henry the Eighth and Anne Boleyn, whose lack of an heir earned her the nickname "the Virgin Queen."

(QUEEN) ELIZABETH THE FIRST

Three years after arriving in New Spain, he became the governor of Nueva Galicia [nweyv-oh guh-LEES-ee-uh]. In 1540, he launched a two-year long expedition from Compostela [kohm-poh-STAY-luh], traveling as far as modern-day Kansas, but without ever finding the cities of gold for which he searched. Name the Spanish explorer whose expedition did result in the European discovery of the Grand Canyon.

(FRANCISCO) (VAZQUEZ) (DE) CORONADO

He advocated for the notions that land was the source of all wealth and for the morality of laissez faire policies. This early economist is often credited with helping bring about the first systematic school of economic thought. Who is this French economist, the leader of the Pysiocrats?

(FRANCOIS) QUESNAY

This early economist believed that land was the source of all wealth, and proclaimed the morality of laissez-faire policies. He was the leader of the first systematic school of political economic thought. What French economist was the leader of the Physiocrats?

(FRANCOIS) QUESNAY [keh-NAY, kay-NAY]

In recent years, several U.S. cities and states have begun recognizing this man's January 30th birthday. The day also celebrates his opposition to Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin Roosevelt. Identify the Japanese-American activist whose legal case for evading placement in an internment camp resulted in a landmark 1944 Supreme Court case.

(FRED) KOREMATSU [kawr-uh-MAHT-soo]

In 1892, this psychologist became the first president of the American Psychological Association. He is remembered for his influential 1904 work, Adolescence, in which he defined adolescence as a period of "storm and stress." Who is often referred to as the founder of developmental psychology?

(G. STANLEY) HALL

Less than a month after he was appointed to replace Joseph Hooker as the commander of the Army of the Potomac, he led a sound defeat of General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg. Name this Union general.

(GENERAL) (GEORGE) MEADE

His leadership of the campaign against Pancho Villa [pahn-CHO VEE-uh], led President Wilson to appoint him commander of the American Expeditionary Force, during World War One. Identify this military leader, known as "Black Jack."

(GENERAL) (JOHN J.) PERSHING

While serving as the governor-general of Bengal in 1793, this man enacted a new administration code for the colony that created a class of Indian landowners who would support the British. In 1798, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, where he played an important role in the Act of Union. Who was this British general and civil leader, best known for his defeat and surrender at Yorktown in the American Revolution

(GENERAL/LORD CHARLES) CORNWALLIS

This West Point graduate finished fifth in the Modern Pentathlon at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics. He was the first officer assigned to the American Expeditionary Force Tank Corps, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for bravery. Who commanded the Seventh Army in the Invasion of Sicily and the Third Army in France and Germany, and was the subject of a 1970 Academy Award-winning film?

(GEORGE S.) PATTON

This future Nobel Peace Prize winner graduated from the Virginia Military Institute, then served in the Philippines and World War One. He was sworn in as Army chief of staff in 1939, and advocated invading Europe across the English Channel. Name this World War Two general better remembered for his post war economic recovery plan for Europe.

(GEORGE) MARSHALL

His work, The Ash Supper, proposed that the universe was infinite, and that our solar system was but one of many. Identify the Italian philosopher who was found guilty of heresy in the 1600s by the Roman Inquisition.

(GIORDANO) BRUNO [jawr-DAH-naw BROO-noh]

A 2018 television series, in which this celebrity was portrayed by Edgar Ramirez, focused on the events of July 15, 1997, when he was murdered by Andrew Cunanan [coo-NAHN-un] in front of his Miami mansion. Identify this Italian fashion designer.

(GIOVANNI "GIANNI") VERSACE [vur-SAH-chee]

This man shared his Nobel Prize with Karl Ferdinand Braun for a device he had once worked on at his father's home in Pontecchio [pohn-TECH-ee-oh]. The first signals this man sent traveled only a mile and a half, but he was soon sending signals from England to France over the English Channel. Name this half-Irish, half-Italian scientist who, in 1897, started a company called the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company.

(GUGLIELMO) MARCONI

This military group had its genesis in the Islamic Courts Union, founded after the downfall of Mohamed Siad-Barre [SEE-ahd BAH-ruh]. It came under increased attack in 2011 from African Union forces, and from the Kenyan army. What militant group, which announced in 2012 that is had affiliated itself with al-Qaeda, is based in southern Somalia?

(HARAKAT) AL-SHABAAB [shah-BOB] (AL-MUJAHIDIN)

An assassination attempt on this president was made outside the Blair House in Washington, D.C., by two Puerto Rican militants on November 1, 1950. He was known for saying "the buck stops here," and was featured in a legendary photo with an erroneous headline. Name the United States' thirty-third president.

(HARRY S.) TRUMAN

In 1972 this politician and activist moved to San Francisco, where he founded the Castro Village Association. He soon became the leader of a group who believed the city's gay leaders were too conservative, and he ran for political office. What openly gay member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors was assassinated on November 27, 1978?

(HARVEY) MILK

His gang terrorized the Midwest from September 1933 through July 1934 and epitomized the gangster era. During their spree, his gang robbed several banks, staged three jail breaks, and dominated newspaper headlines. What Indiana-born gangster was shot by an FBI agent outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre on July 22nd, 1934?

(JOHN) DILLINGER

This author of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers once wrote in his diary, "I am a mystic, a transcendentalist, and a natural philosopher to boot." He was a staunch opponent of slavery and of the Mexican-American War, even spending the night in jail for refusing to pay a poll tax that would help fund the war. Who recounted this experience, and his reasons for embracing it, in the essay "Civil Disobedience?"

(HENRY DAVID) THOREAU

Hoping to educate users about this economist's ideology, Elizabeth Magie [MAY-jee] invented The Landlord's Game, a board game that would become the popular game of Monopoly. Name the American economist whose 1879 work, Progress and Poverty, proposed the concept of the single tax, the idea that all taxes be abolished except for economic rent.

(HENRY) GEORGE

One of this captain's crew members was accused of murdering him, but was found not guilty. He sailed for the Netherlands, aboard the "Half Moon," and claimed New York Harbor for the Dutch. Name this English explorer, who also has a bay in northeastern Canada named for him.

(HENRY) HUDSON

This privateer shares a name with the American anthropologist who wrote systems of Consanguinity [kon-sang-GWIN-uh-tee] and Affinity of the Human Family. He served as lieutenant governor of Jamaica later in his life and was accused of torture and unnecessary violence by writer Alexandre Exquemelin [ex-kem-uh-LAN]. Identify this Welsh buccaneer, known for giving his name to an American brand of rum.

(HENRY) MORGAN

This man participated in the conquest of Cuba and made use of a translator known as "La Malinche." He was forced to flee one city along with his countrymen, in the Noche Triste, or night of sorrows. Name this conquistador, largely responsible for conquering the Aztecs.

(HERNAN) CORTES

He was elected governor in 1928, and was the inspiration for Willy Stark in Robert Penn Warren's All the King's Men. Later elected to the Senate, he advocated radical redistribution of wealth, and considered running for president in 1936. Which Louisiana politician, nicknamed Kingfish, was assassinated in Baton Rouge in 1935?

(HUEY) LONG

Appointed people's priest at the Grossmünster [gross-MOON-ster] at Zurich in 1518, his sermons on the "true divine scriptures" and focus on fasting and clerical celibacy helped launch the Swiss Reformation in 1522. Identify this reformer and founder of the Swiss Reformed Church.

(HULDRYCH or ULRICH) ZWINGLI [ZWING-lee, TSVEENG-lee]

This man's 1526 work The Christian Education of Youth was translated into English by Alcide Reichenbach in 1899. He was sure to differentiate his own theology from that of Martin Luther's with one key difference being the ability for non-Christians to ascend to heaven. Who was this Swiss reformation leader that died in the defense of Zurich during the Second War of Kappel?

(HULDRYCH) ZWINGLI (Accept: ULRICH ZWINGLI)

Published in 1776, this influential book proposed that society is driven into four main stages of organization: hunting, nomadic agriculture, feudal farming, and commercial interdependence. It can be considered a continuation of the author's earlier work The Theory of Moral Sentiments. What was this work written by Adam Smith?

(IN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE) WEALTH OF NATIONS

This route is also known as Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway. It is one of three interstates that stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Which Interstate in the southern U.S. runs through eight states, linking Florida and California?

(INTERSTATE) 10 (Accept: I-10)

In March 1964, a jury found this nightclub owner guilty for a murder committed on November 24, 1963, while his victim was being transported to jail from the Dallas City Hall. Give the name of the gunman who killed Lee Harvey Oswald.

(JACK) RUBY (Accept (JACK) RUBENSTEIN)

During his first voyage, the crew of this explorer who sailed for Francis I [the first], killed nearly one thousand birds, including many of the great auks. On one expedition, he named a hill behind the village Hochelega "Montreal." Identify this French explorer, known for sailing up the St. Lawrence River and claiming Canada for France.

(JACQUES) CARTIER

This Republican was called the "Plumed Knight" by Robert Ingersoll, who nominated him president at the 1876 convention. He failed in that bid, and also at the 1880 convention, becoming secretary of state under James A. Garfield. Who lost this close 1884 presidential election, during which he was derided as "the continental liar from the state of Maine"?

(JAMES G.) BLAINE

This man's ships included the Resolution and the Endeavour, and he once sailed to Tahiti to observe the planetary motion of Venus. He discovered that a certain nation was actually two islands, separated by a strait, named for him. Identify this British explorer, who is known for exploring New Zealand and Botany Bay.

(JAMES) COOK

Elected to represent Arkansas's Second Congressional District in June 1868, he was campaigning for the presidential election of Ulysses S. Grant when he was shot and killed by a Klansman just four months after his election. Who was the first sitting U.S. congressman to be assassinated while in office?

(JAMES) HINDS

Elected to the House of Commons in 1722, his leadership of the Prison Discipline Committee inspired his vision for a new North American colony. Who established the first English settlement on the Savannah River, and founded the colony of Georgia?

(JAMES) OGLETHORPE

His research and criticism of the theory of rational expectations, helped earn him the 1981 Nobel Prize in economics. What American economist, introduced the measurement of a company's market value, divided by the cost of replacing its assets, known as the Q Ratio?

(JAMES) TOBIN

This economist was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize for Economics. He is known as an American Keynesian [CANES-ee-un] economist, as well as for his proposed tax on foreign currency conversion. Identify this American economist known for his namesake Q ratio.

(JAMES) TOBIN

This inventor is best known for improving on the work of Thomas Newcomen, heralding in the height of the Industrial Revolution. He lends his name to the SI unit for power. Identify this Scottish inventor, best known for his creation of the steam engine?

(JAMES) WATT

A former head of the Council of Economic Advisers for President Bill Clinton, this economist became chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in 2014, the first woman to hold that post. Who was announced in late 2020 as President-elect Joe Biden's nominee for secretary of the Treasury?

(JANET) YELLEN

Appointed by President Obama in 2014, her term as chair began with the narrowest confirmation margin, in her department's history. In 2018, she was succeeded by Jerome Powell. Identify the economist, chosen as the first female to chair the Federal Reserve.

(JANET) YELLEN

When this world leader walked out of prison in 1993, he donned a white robe, walked barefoot, and proclaimed himself the 13th apostle of Jesus Christ. He imprisoned and executed over one-hundred children who protested an obligation to buy uniforms from his wife's clothing company. Name this self-proclaimed Emperor of the Central African Republic, known for feeding his enemies to crocodiles and to himself.

(JEAN BEDEL) BOKASSA

Works by this man included The Origins of Intelligence in Children and The Language and Thought of a Child. Concepts key to his theories include the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. Identify this developmental psychologist, best known for his four stage theory of development.

(JEAN) PIAGET [pee-uh-ZHEY]

After resigning from Congress in 1846, he became a national hero for winning the Battle of Buena Vista [BWE-nah VEES-tah]. He was indicted for treason following the American Civil War, but was never tried. Identify this political leader, who was made a president in Montgomery, Alabama, and inaugurated in 1861.

(JEFFERSON) DAVIS

He was expelled from the College of Charleston, but later was a math teacher and assistant railroad engineer before exploring and mapping the American West. He later fought in the Mexican War, and was elected as one of the first senators from California. What explorer and politician would be the first Republican candidate for president?

(JOHN C.) FREMONT

Once known as Idlewild Airport, this airport in the Northeast is recognized as one of the busiest points of entry for international travelers arriving in the United States. Identify this airport, located in the Queens borough of New York, and named for an American president.

(JOHN F.) KENNEDY (INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT) (Accept JFK (INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT))

The first person to become a multimillionaire in the United States by his business acumen, this former immigrant had financial interests in musical instruments, opium, and eventually New York City real estate. An immigrant from Germany by way of London, he is best known for his work in the expansion of the fur industry across the Great Lakes region and westward. Who was this German-American businessman that is best known as the founder of the American Fur Company?

(JOHN JACOB) ASTOR

In the Economic Consequences of the Peace, he argues against requiring Germany to pay harsh monetary reparations. He advocated for countercyclical spending by the government in order to stimulate economic growth. Name this father of modern macroeconomics, whose greatest work was "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money."

(JOHN MAYNARD) KEYNES

The school of economics named for this economist is based on the theory that spending designed to create demand for goods will prevent recessions and reduce unemployment. Identify the British economist remembered for his landmark work General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.

(JOHN MAYNARD) KEYNES [canes]

He made his acting debut in Shakespeare's Richard III in Baltimore, and appeared in Marble Heart at Ford's Theatre in 1863. Known for his good looks and intense performances, he toured the Deep South in 1860. On April 14th, 1865, who assassinated President Lincoln?

(JOHN WILKES) BOOTH

Having moved to Grand Detour, Illinois, his frustration with farming the sticky soils of the prairie inspired his 1837 invention of the steel plow. Identify this inventor who lends his name to a major American manufacturer of agricultural and construction equipment, recognized for its green and yellow logo.

(JOHN) DEERE

This New England politician won a Silver Star and the Purple Heart while serving in the navy during the Vietnam War, though he later became active in the anti-war effort. After an election to Congress, he became the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and, later, a longtime senator from that state. Which unsuccessful presidential candidate from 2004 most recently served under Barak Obama as the sixty-eighth Secretary of State?

(JOHN) KERRY

He argued for private tutors in his "Some Thoughts Concerning Education." He is recognized for his theory on the "tabula rasa." which suggests that the mind is a blank slate, but he is best known for his work on social contract theory. Name the Enlightenment thinker who influenced the drafting of the U.S. Constitution with his "Two Treatises of Government."

(JOHN) LOCKE

An economic disaster known as Black Wednesday nearly forced this world leader to resign shortly after taking office in 1992. Militarily, this man's administration faced harsh criticism due to his failure to protect Bosnian Muslims when his ally, President Bill Clinton, had chosen to do so. Name this Conservative former Prime Minister of Great Britain who resigned in 1997.

(JOHN) MAJOR

Some critics regard this man's A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note As Hath Happened in Virginia the first book written in English in the American colonies. His explorations produced A Description of New England in 1616, which he expanded into A General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles. Identify this man, best remembered as the leader of the Jamestown settlement.

(JOHN) SMITH

Defeated by just 524 votes in a 2002 Senate election, he ran again two years later, defeating then Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle [DASH-uhl]. Identify the South Dakota senator who began serving as the Republican Party's senate whip in 2019.

(JOHN) THUNE [thoon]

His "Twenty-five Articles of Religion," differed from the Church of England, by rejecting the Calvinist teaching of predestination. What English clergyman, along with his brother Charles, founded the Methodist movement?

(JOHN) WESLEY

While sailing to the New World in 1630 aboard the Arbella, he composed a sermon titled "A Model of Christian Charity", in which he called upon the colonists he would soon lead as governor to build, quote, "a City upon a Hill." Identify this Puritan leader who served as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

(JOHN) WINTHROP

He won the Battle of San Lorenzo in 1813, as well the Battles of Chacabuco and Maipu. Before moving to Europe in 1824, he assisted in the liberation of Peru. Identify this political revolutionary, who liberated Argentina and Chile with the help of Bernardo O'Higgins.

(JOSE DE) SAN MARTIN

Upon the retirement of Anthony Kennedy in 2018, this jurist became the Supreme Court's longesttenured justice then in office. Appointed to fill the seat vacated by Justice Thurgood Marshall in 1991, his Senate confirmation hearings lasted a record 99 days, and were dominated by the testimony of his former assistant, Anita Hill. Name the second African-American confirmed to the Supreme Court.

(JUSTICE CLARENCE) THOMAS

This monarch was the youngest daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis the First, who arranged for her marriage to a future king. An unpopular queen consort, she is known for her extravagant spending, though there is little evidence she ever uttered a famously dismissive quote about her kingdom's peasants. Name this French queen, the wife of King Louis the Sixteenth.

(MARIE) ANTOINETTE

Following the death of a longtime host in November 2020, this former game show contestant was chosen as the first to replace that host, Alex Trebek. His hosting duties come less than a year after winning the title of Greatest of All Time during a prime time television event. Name this game show icon who had a record 74-game Jeopardy! winning streak.

(KEN) JENNINGS

Multiple answers required. Their marriage in October 1469 led to the unification of the states of Castile and Aragon into a permanent Spanish state. Name the two "Catholic Monarchs" often remembered as the sponsors of Christopher Columbus.

(KING) FERDINAND (THE SECOND), (QUEEN) ISABELLA (THE FIRST)

Appointed by his father, Antipater [an-TIP-uh-ter], as governor of Galilee in 47 B.C., he was chosen by the Roman Senate to become king of Judea. Who is described in the Bible as the ruler of the kingdom in which Jesus was born, and the person who ordered the Massacre of the Innocents?

(KING) HEROD (THE GREAT)

This German-born prince married into Austrian nobility, and helped organize opposition to France in the early 19th century. He negotiated an armistice among Russia, Prussia, and France in 1813, gaining time for Austria to rearm. Name the prince who was the leading figure at the Council of Vienna in 1814 and 1815.

(KLEMENS, PRINCE VON) METTERNICH [MET-er-nik]

The chief source of this freshwater lake, the third largest wholly within the United States, is the Kissimmee [kih-SIM-ee] River. Give the name of the lake lying just north of the Everglades, often referred to as Florida's inland sea.

(LAKE) OKEECHOBEE

This disagreement cause Pope Gregory the Seventh to flee Rome for safe quarter with Robert Guiscard [roh-BAIR ghees-KAHR]. The Concordat of Worms [vormz] ended this conflict, during which Henry the Fourth made a "walk to Canossa," after he was excommunicated. Name this religious "controversy" caused when the pope denied the right of temporal rulers to choose and install members of the clergy.

(LAY) INVERTITURE (CONTROVERSY)

This man was converted to Christianity at the behest of King Olaf and was sometimes called "The Lucky." He established a settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows, likely part of a place he called "Vinland." Identify this Norse explorer and seafarer, named for his father, "The Red."

(LEIF) ERICSON

One historical account of this explorer's life says that he was returning from service in the Norwegian royal court when he was blown off course, landing on a region he called "Vinland". Give the name of the Norse explorer often credited as the first European to make landfall in North America.

(LEIF) ERIKSON (THE LUCKY)

This veteran of the Mexican and Civil Wars participated in the court-martials of the Lincoln conspirators and the commander of Andersonville prison. He was governor of the New Mexico Territory during the Lincoln County Wars, and was later appointed ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Name the Indiana politician and soldier who wrote Ben-Hur.

(LEWIS "LEW") WALLACE

As Secretary of State, this politician negotiated a treaty protecting Latin America from U.S. and British control, but the U.S. would later overturn that treaty with the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in its quest to build the Panama Canal. This politician lost the 1844 Democratic nomination for president to James K. Polk. Name this former senator from Michigan who led an unsuccessful bid for the presidency in 1848 against Zachary Taylor.

(LEWIS) CASS

In this war's only major battle, the Battle of Point Pleasant, the Virginia-led militia scored a decisive victory over Native American forces led by Chief Cornstalk. What 1774 war ended with the Treaty of Camp Charlotte, in which the Shawnee agreed to relinquish their rich hunting grounds in Kentucky?

(LORD) DUNMORE'S (WAR)

Its author began this document with "Out of love for the truth and from desire to elucidate it" before requesting to publicly defend it by letter or debate. The document presents three major concerns: financial abuses, doctrinal abuses, and religious abuses. Give the name for this list of propositions written in 1517.

(LUTHER'S) NINETY-FIVE THESES

Bloomberg reported in December 2020 that this woman had given some $4.2 billion to charities in just the four months since being named one of the world's richest women earlier that year. Give the name of this philanthropist, who received tens of billions of dollars in Amazon stock in 2019 as part of her high-profile divorce from Jeff Bezos.

(MACKENZIE) SCOTT

She argued that women are inherently equal to men, but are limited by the lack of education imposed on them. Her most famous work, written in 1792, was a response to Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France. Identify this British feminist, known for writing A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and for being the mother of Mary Shelley.

(MARY) WOLLSTONECRAFT

This politician attended college on a ROTC scholarship, then worked in the financial field and with a family bell manufacturer. He entered politics in 2014 and lost the Kentucky U.S. Senate Republican primary to Mitch McConnell. Name the Republican businessman who, in 2015, was elected the 62nd governor of Kentucky.

(MATT) BEVIN

This sociologist wrote such works as Economy and Society and General Economic History. He is best remembered for a work exploring the connection between economic success and Calvinist values. Identify the German sociologist responsible for introducing the concept of the Protestant ethic.

(MAX) WEBER [VAY-ber]

George Ritzer was inspired by this man's work to coin the term "McDonalization." Works by this man include Economy and Society and "Politics as a Vocation." Identify this scholar known for writing The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism.

(MAX) WEBER [VAY-bur]

Judge Sri Srinivasan [SREE sree-nee-VAH-suhn] succeeded this American jurist as chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in early 2020. First appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1997, he was later nominated to the United States Supreme Court upon the death of Associate Justice Antonin Scalia. Who is the current Attorney General of the United States?

(MERRICK) GARLAND

After his capture and execution in 1811, José María Morelos took control of the movement he had sparked. Inspired by the actions of Napoleon, he issued a call for the 1810 "Cry of Dolores" revolt. Identify this Mexican priest, the leader of that nation's first prominent independence movement.

(MIGUEL) HIDALGO (Y COSTILLA)

This president and general secretary of his party was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. He was elected general secretary of the Communist Party when Konstantin Chernenko [kohn-stehn-TEEN chehrn-YEHN-koh] died in 1985. Who presided over the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Eastern Europe?

(MIKHAIL) GORBACHEV

This author of such works as Capitalism and Freedom and A Theory of the Consumption Function is often considered the father of monetarism. Identify the winner of the 1976 Nobel Prize for Economics.

(MILTON) FREIDMAN

The second highest active volcano on Earth, it is located on the Atacama Plateau along the border of Argentina and Chile. In 1999, the volcano was the site of the discovery of three Incan child mummies regarded as some of the best preserved mummies ever discovered. Give the name of this volcano, which also lends its name to the mummies discovered there.

(MOUNT) LLULLAILLACO [yoo-yuh-LAH-koh, lyoo-lyigh-LYAH-koh]

This mountain's altitude was the topic of fierce debate between the man for whom it's named and Thomas Clingman. It is located in the Black Mountain subrange of the Appalachians, in the state of North Carolina. Identify this mountain, the tallest east of the Mississippi.

(MOUNT) MICHELL

This mountain's summit, Columbia Crest, is recognized as the highest peak in the Cascade Range. What dormant volcano is the tallest mountain in Washington State?

(MOUNT) RAINER

Despite the poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, there is no evidence of this man's proposal to Priscilla Mullins. Identify the English military officer who accompanied the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower and served as the Plymouth Colony's military leader.

(MYLES) STANDISH

He shared a Nobel Prize with rival Frederik Willem de Klerk before succeeding him in office. What leader of the African National Congress became President of South Africa in 1994?

(NELSON) MANDELA

It was founded by Ashur-Dan the Second and lasted until 612 BC, ruling over Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Levant, at its height. It was located along the Upper Tigris River and its rulers included Tiglath-pileser III [the third], Sargon II [the second], and Ashurbanipal. Name this ancient civilization with major cities at Nineveh and Assur.

(NEO) ASSYRIA(N) (EMPIRE)

A stand-up comedian known for his time as anchor of Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update, he became the subject of controversy in 2018, because of statements he made while promoting his Netflix talk show. His comments supporting fellow comedians Louis C.K. and Roseanne Barr, followed by an infamous appearance on The Howard Stern Show, led to his removal from appearing on The Tonight Show, and a public apology on The View. Name this American comic, known for his distinct brand of deadpan humor.

(NORMAN "NORM") MACDONALD

The likeness of this American businessman, with his distinct white wavy hair, horn-rimmed glasses, and oversized bow tie, continues to be used in the branding of a namesake company that produces a snack one might microwave before enjoying a movie. Whose name has become synonymous with the unpopped-popcorn market?

(ORVILLE) REDENBACHER

She and her fiancé, Stephen Weed, were at their apartment when Weed was beaten and she was kidnapped. She would spend nineteen months in captivity, and was apparently coerced and brainwashed into publicly supporting her captors. What newspaper heiress was kidnapped in 1974 by the radical Symbionese Liberation Army?

(PATRICIA "PATTY") HEARST (SHAW)

Among the results of this treaty was the confirmation of Francesco Sforza [frahn-CHES-kaw SFAWRT-suh] as duke of Milan, and the creation of an Italian League. Agreed to by various states of the Italian peninsula, the peace agreement led to a 40-year period of stability in the region. What 1454 treaty was named for the city in Lombardy in which it was signed?

(PEACE OF) LODI [LAW-dee] (Accept (TREATY OF) LODI

Name and number required. The most recent "Year of Three Popes" concluded with his ascent to the papacy in 1978, an event that made him the first non-Italian pope in nearly 500 years. Who was the pontiff from 1978 until his death in 2005?

(POPE) JOHN PAUL THE SECOND (Accept (POPE) JOHN PAUL TWO)

This religious leader was beatified in 1881 by Pope Leo the Thirteenth, nearly eight centuries after he was elected pope. His papacy, lasting from 1088 to 1099, introduced the concept of the Roman Curia, the powerful central body of the Catholic church. Identify the pontiff whose cry "God wills it" at the Council of Clermont, was a call to arms viewed as the origin of the First Crusade.

(POPE) URBAN (THE) SECOND

This native of the New York City borough of Queens was born on June 14th, 1946, and attended the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. He was the oldest man elected to the office he holds. Name this US president, also known for his TV show The Apprentice.

(PRESIDEN DONALD JOHN) TRUMP

His veto was overridden by Congress, with the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. What president's rivalry with Radical Republicans, and firing of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, led to impeachment?

(PRESIDENT) (ANDREW) JOHNSON

This movement argued for a political and spiritual redistribution of power, triggering wars and persecutions. It began five centuries ago, when a man who challenged the practices of the Catholic church supposedly nailed a paper with his questions to the door of a church in 1517. What is the name of this 16th century movement in Europe, which was led by Martin Luther, John Calvin and others, and gave rise to a splinter group of churches?

(PROTESTANT) REFORMATION

In a war of independence, fought from 1919 to 1921, this organization was led by Michael Collins, and used guerrilla tactics to force the occupying government to establish the province of Ulster. Name this paramilitary organization known for its decades-long effort to secure the reunification of Ireland.

(PROVISIONAL) IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY (Accept IRA, PIRA)

His success as an entrepreneur has allowed him to purchase the MGM Entertainment Company. This businessman also bought the Atlanta Hawks of the NBA and the Atlanta Braves of the MLB. Name the highly successful businessman responsible for founding the television channels TNT, TBS, and CNN.

(ROBERT EDWARD "TED") TURNER

This prime minister served non-consecutive terms, from 1834 to 1835, and from 1841 to 1846. He set forth the principles of the conservative part in his Tamworth Manifesto. Name this 19th century British Prime Minister, who repealed the Corn Laws.

(ROBERT) PEEL

Despite winning the 1963 Heisman Trophy, he delayed his professional football career to serve as a U.S. Navy officer during the Vietnam War. In eleven seasons with the Dallas Cowboys, he led the team to Super Bowl four times. Identify the legendary NFL quarterback known as "Roger the Dodger."

(ROGER) STAUBACH

On land purchased from Narragansett Indians, this author of The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution founded a haven for New England's Quakers and Anabaptists at the town of Providence. Name the founder of the colony of Rhode Island.

(ROGER) WILLIAMS

He graduated from Eureka College and initially found work as a radio sports announcer in Iowa. He was elected governor of California in 1966, and unsuccessfully campaigned for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 and 1976. What two-term president oversaw the Strategic Defense Initiative, and challenged Mikhail Corbachev [mih-KILE GAWR-buh-chawf] to tear down the Berlin Wall?

(RONALD) REAGAN

Supported by a popular ad using the slogan, "It's morning again in America," his campaign for reelection as president of the United States resulted in the most electoral votes ever won by a presidential candidate. What U.S. president defeated former Vice President Walter Mondale in a historic landslide victory in 1984?

(RONALD) REAGAN

While in Rio de Janeiro for the 2016 Olympic Games, this athlete became the subject of international media attention for fabricating a story about being robbed by Rio police officers. Name this Olympic swimmer, whose 12 career medals for swimming is second only to his American teammate, Michael Phelps.

(RYAN) LOCHTE [LOCK-tee]

This man survived a 1981 assassination attempt by Mehmet Ali Agca [meh-MEHT ah-LEE AHG-sah], whom he later publicly met with and forgave. This man, who used his office to support the Solidarity movement in his native country, was canonized in 2014 by Pope Francis. Name this former pope who died in 2005, a native of Poland.

(SAINT) JOHN PAUL THE SECOND (Accept: (POPE) JOHN PAUL THE SECOND or JOHANNES PAULUS THE SECOND or (KAROL JOZEF) WOJTYLA; Do Not Accept: any answer that does not include "the Second")

When this man was elected president in 1970, he defeated his opponents including poet Pablo Neruda. As the attempted coup to overthrow his government was succeeding, this Chilean president gave a farewell address by way of radio and took his own life. Who was this democratically elected socialist president of Chile from 1970 to '73, when he was succeeded by Augusto Pinochet [pee-noh-CHET]?

(SALVADOR) ALLENDE [ah-YEN-day]

Known as Black Raven while living with the Cherokee, he managed the removal of the Cherokee from Tennessee and was elected the state's governor in 1827. Formally adopted into the tribe after resigning from office, he negotiated Indian treaties in the then-Mexican province of Texas, where he became a leader among the area's settlers. Name this politician who, in 1836, was elected to the first of two terms as president of the Republic of Texas.

(SAM(UEL)) HOUSTON

This explorer, sometimes known as the "Father of Acadia" led an expedition up the Richelieu River. He was the first European to see what is now Lake Huron. Identify this French explorer, founder of Quebec City and New France.

(SAMUEL DE) CHAMPLAIN

She was a sports reporter in Anchorage, and mayor of Wasilla [wah-SI-luh] before becoming the youngest governor in Alaska's history. Who became the first woman on a Republican, presidential ticket, when chosen to become the running mate of John McCain, in 2008?

(SARAH) PALIN

Actor Gary Cooper won an Academy Award for his portrayal of this hero in a 1941 film. The film details his actions during the Meuse [MYOOZ]-Argonne Offensive of October 1918, in which he single-handedly forced the surrender of a German machine-gun squadron, before capturing more than 130 Germans while returning to American lines. Give the name of this World War One hero.

(SERGEANT ALVIN) YORK

After fleeing to the Caribbean to avoid an outbreak of civil war, he wrote his "Letter from Jamaica" in an effort to gain British support of the liberation movement in South America. Name the Venezuelan soldier and leader of this movement who served as president of Gran Colombia and dictator of Peru.

(SIMON) BOLIVAR

This man had Thomas Doughty executed for mutiny, and served as mayor of Plymouth for a time. He fought against the Spanish Armada in 1588. Who was this English privateer, who sailed aboard the Golden Hind and circumnavigated the globe?

(SIR FRANCIS) DRAKE

This man influenced future historians with his unfinished History of King Richard the Third, which he wrote between 1513 and 1518. While imprisoned in the Tower of London, he wrote A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation. What Catholic martyr and one-time advisor of Henry the Eighth is also remembered as the author of Utopia?

(SIR THOMAS) MORE

This Elizabethan's nonfiction works included The Discovery of Guiana and The History of the World. As a poet, he is remembered for "The Ocean's Love to Cynthia" and "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd." Name this explorer, who sponsored the failed colony at Roanoke.

(SIR WALTER) RALEIGH

After losing a reelection campaign to Vojislav Koštunica [VOY-slahv kawsh-TOO-neet-sah], he was arrested in 2001 and tried in The Hague for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The charges arose from accusations of ethnic cleansing during the Kosovo War, which began in 1998. Identify this former president of Serbia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

(SLOBODAN) MILOŠEVIĊ [sloh-BOH-dahn mee-LOH-sheh-vihch]

After a decisive defeat off the coast of Gravelines [grav-LEEN] in August 1588, only 60 ships of this fleet's original 130 returned safely from battle with England. Name the great fleet that sailed in service of King Philip the Second.

(SPANISH) ARMADA (Accept INVINCIBLE ARMADA)

This innovator and entrepreneur began his most noteworthy company alongside Ronald Wayne and another man in 1976. It was his investment that allowed The Graphics Group to become an independent company that would later be renamed Pixar. Who died in 2011 following a bout with pancreatic cancer, the enigmatic CEO of Apple?

(STEVE) JOBS

A national park in this U.S. territory, established by President Ronald Reagan in 1988, is the country's only national park in the southern hemisphere. Give the name of this U.S. territory, comprised of islands and coral atolls, in the South Pacific Ocean.

(TERRITORY OF) AMERICAN SAMOA (Not SAMOA)

French historian Joseph de Guignes [duh GEEHN-yuh] proposed a link between these people and the Xiongnu [ZINE-new] of Asia. Their leader was eventually defeated at Catalaunian Fields, by an alliance of Roman and Visigoth soldiers. Who were these ancient peoples, most famously led by the "Scourge of God," Attila?

(THE HUNS)

Through the Treaty of Hubertusburg, this country relinquished control of Saxony. It was the main power in a confederacy that defeated Napoleon the Third of France, in 1871. Identify this nation, the predecessor to modern Germany, led by Frederick the Great.

(THE KINGDOM OF) PRUSSIA

The occupants of this vessel were seized off the coast of New York by the USS Washington, and later represented by John Quincy Adams in court. Give the name of the Spanish schooner [SKOO-ner] which carried illegally enslaved Africans, who in 1841, were granted safe return to Africa by the Supreme Court.

(THE or LA) AMISTAD

This popular tourist destination is located in a lava field some 30 miles south of the capital of Reykjavik [RAY-kyuh-veek], and is known for its therapeutic and healing properties. Give the name of this geothermal spa located in Iceland.

(THE) BLUE LAGOON

Full name answer, please. This subset of the Works Progress Administration was directed by Hallie Flanagan. In its four years, it staged nearly one thousand plays in forty states, with most being free to the public. Identify this member of FDR's so-called "alphabet soup," whose initials were FTP.

(THE) FEDERAL THEATRE PROJECT

Though each was signed by the pseudonym Publius [POOB-lee-us], most historians agree the authors of this series of essays were John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. Give the name for the 85 essays published between 1787 and 1788 in support of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

(THE) FEDERALIST (PAPERS)

First published in 1876 by seven Ivy League undergraduates, it is today one of the world's longestrunning humor publications. Former presidents of the publication include John Updike, Alexis Wilkinson, Colin Jost [johst], and Conan O'Brien. Name this publication written by students in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

(THE) HARVARD LAMPOON

Founded in Fontana, California in 1948, this group became well known as the focus of Hunter S. Thompson's first book, and for their involvement in the violent events surrounding a Rolling Stones concert at Altamont Speedway in December 1969. Members of the group are often recognized by their popular winged "Death Head" insignia, often emblazoned on leather vests. Give the name of this infamous motorcycle gang.

(THE) HELLS ANGELS (MOTORCYCLE CLUB)

From 1804 to 1845, this plantation was home to the United States' seventh president. Give the name of the National Historic Landmark located near Nashville, Tennessee, once the home of President Andrew Jackson.

(THE) HERMITAGE

One event associated with this reformation group was a 1414 uprising by Sir John Oldcastle, which led to their being forced into repression. They followed in the steps of the first man to translate the Bible into English, John Wycliffe. What was this British reform group from the late 14th century, which sought to reform Western Christianity?

(THE) LOLLARDS

This environmental disaster occurred in wake of a harsh winter storm, which induced the eruption and leakage of dioxins [dahy-OX-sins] from a subterranean dump. Its ultimate cause was the sale of a contaminated property to the Niagara Falls City School District, which later led to the creation of a federal superfund in 1984 for the cleanup of hazardous sites. What environmental disaster resulted from the Hooker Chemical Company's burying of chemical wastes in a canal?

(THE) LOVE CANAL (DISASTER)

Their rule was divided into the Bahri period from 1250 to 1382 and the Circassian period from 1382 to 1517. They were a group of foreign slave soldiers who drove the Ayyubids from power in 1250. Name this Islamic dynasty, who drove the last crusaders from Palestine.

(THE) MAMLUK(S)

Use of this term is thought to have originated in the 1850s, but was popularized by Alfred Thayer Mahan in the early 1900s. Its first official use by the US government was in the describing the Suez Crisis in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine. Identify this term, used to refer to an intercontinental region that contains nations such as Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.

(THE) MIDDLE EAST

The squad this man commanded became known as his "flying circus" and he died fighting in Australia. He is credited with shooting down at least 80 enemy aircrafts, making him the top ace of World War I. Name this colorfully monikered German fighter pilot.

(THE) RED BARON (Accept (BATON) MANFRED VON RICHTHOFEN)

This journalist, activist, and movement leader's remains were moved from his native Austria-Hungary to the top of a mountain in Jerusalem that bears his name. He received this honor for his work in furthering the cause of Zionism, a cause he was drawn to following the Dreyfus Affair. Who was this founder of the World Zionist Organization that died at age 44 in 1904 without getting to see the foundation of Israel?

(THEODOR) HERZL

In The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, he details his involvement in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and the Arab Revolt. Identify the British archaeologist portrayed by Peter O'Toole in a critically acclaimed film detailing his adventures in Arabia.

(THOMAS EDWARD "T.E.") LAWRENCE (Not LAWRENCE OF ARABIA)

Among this theologian's religious writings are Of Written Faith, Precise Exposure of False Belief, and German Church Office. A fierce opponent of Martin Luther, he is perhaps best remembered for his support of the German Peasant's War. Identify this radical reformer.

(THOMAS) MÜNTZER [MYOON-tzur]

As an economist, he popularized such concepts as pecuniary [pih-KYOO-nee-er-ee] emulation and conspicuous consumption. Name the American economist who wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class.

(THORSTEIN) VEBLEN

This economist coined the phrase "pecuniary emulation"—essentially, keeping up with the Joneses. His best-known economic work received literary attention, although many read it as satire rather than science. Identify the economist who wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class.

(THORSTEIN) VEBLEN

Among the Supreme Court cases won by this American jurist are Sweatt v. Painter, Smith v. Allwright, and Shelley v. Kraemer. Name the attorney who was also victorious in arguing the 1954 Supreme Court case, Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka.

(THURGOOD) MARSHALL

As a general, he led an army that included future monoarchs Henry Christophe [ahn-REE kree-STAWF] and Jean-Jacques Dessalines [zahn zhahk dey-sa-LEEN], during his island nation's revolution. What former slave was named "governor-general for life" of Saint-Domingue, for his efforts to obtain independence from France, for Haiti?

(TOUSSAIN) LOUVERTURE [tu-SUH loo-ver-TER]

This treaty restored the two involved nations' borders to the prewar status as an example of status quo antebellum. Because communications took a long time in the early 19th century, word of this document's signing had not yet reached the combatants of the Battle of New Orleans that the war was over. Negotiated in Belgium, what was this peace treaty, which ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom?

(TREATY OF) GHENT

This treaty was signed on December 24, 1814 and resulted in no boundary changes for either nation involved. This treaty was signed in a namesake Belgian city, but did not prevent the final battle of the war it ended from being fought at New Orleans. What is this treaty that ended the War of 1812?

(TREATY OF) GHENT

Signed in northern Mexico City, this agreement established Rio Grande as a border between Mexico and the United States. What treaty, signed in 1848, ended the Mexican-American War?

(TREATY OF) GUADALUPE HIDALGO

This treaty ended nearly three decades of conflict after the duke of Braganca [bruh-GAHN-suh] was crowned King John the Fourth in 1640. In 1662, John's daughter Catherine married James the Second of England, giving John a powerful ally. In what 1668 treaty did Spain recognize the independence of Portugal.

(TREATY OF) LISBON

The third in a series of treaties by this name, it was signed in October 1800, and confirmed the following March by the Treaty of Aranjuez [ah-rahng-WEZ]. The treaty resulted in exchange of territories in Tuscany for the large North American colony of Louisiana. What was this treaty, signed by the French Republic and the Spanish Empire?

(TREATY OF) SAN ILDEFONSO [sahn eel-deh-FON-soh]

Negotiated for some four years in the towns of Münster [MOON-ster] and Osnabrück [OS-nahbrook], this agreement consisted of two separate treaties signed on January 30 and October 24, 1648. Name these agreements involving many European powers and states of the Holy Roman Empire, that officially concluded the Thirty Years' War.

(TREATY OF) WESTPHALIA [wes(t)-FAIL-yuh] (Accept PEACE OF WESTPHALIA)

Multiple answer required. In one theory of personality, the first type is characteristic of individuals who are ambitious, competitive, and aggressive; the other type is characteristic of individuals who are more creative, patient, and relaxed. What are these two forms of personality?

(TYPE) A (AND) (TYPE) B (either order)

The soldiers and law enforcement officials who comprise this group are often called "Blue Helmets" due to their recognizable light blue headwear. Give the name for the U.N. officials who are typically sent into countries to assist with adopting and maintaining measures following the conclusion of armed conflict.

(UNITED NATIONS) PEACEKEEPERS

Tom Ridge became the first secretary of this U.S. federal department upon its creation in January 2003. What department, created in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, oversees the country's emergency preparedness and terrorism prevention?

(UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF) HOMELAND SECURITY

General Henry Knox served as the first secretary of this U.S. cabinet department, which existed from 1789 until 1947. In that year, a congressional act split the department into the Department of the Air Force and Department of the Army. What defunct cabinet department was once responsible for the administration of the U.S. military?

(UNITED STATES) (DEPARTMENT OF) WAR

Made a cabinet-level position by President Dwight Eisenhower, it lost that status under Presidents George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump. In 2020, President-elect Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Linda Thomas-Greenfield to this position. What is this highranking U.S. diplomatic role?

(UNITED STATES) AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED NATIONS (Accept reasonable equivalents)

This agency had early success in getting manufacturers to use catalytic converters to cut down on auto emissions. Richard Nixon established this national agency in response to a patchwork of confusing state laws. Name this federal agency, which was given the mission of setting nationwide standards to safeguard our land, air, and water.

(UNITED STATES) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Accept EPA)

One party by this name was formed in 1948 by former Vice President Henry Wallace. Another was formed by Robert M. La Follette, and one formed by La Follette's long-time rival, known as the "Bull Moose" party. What is this name given to various US third parties, one of which was formed by Theodore Roosevelt?

(UNITED STATES) PROGRESSIVE (PARTY)

The Wainstein Report, released in October 2014, concluded that this university had a nearly twodecade-long history of creating "nonexistent" classes for thousands of students, particularly studentathletes. The report alleged that the use of so-called "paper classes" had begun during the tenure of the school's legendary basketball coach, Dean Smith. What university's basketball team found itself at the center of this scandal?

(UNIVERSITY OF) NORTH CAROLINA (AT CHAPEL HILL) (Accept UNC)

The system for which this psychologist is best known is divided into five subsystems: the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. Give the name of the Russian-born U.S. psychologist known for his ecological systems theory.

(URIE) BRONFENBRENNER

He stowed away on an expedition organized by Martín Fernández de Enciso [mar-TEEN fur-NAHNdez day en-SEE-soh], arriving on the coast of Urabá [oo-rah-BAH] in 1510. There he convinced settlers to move to Darien and established the first permanent European settlement in the Americas. Name the conquistador best known for crossing the Isthmus of Panama to become the first European to lead an expedition and see the Pacific Ocean.

(VASCO NUÑEZ DE) BALBOA

This former world leader began his business career in 1964 as a delivery truck driver for Coca-Cola before rising to become an executive in the company. In 1988 he joined the National Action Party, and began a career in politics that led him to become the president of Mexico. Who held office from 2000 until 2006, when he was succeeded by Felipe Calderón?

(VICENTE) FOX

He and political comrade Dmitry Medvedev have rotated positions in their nation's government. Alexei Navalny is a staunch opponent of this leader, who recently annexed Crimea. Identify this current President of Russia.

(VLADIMIR) PUTIN

He earned a law degree from Leningrad State University, and in 1994 was the first deputy mayor of Leningrad. He was an intelligence officer for KGB for 15 years, including six in East Germany. Name this dominant figure in Russian politics, who has served as both prime minister and president since 1999.

(VLADIMIR) PUTIN

This war broke out when Charles the Second named Philip d'Anjou [dahn-ZHOO] his heir in his will. The anti-French alliance collapsed when Archduke Charles became heir to the Hapsburgs' Austrian possessions. What war was fought between 1701 and 1714 over who would inherit the empire of Spain?

(WAR OF THE ) SPANISH SUCCESSION

During this war's Battle of Bloody Marsh, James Oglethorpe led the Province of Georgia to a victory over Spanish forces, and gained control of St. Simons Island. Identify the war that began in October 1739, and is named for an incident in which Spanish coast guards attacked a Welsh sea captain, severing a body part in the process.

(WAR OF) JENKINS' EAR

As chief justice of the United States, he presided over such landmark Supreme Court cases as New York Times v. United States, Roe v. Wade, and United States v. Nixon. Identify the chief justice appointed to the court by President Richard Nixon in 1969.

(WARREN) BURGER

This sociologist helped create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and became the association's director of research and magazine editor. That came six years after the publication of his landmark work, The Souls of Black Folk. Name this American sociologist and influential civil rights leader.

(WILLIAM EDWARD BURGHARDT "W.E.B.") DU BOIS

The third youngest president, his first term included the passage of FMLA, the Violence Against Women Act, and the signing of the NAFTA agreement. He undertook an extensive tour of Africa, helped broker the Northern Ireland Peace agreement, and committed U.S. troops to NATO action in Kosovo. What former Arkansas attorney general and governor served two terms as president?

(WILLIAM JEFFERSON "BILL") CLINTON

His naval experience in World War Two inspired him to provide affordable housing to returning servicemen. Beginning with a prototype village on Long Island, his business pioneered construction techniques, and built thousands of uniform, single-family homes in tracts near metropolitan areas. Identify this real estate developer, known as the father of American suburbia.

(WILLIAM) LEVITT

He entered politics after the Civil War and was a congressman from and governor of Ohio before his election as president. He undertook a tour of the Western states after his re-election, and ended the tour with a speech at the Pan-American Exposition. What president was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz [CHOL-gosh] in Buffalo in 1901?

(WILLIAM) MCKINLEY

He was the target of an April 14, 1865, plot of Confederate sympathizers. A former governor of New York, he lost the Republican presidential nomination to Abraham Lincoln and accepted a Cabinet position. What secretary of state who is most notable for his so-called folly of purchasing Alaska from Russia?

(WILLIAM) SEWARD

This politician and Army officer was known by many as "the superb," and was the Democratic nominee in the 1880 presidential election. He served during the Civil and Mexican-American Wars. What leader was named after a general known as "Grand Old Man of the Army" and "Old Fuss and Feathers?"

(WINFIELD SCOTT) HANCOCK

This man, whose experiences as a British Army officer in the Sudan inspired The River War, published his take on World War One as The World Crisis. He titled his biography of an ancestor Marlborough: His Life and Times, and dedicated four books to his final non-fiction work, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. Name this writer of the six-volume history The Second World War, who was both a Nobel Laureate in Literature and a British prime minister.

(WINSTON) CHURCHILL

Known for popularizing the concept of "social facts," this social scientist is noted for his role in establishing sociology as an empirical, research-based science. Who is often regarded as the founder of sociology's French school?

(ÉMILE) DURKHEIM [ay-MEEL DURK-hime]

This liner was noted for its luxuries, such as three swimming pools, and could carry 1,240 passengers. It set sail for New York City on its maiden voyage from Genoa, Italy, on January 14th, 1953. Identify this Italian passenger ship, which collided with the Swedish liner Stockholm off the coast of Nantucket in 1956.

ANDREA DORIA [ahn-DRAY-uh DOE-ree-ah]

First and last name required. A disastrous series of speeches called "a swing around the circle," made by this president during the mid-term elections of his one term in office, helped secure a national wave of victories for his fierce rivals, the Radical Republicans. Identify the president whose attempted dismissal of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton led to his impeachment.

ANDREW JOHNSON

This term refers to a period of American history generally defined as the years between the end of the War of 1812 and the beginning of another conflict, this one internal. Give the term, from the Latin for "before the war," for this era marked by the rapid growth of the South's economy, based primarily on its use of slavery.

ANTEBELLUM (SOUTH) (ERA)

Famous practitioners of this scholarly discipline have included Marvin Harris and Margaret Mean. It is often contrasted with sociology because of its lesser focus on societies and interpersonal interaction, and archeology is typically thought of as a subfield of this field of academic study. Name this academic discipline, which studies human cultures.

ANTHROPOLOGY

In the history of the Roman Catholic church, at least thirty-seven men are recognized as having held this title, the most recent being Felix the Fifth from 1439 to 1449. What term refers to one who is substantially supported in an effort to obtain the papal throne, in direct opposition to a lawfully elected bishop of Rome?

ANTIPOPE

As of December 2020, the United States Senate Committee responsible for this economic responsibility of a government was led by ranking member Patrick Leahy [LAY-hee] and Chairman Richard Shelby. Give the term for public money set aside for a specific project or goal.

APPROPRIATIONS

Inspired by Tunisia's Jasmine Revolution, this series of protests and uprisings led to the fall of such formerly entrenched rulers as Hosni Mubarak [HOHS-nee moo-BAH-rahk] and Muammar Gaddafi [moo-AH-mahr gah-DAH-fee]. Give the name of this movement that swept North Africa and the Middle East, beginning in 2010.

ARAB SPRING

This political movement began in December 2010 in Tunisia, and spread though North Africa and the Middle East. It targeted authoritarian regimes, and sparked armed revolts in Yemen and Bahrain. What political movement led to civil war in Syria, and toppled regimes in Libya and Egypt?

ARAB SPRING

The Supreme Court's decision in Chisholm V. Georgia led to the ratification of this amendment to the Constitution on February 7, 1795. Which amendment, viewed as the first to correct an element of constitutional doctrine, established the principle of state sovereign immunity?

11(TH AMENDMENT)

Governor John Andrew organized this regiment in early 1863. Commanded by Robert Gould Shaw, the regiment distinguished itself in the failed Union attack on Fort Wagner. What was the first African-American regiment to take part in the Civil War?

54TH MASSACHUSETTS (VOLUNTEER INFANTRY REGIMENT)

One name for this prehistoric Native American culture comes from a Navajo word meaning "ancestors of the enemy." Descendants of the culture include such peoples as the Zuni [ZOO-nee], the Laguna, and the Hopi. Name this ancient culture that existed from roughly A.D. 100 to 1600 in the Four Corners region of the United States.

ANASAZI [ah-nuh-SAH-zee] (CULTURE) (Accept ANCESTRAL PUEBLO(ANS) (CULTURE))

These people, known for their art depicting the flutist deity Kokopelli, are referred to by the Navajo phrase for "The Ancient Ones." They lived in communities known as "Great Houses" and were among the earliest of the Pueblo cultures. Identify this ancient civilization, which inhabited the Southwestern United States.

ANASAZI or ANCIENT PUEBLO or ANCESTRAL PUEBLO

Those signing this agreement were Donald Trump, Abdullatif Al-Zayani [ahb-dool-lah-TEEF ahl-zahYAH-ne], Zayed bin Sultan Al-Nahyan [ZAH-yehd bihn sool-TAHN an-nah-hah-YAHN], and Benjamin Netanyahu [ben-yah-MEEN neht-an-YAH-hoo]. Give the name of this joint statement of relations agreed to by the United States, Bahrain [bah-RAIN], the United Arab Emirates, and Israel, a name referencing a shared religious patriarch.

ABRAHAM ACCORDS

The origin of this modern-day country began with the founding of an empire in the mid-eighteenth century by Ahmad Shah Durrani [ah-MAHD shah dur-RAH-nee]. Identify this nation in south central Asia where the Mujahideen repelled an invasion by Soviet forces in 1979.

AFGHANISTAN

The initial public offering for this company, filed in August 2020, made its CEO, Brian Chesky, and his co-founders instant multi-billionaires. Founded in 2008, the company has been criticized for causing an increase in rental prices in major cities around the world. Give the name of this company where users can rent their properties to other users for lodging.

AIRBNB

One of just seven states with a single, at-large congressional district, this state has re-elected its lone representative, Don Young, for 25 consecutive terms since 1973. Name the state whose previous representative, Nick Begich [bee-JICH], disappeared in 1972 while flying to a fundraiser along with House Majority Leader Hale Boggs.

ALASKA

After this city's Fort Nassau washed away, it was rebuilt and renamed Fort Orange. What was the first permanent Dutch settlement in North America, and thus the oldest European settlement in New York?

ALBANY

A second cable break in 2020 made repairs too dangerous and costly to pursue. This radio telescope has a distinctive design, making it a popular visual for movie and television — including a James Bond film. What landmark in Puerto Rico survived Hurricane Maria and earthquakes, but was scheduled to be decommissioned in 2021?

ARECIBO [ahr-uh-SEE-boh] (OBSERVATORY)

This term for a form of government has historically been applied to those holding hereditary titles or positions. Historians have pointed to India's Brahman caste as an example of this form of government, in which a small group is considered qualified to rule. What form of government can be defined as "rule by a small group of those considered best qualified"?

ARISTOCRACY (Accept other forms of the word)

Multiple answers required. The first game between these two college football teams was played in 1890, with the team called the Black Knights losing 24 to 0. The game is usually played in Philadelphia in December, often with the president of the United States in attendance. What two schools compete in this annual contest, which in 2020 was held, for the first time in 77 years, in West Point, New York?

ARMY (BLACK KNIGHTS), NAVY (MIDSHIPMEN) (Either order)

This empire won the battle of Feyiase [fay-ICE-aya] against the Denkyira, and they had their capital at Kumasi. They were founded by Osei [oh-say] Kofu Tutu and worshiped a golden stool. Identify this West African Empire centered at present-day Ghana, which fought a series of five wars with the British.

ASHANTI (EMPIRE)

This empire won a long struggle against Denkyera [den-KYEH-ruh] in the late 1600s, and established its capital at Kumasi. It was founded by Osei [OH-say] Kofi Tutu, and its rulers were crowned on a golden stool. What West African empire, centered in present-day Ghana, fought a series of five wars with the British?

ASHANTI (EMPIRE) [uh-SHAN-tee, uh-SHAHN-tee]

Rivers of this continent include the Ob, the Amu Darya [AH-moo DAR-ee-uh] and the Mekong. Its mountain ranges include the Kunlun [KOON-loon], the Altay, and the Zagros [ZAH-grohss]. What is this continent, home to more than half of the world's people?

ASIA

Originally the ruler of Quito [KEE-toh], he overthrew his brother Huáscar [WAHSS-kar] to take control of their civilization. He was captured by Francisco Pizarro, who used him to control his empire, but was eventually executed. Identify this late Incan emperor, whose death led to the virtual end of the civilization.

ATAHUALPA [ah-tuh-WAHL-puh]

John Wesley Dobbs was an unofficial mayor of this city, which is home to the tallest building located in a US state capital. It was the topic of a 1964 Supreme Court case, dealing with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and a hotel named for "the heart of" this city. Identify this capital and largest city of Georgia.

ATLANTA

This device used by many prehistoric North American cultures was often used by hunters to pierce the think skins of megafauna such as the giant bison and the mammoth. Give the term for such a device, typically a wooden rod used to propel a sharpened projectile.

ATLATL [AHT-lah-tul] (Accept SPEAR-THROWER or THROWING-STICK)

This speech called for slowing the nuclear arms race, and led to the founding of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The speaker said human inventiveness must be consecrated to life, not dedicated to death. What speech delivered by President Eisenhower in 1953 called for finding peaceful ways to use atomic energy?

ATOMS FOR PEACE

This leader's rule was known as the princeps, because he called himself the princeps -- or first citizen. In actuality, he was an absolute autocrat who ushered in a long period of peace and prosperity in the Greco-Roman world. Name this man whose defeat of Marc Antony made him the first emperor of Rome.

AUGUSTUS (CAESAR) (Accept: OCTAVIAN, GAIUS OCTAVIUS)

Recognized by its distinct use of "artificial moonlight" to light its downtown area, this city is home to O. Henry's residence. Other attractions in this city include the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, and the annual entertainment and music festival known as South by Southwest. Name this Texas city.

AUSTIN (TEXAS)

It has been argued that these governments rely upon "mentalities," rather than "ideologies.' Its "bureaucratic" form was prevalent in 20th century Latin America. Name this form of rule, used to describe the governments of Getulio Vargas and Augusto Pinochet.

AUTHORITARIANISM (Accept: DICTATORSHIP or TOTALITARIANISM)

From the Portuguese for "act of faith," this phrase refers to a ceremony first held in 1481 at Seville. Give the name for the ceremony at which accused were brought before the Spanish Inquisition to receive sentencing.

AUTO-DA-FÉ [aw-toe-duh-FAY]

This city on the Rhone River figured greatly in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. It is the city where Pope Clement the Fifth lived during his papacy in the 14th century, as well as six Frenchmen who followed him. What is this city, whose so-called anti-popes later reigned during the Western Schism [SKIZ-um]?

AVINGNON [ah-veen-YOHN]

This ruler declared war on his brother-in-law, Moquihuix [moh-key-WEEKS] of Tlatelolco [tlah-te-LOHL-koh], after learning of the physical abuse suffered by his sister. Although known for his military prowess, he was defeated by the Tarascans [tah-ROSS-kuns] at Michoacan [mee-cho-ah-KHAN]. Name this bellicose Aztec emperor succeeded by his brother Tizoc.

AXAYACATL [ahx-uh-yah-KAH-tull]

This huge monolith is considered a tor, an isolated mass of weathered rock. The first European to visit it was surveyor William Gosse [gahss], who named it for a governor of South Australia in 1873. Name this monolith, which has been revered by Australia's aborigines for generations.

AYERS ROCK [Accept: ULURU [OO-luh-roo])

This conference in New Hampshire foresaw a need for temporary protective tariffs and exchange controls. Attendees established the International Monetary Fund and what became the World Bank. What 1944 conference provided a plan for the world's financial recovery after World War Two?

BRETTON WOODS (CONFERENCE) (Accept: UNITED NATIONS MONETARY AND FINACIAL (CONFERENCE))

This portmanteau word refers to the referendum that led to the resignation of Prime Minister David Cameron. Its aftermath necessitated the invocation of Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. What name is given to the decision by the United Kingdom to withdraw from the European Union in 2019?

BREXIT

In this 1962 Supreme Court case, a resident sued Tennessee's secretary of state. The court ruled 6-2 that the issue could be resolved by a lower court. Identify this court case that dealt with the unfair drawing of state electoral districts.

BAKER V(ERSUS) CARR

This island has been a favorite of Australian tourists for decades. It was featured in one of the Bob Hope-Bing Crosby "road" movies, and despite being part of Indonesia, it features many Buddhist and Hindu temples. What is this exotic island, located just east of Java, whose Jimbaran [JIM-buh-rahn] and Kuta [KOO-tuh] beaches are world famous?

BALI

The first stone for this railway was laid by Charles Carroll, the sole surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. The railway, known for such locomotives as the Tom Thumb, was largely driven by merchants from Maryland. Give the name of the United States' first steamoperated railway.

BALTIMORE (AND) OHIO (RAILROAD) (Accept B&O (RAILROAD))

A holiday is observed each year on July 14 to commemorate the siege of this facility in 1789. Identify the prison in Paris that was stormed by angry mobs in the opening days of the French Revolution.

BASTILLE [ba-STEEL, bas-TEE-yuh]

This conflict began when members of the Sauk and Fox tribes crossed into Illinois from the Iowa Territory. Seeking to reclaim lands forfeited in an 1804 treaty, the incursion prompted panic in Illinois and led Governor Reynolds to call up the militia. What 1832 conflict was named after the leader of Native American forces and which included Abraham Lincoln, Zachary Taylor, and Winfield Scott among its participants?

BLACK HAWK WAR

This political party was founded in 1966 in California. The group's initial activities centered on armed patrols designed to prevent police brutality, but later expanded to social programs. Name this African-American political party, founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, and targeted by the FBI as an alleged communist organization and enemy of the United States.

BLACK PANTER PARTY (FOR SELF-DEFENSE)

Visitors wishing to partake in a customary ritual with this item must climb to the peak of a castle, and then hold two wrought-iron bars, while leaning backwards over the edge of a wall. The item is then said to grant the visitors the skills of flattery and eloquent speaking after they have kissed it. Give the name of this block of limestone, a popular tourist attraction in Ireland.

BLARNEY STONE

This conflict was highlighted by the 1856 sack of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces. In response to the actions of pro-slavery forces, abolitionist forces under John Brown responded with the Pottawatomie Massacre. Name this conflict contested by pro-slavery and abolitionist forces in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

BLEEDING KANSAS

This two-word phrase refers to what some historians consider a small, five-year civil war in the U.S. It began when pro-slavery and free soil partisans moved to a new territory, and immediately clashed. What name was given to the conflict, which took place in a territory west of Missouri from 1854 to 1859?

BLEEDING KANSAS

A parkway with this name runs for some 469 miles around the southern Appalachians, linking the Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains national parks. A segment of the Appalachians with this name is a narrow set of mountains extending from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Give the name shared by this parkway and mountain range, both major features of western North Carolina.

BLUE RIDGE

This ship was originally a merchant ship built for the French East India Company. Originally named the Duc de Daras, it was refitted in 1779 and renamed after the American ambassador to France. Name the ship that was commanded by John Paul Jones and defeated the HMS Serapis in battle.

BONHOMME RICHARD

First published in German in 1580 and Latin four years later, this work is comprised of such pieces as the Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope by Phillip Melanchthon [muh-LANGK-thawn], an interpretation of the Augsburg Confession. Give the name of this doctrinal collection, important to the orthodox Lutheran faith.

BOOK OF CONCORD

This island contains a mosque named after Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien [say-foo-DEEN], as well as Mount Kinablu [kee-nah-BAH-loo] located in the state of Sabah [sah-BAH]. Other regions of this island include Sarawak [sah-rah-WOK] and Kalimantan [kah-lee-MAHN-than], two regions that belong to Malaysia and Indonesia, respectively. Identify this largest island of Southeast Asia, which is also home to the small, oil-rich nation of Brunei.

BORNEO

Recognized by the many jazz clubs that line it, this street is a popular tourist attraction in its city. It is best known as the bustling center of the annual Mardi Gras celebration. Give the name of this iconic street in New Orleans.

BOURBON (STREET)

The name of this North American river comes from the Spanish for "arms of God." The river runs for some 1,280 miles along a route often used to separate the eastern and western portions of the largest contiguous state. Name this river, the longest in the state of Texas.

BRAZOS (RIVER)

This portmanteau word was applied to a referendum in which Boris Johnson, the mayor of London, played a lead role. Johnson took a position opposed to that of Prime Minister David Cameron, who had promised the referendum would take place. What word refers to the 2016 referendum over whether the United Kingdom would remain part of the European Union?

BREXIT

Although this case, decided by the Supreme Court on May 2, 1927, remains one of the court's most controversial decisions, it has never been overturned. The case centered on certain eugenics practices ordered by the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded. In what case did the Supreme Court rule that due process was not violated through the forced sterilization of the intellectually disabled?

BUCK V(ESUS) BELL

This city is nicknamed the "Paris of South America" because of its free-wheeling culture. It's located at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and perhaps its most famous landmark is the Obelisk in the Plaza de la República. Name this vibrant city of the tango, whose name translates loosely as "fair winds" in Spanish.

BUENOS AIRES [BWAY-nohss EYE-rayss]

This political party called for aggressive social legislation and altering the political nominating process. It got its nickname from an answer given by its presidential nominee regarding his health. What party contested the 1912 election with Theodore Roosevelt as its presidential nominee?

BULL MOOSE PARTY

This site is known for its "bridman" motif, in which an individual was buried with disks surrounding him in the shape of a falcon. This site was named by French trappists and it is home to Monk's Mound. Identify this Native American city, a known major Pre-Columbian city of Mexico.

CAHOKIA [kuh-HOW-kee-uh]

Two meetings held in late 1943 by Allied leaders share this name. In the first meeting, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill were joined by Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek [jahng kigh sheck]. At the second, they were joined by Turkish president Ismet İnönü [is-MET IN-nuh-nyoo]. Give the name used for these meetings held in Egypt.

CAIRO CONFERNECE

While an elephant sits upon its domed lid, three king cobras make up its handles. First competed for in 1879, it is annually awarded to the winner of a rugby match between the national teams of England and Scotland. Give the name of this prestigious trophy, named for the capital of West Bengal, India.

CALCUTTA CUP

This country, also known as Kampuchea [kam-poo-CHEE-uh], is currently led by Norodom Sihamoni [noor-oh-DAHM see-ha-MO-nee]. Its national language is Khmer [kuh-MAIR], and its capital is Phnom Penh [puh-NAWM PEN]. Name this nation, which made up French Indochina, along with Vietnam and Laos.

CAMBODIA

This settlement on Table Bay was prompted by the glowing reports brought back by survivors of a 1647 shipwreck. Jan van Riebeeck [yahn vahn REE-bake] landed there in 1652 to choose sites for a vegetable garden and a fort. Name the first Dutch settlement in South Africa.

CAPE TOWN

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries has been used as an example of this type of economic group. In such a group, independent firms work together in order to create a monopoly over the sale and production in a given market. Give this term that is also used in reference to criminal organizations involved in international drug trafficking.

CARTEL

This mountain range lies between the Sierra Nevadas to the south and the Coast Range to the north. Among its tourist attractions are the Lava Beds National Monument and Crater Lake National Park. What range, which include Mount St. Helens, has its highest peak at Mount Rained [ruh-NEER]

CASCADES (Accept: CASCADE MOUNTAINS, RANGE

This group was formerly known as the Middle East Treaty Organization or the Baghdad Pact. It was formed at British and U.S. urging to counter Soviet intentions in the Middle East. Identify this organization, which included Great Britain, Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan from 1955 to 1979.

CENTRAL TREATY (ORGANIZATION)

The first holder of this post established a so-called "Reptile Fund," and the current holder has a doctoral degree in quantum chemistry. Currently held by Angela Merkel [AHN-guh-luh MARE-kuhl], it was originally occupied by Otto van Bismarck. Give the name for the political leader of Germany.

CHANCELLOR (OF GERMANY)

For more than 50 years, this Midwestern city has celebrated St. Patrick's Day by dying its namesake river green. It is known for its gourmet hot dogs and deep dish pizza. Name this major American city, home to the Willis Tower, Cloud Gate, and Wrigley Field.

CHICAGO (ILLINOIS)

Cultural evolutionists believe this precedes "the state," but follows "the tribe," in the development of cultures. It has been demonstrated by the Tongans of Polynesia, as well as the Akan [AH-kahn] and Zulu [ZOO-loo] of western Africa. What form of political structure, is characterized by many communities, consolidating power into a single person or group, responsible for distributing resources?

CHIEFDOM

It dealt with the death of Robert Farquhar, and a subsequent suit by its estate executor. The court found that Article Three gave individuals the right to sue a state. Name this US Supreme Court case, which eventually resulted in the passage of the Eleventh Amendment.

CHISHOLM V(ERSUS) GEORGIA

From 1830 to 1831, measures to control the spread of this disease by the tsarist government of Russia led to widespread rioting across the country. The first pandemic of the disease, which lasted from 1817 to 1824, began near Calcutta before spreading throughout the Eastern Hemisphere. Identify this deadly infection of the small intestine which continues to kill millions of people, particularly in the underdeveloped world, each year.

CHOLERA

Led by Chairman David Bossie, this group's win in the Supreme Court nullified Section 203 of the McCain-Feingold Act. Name the conservative nonprofit that won a major 2012 case, which determined there was no justification for limiting the political speech of corporations.

CITIZENS UNITED

In his 2010 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama said this Supreme Court decision would, quote, "open the floodgates for special interests...to spend without limit in our elections." In what landmark decision did the Supreme Court rule political advertising could legally be financed by unions and corporations?

CITIZENS UNITED V(ERSUS) (THE) FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION (Accept FEC acronym as well) (Not CITIZENS UNITED alone)

This culture likely fractioned into smaller groups with their own distinct cultures around the Younger Dryas period. They made spear points by repeatedly smashing the side of a stone until flaking caused it to take shape. What Native American culture developed approximately thirteen thousand years ago, and is named for the New Mexican site at which they were first discovered?

CLOVIS (CULTURE)

With sites dated to around 9,500 B.C., this prehistoric culture's preferred diet of mammoths and use of distinct fluted points distinguish it from that of another culture, the Folsom complex. Name this Paleoamerican culture, which like the Folsom, is named for a site in New Mexico.

CLOVIS (CULTURE) (Accept CLOVIS (COMPLEX))

While this structure did rise some 105 feet above Mandraki [mahn-DRAH-kee] harbor, it never straddled the harbor entrance. Made of iron and copper, the work was sculpted by Chares [CAREeez] of Lindos to commemorate the siege of an ancient Greek city. Name this massive statue of the sun god Helios, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

COLOSSUS OF RHODES

This plateau covers about 100,000 square miles, and is known for its basaltic lava flows. It is bounded by the Sierra Nevadas and Cascades on the west, and by the northern Rockies on the east. Identify the plateau that includes parts of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and is drained by the Snake River.

COLUMBIA (PLATEAU) (Accept: COLUMBIA INTERMONTANE)

An early example used to explain this concept highlighted Britain's cloth industry and Portugal's wine industry. It was put forth by David Ricardo in his Essay on Profits. Give this term for the idea that every potential pair of trading partners can benefit from trade, if they are producing at least two goods.

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

Coined by economist Thorstein Veblen [VEB-luhn] in The Theory of the Leisure Class, it can be illustrated by choosing a luxury suite over a standard hotel room. Give the term for the preference to consume goods for their quality rather than the practicality of their use.

CONSPICIUOUS CONSUMPTION

This two-word phrase was coined in the 1899 work The Theory of the Leisure Class, and refers to a consumer's willingness to purchase goods based solely on their desirability or perceived quality. Identify this alliterative concept popularized by Thorstein Veblen.

CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION

Examples of this two-word form of government exist in Belgium, Thailand, and Jordan. With the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Britain became one. In what form of government does a sovereign share power with a government organized under a written set of laws?

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

In this political party's only presidential election, members nominated Edward Everett for vice president and John Bell for president. What political party's platform, based on ignoring sectional issues, earned it 39 electoral votes won from Border States during the presidential election of 1860?

CONSTITUTIONAL UNION (PARTY)

When this legislation was enacted in 1793 by the East India Company, it consisted of 48 regulations framing the administration of British rule in the company's Indian territory. What was this legislation, developed and named for a governor of Bengal best known for his time as a general in the American Revolutionary War?

CORNWALLIS CODE

. The first record of a match in this sport, under its current rules, was played in 1697 in Sussex, England. The sport is played on an oval field, consists of two competing teams of 11 players, and features batsmen attempting to defend bowled balls from their team's wickets. Give the name of this sport, popular in England, Pakistan, and India.

CRICKET

This war was documented by photographer Roger Fenton and journalist William Howard Russell. During the war, the "Lady with the Lamp," Florence Nightingale, made advances in battlefield nursing. What 19th-century war included the Battle of Balaclava [bal-uh-KLAH-vuh] and the Charge of the Light Brigade?

CRIMEAN WAR

One of the Western Hemisphere's oldest continuously inhabited cities, this city was occupied and sacked in November 1533 by forces led by Francisco Pizarro. Name the Peruvian city, once the capital of the vast Inca Empire.

CUZCO (Accept CUZCO QUECHUA [KECH-wah])

His Edict of Restoration ended the Babylonian captivity of the Jews. His daughter married Darius and he is known for originating the Achaemenid Dynasty. Who was this founder of the Persian Empire?

CYRUS (THE GREAT) (Accept: CYRUS THE SECOND)

In this former European nation, "The Two Thousand Words" was a manifesto put forth to support the policies of Alexander Dubček [DOOB-check]. Although it was a member of the Warsaw Pact, it was invaded in August 1968 because it was seen as becoming too liberal. Name this former nation in eastern Europe, which split into two nations in 1993.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

The apparent success of this arrangement led to the acceptance of the Young Plan in 1929, which reduced the amount of reparations owed by the German government. Name this 1924 agreement regarding Germany's repayment for World War One, named for the American banker who was vice president under Calvin Coolidge.

DAWES PLAN

Reauthorized many times since its original passage on September 8, 1950, this U.S. federal law was invoked during the COVID pandemic to quicken the manufacturing of medical supplies. Give the name of this legislation presidents use to quickly prepare materials needed to respond to a major national security crisis.

DEFENSE PRODUCTION ACT (OF 1950) (Accept DPA)

This kind of budget is sometimes theoretically studied to see the affect it would have at full employment. Having such a budget, according to some economists, does not hurt a government. What economic term is used to describe a government budget that spends more than it receives in taxes?

DEFICIT

Robert Dahl stated five criteria for this form of government, and Barrington Moore noted that a bourgeoise [boor-zhwa-ZEE] class was essential to its development. Alexis de Tocquville [duh TOKE-ville] concluded that this form of government could result in "tyranny of the majority." In what system of government, which began in Athens, do people elect their rulers?

DEMOCRACY

Robert Dahl stated five criteria for this form of government, and Barrington Moore noted that a bourgeoisie class were essential to its development. Alexis de Tocqueville concluded that this form of government can result in "tyranny of the majority." What is this system of government that began in Athens, in which people elect their rulers?

DEMOCRACY (Accept alternate word forms.)

This coalition is comprised of the Chondoist Chongu [KHAN-dohst CHAHN-goo] Party, Social Democratic Party, and Worker's Party. Only members can be nominated to hold office, in the Supreme People's Assembly. Name this North Korean alliance.

DEMOCRATIC FRONT (FOR THE REUNIFICATION OF THE FATHERLAND)

This North American city received its name from French missionaries and traders, who described its namesake river by using the French word for "strait". The "strait" described connects Lakes Erie and Huron. Which American city surrendered to the British without violent conflict when it fell under siege during the war of 1812?

DETROIT (, MICHIGAN)

This natural site experienced a massive increase in tourism following the release of Steven Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Featured in the film as the site of an alien landing, it is a natural rock butte [byoot] rising some 867 feet above northeastern Wyoming. What was the United States' first national monument?

DEVILS TOWER (NATIONAL MONUMENT) (Accept GRIZZLY BEAR LODGE, BEAR LODGE BUTTE)

These three words appeared as the front page headline on the Chicago Daily Tribune on November 3, 1948. Give the erroneous headline referencing the 1948 presidential election featured in iconic photographs taken with that election's winner, upon whose desk the buck stopped.

DEWY DEFEATS TRUMAN

Traditionally, axis II [TWO] of this document has provided classifications for disorders coming in types such as schizoid and borderline. Overlapping but not identical to the ICD, this document has new editions published every few years by the American Psychiatric Association. What is this document used to conceptualize and diagnose mental illness?

DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL (OF MENTAL DISORDERS FIVE) (Accept: DSM)

This meeting was called after Pope Leo the Tenth had issued a Papal bull detailing the church's accusations against Martin Luther. Emperor Charles the Fifth summoned the accused and presided over this meeting at which the German monk refused to denounce his 95 Theses and other teachings. What was this assembly of the Holy Roman Empire during which Martin Luther was declared a heretic in 1521?

DIET OF WORMS

People with these conditions are protected by a 1990 piece of legislation often referred to as the ADA. Invisible examples of these include dyslexia, arthritis, and various mental illnesses. What conditions include the classic examples of blindness and mobility impairments?

DISABILITIES

This party was officially known as the States' Right Democrats. It garnered 39 electoral votes in the 1948 presidential election, carrying Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Alabama. In that year, what party nominated Fielding L. Wright for vice president and Strom Thurmond for president?

DIXIECRATS

Replicated in such areas as Epcot's Italy Pavilion and Las Vegas's Venetian casino, this elaborately designed residence remains a major landmark in the city of Venice. Give the name of this grand residence, for centuries the home of the head of state for the Venetian republic.

DOGE'S PALACE

The residence at Number 11 on this street is reserved for the chancellor of the exchequer [EKScheh-kur], while at Number 10 sits the official residence of the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Identify this street in central London that is synonymous with the British government.

DOWNING (STREET)

It was established in 1602, and soon enjoyed a trade monopoly in the waters between the Straits of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope. A major shipping and trade company for much of its nearly two centuries of existence, it was a large contributor to the age of exploration, sponsoring such explorers as Abel Tasman and Henry Hudson. Give the name of this megacorporation founded in present-day Netherlands.

DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY (Accept UNITED EAST INDIA COMPANY or VOC)

This Pacific Island is the side of Volcano Terevaka, Mount Pui, and Volcano Puakatike. It has been home to the Rapa Nui people for around one thousand year, though deforestation, disease, and a pest infestation caused the population to be reduced to approximately 2500 people. Among the most remote islands on Earth, what is this Chilean island, home to numerous large statues called moai [mo-AH-ay]?

EASTER (ISLAND)

One law from this field was named for Gresham, but was stated earlier by Nicolaus Copernicus. One scholar of this field predicted the fallout of the Treaty of Versailles and wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. What is this field of social science that comes in the micro and macro varieties?

ECONOMICS

One law from this field was named for Sir Thomas Gresham, but was stated earlier by Nicolas Copernicus. One scholar in this field predicted the fallout of the Treaty of Versailles [ver-SIGH] and wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. What field of social science comes in micro- and macro- varieties?

ECONOMICS

Historical name, not current name, required. The Meiji Restoration made this city an official capital, though it had served as de facto capital since 1603, beginning with the rise of the Tokugawa [TAWkoo-GAH-wah] shogunate. Give the historical name of Tokyo.

EDO [EE-doh]

This concept of neoclassical economic theory is important to the markup rule, as well as the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis. One common usage of this term is to express the relationship between price and demand. Identify this economic concept, which refers to how much one variable changes in response to another.

ELASTICITY

This institution was proposed by the Committee of Unfinished Parts, chaired by David Brearley of New Jersey. Its members are elected by direct popular vote, and meet in December to cast their ballots. What institution effectively decides who will become the president of the U.S.?

ELECTORAL COLLEGE

Three members of the primary body under this system were first appointed after the passage of the Twenty-third Amendment. After controversies surrounding Hillary Clinton and Al Gore, this system has come under harsh scrutiny. Name this system that governs the United States presidential election, in which each state is given a number of votes, which uses a winner-take-all approach.

ELECTORAL COLLEGE

Two-word answer, please. This legal concept is sometimes called expropriation or condemnation. The Supreme Court extended it in 2005 to include public purpose, such as economic development. What two-word phrase refers to the taking of private property, with compensation, for public use?

EMINENT DOMAIN

They are Islamic political units, and modern examples include Kuwait and Qatar [kut-err]. Each is ruled by a hereditary monarch, similar to sultans. What are these political structures, seven examples of which make up the nation known as the UAE?

EMIRATE(S)

This building, which lost 18 feet of height when its TV antenna was replaced in 1985, is the best known building designed by the architectural firm of Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon. The first building in the world to contain over 100 floors was this structure that, from 1931 to 1972, was the tallest building in the world. Name this building located on 5th Avenue in New York City, which ended up taller than the Chrysler Building.

EMPIRE STATE (BUILDING)

Two-word answer required. The first measure of this type, passed in 1802, applied to "the eastern division of the territory northwest of the river Ohio." The one passed by Congress in 1889 specified "the Territories of Dakota, Montana, and Washington." What kind of Congressional measure, rarely used, allows a territory's voters to approve a constitution and apply for statehood?

ENABLING ACT

This policy was based on one used during the Reconquista [ray-kohn-KEE-stah], and was supposed to mitigate the abuses of forced labor. However, it became a means to enforce the enslavement of the native population. What policy, which means "entrusted," was established to define the status of Native Americans in Spain's new colonies?

ENCOMIENDA

This type of currency was formally introduced to world financial markets on January 1, 1999. In fewer than two decades, it became the world's second largest and second most traded currency. What is the official currency of most of the nations in the EU?

EURO

This multinational group was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012. It was created by the Maastricht [MAHS-trikht] Treaty, which became effective in 1993. Identify this organization that was founded to govern economic and security policies held in common by the nations of Europe?

EUROPEAN UNION (Accept: EU)

Through the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem [DEH-ket roe-MAH-noom pon-TEE-fee-kem], this punishment was bestowed by Pope Leo the Tenth on Martin Luther in January 1521. What is this form of censure, in which an individual loses the rights granted to them through membership in a church?

EXCOMMUNICATION (Accept word forms)

The BFAS system breaks this personality trait into aspects known as Assertiveness and Enthusiasm. It is one of four traits in the MBTI system, and this trait has been shown to relate to anhedonia and depression. What is this personality trait, a construct related to reward seeking and sociability.

EXTRAVERSION

Released to both iOS and Android app stores in early 2017, this mobile application was developed by Wireless Lab and its founder, Yaroslav Goncharov [YAHR-uh-slahf GAHN-chuh-rahf]. The application faced criticism upon its release amid allegations that the app's terms and conditions allowed users' photos to be stored indefinitely, and used commercially without their consent. Give the name of this photo editing application that creates highly realistic edits of photographs, making the user appear much younger or older.

FACEAPP

During this event, an engineer named Orban designed giant guns used as seige weapons. After this 1453 event, the Hagia Sophia [HAH-jee-uh soh-FEE-uh] was converted into a mosque. What 1453 event saw the Ottomans led by Mehmed the Second capture the capital of the Byzantine Empire?

FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (Accept reasonable equivalents)

Visitors to this neighborhood's historic Jackson Square Park and Pontalba Buildings will see classic examples of the cast iron galleries and Creole architecture that is the area's trademark. Give the name of the oldest neighborhood in New Orleans.

FRENCH QUARTER (Accept VIEUX CARRÉ [voo kah-RAY] )

This event was referred to as "asking for the impossible" in a work by Simon Schama. Its participants wrote the "Declarations of Rights of Man and Citizen," which was later commented on by Thomas Paine. Identify this political rebellion of 1789, spurred by publication of pamphlets such as "What Is the Third Estate?"

FRENCH REVOLUTION

This economic system is based on the granting of land in return for services, including military service. It was abolished in England in the 17th century, but continued in France for another hundred years. What economic system prevailed in Europe between the 5th and 12th centuries?

FUDAL (SYSTEM) (Accept: word forms)

By the sixteenth century, this family had established a monopoly of the European copper market, and had assumed control of most of the assets and political power once owned by the de Medici family. The best-known member of the family, Jakob [YAH-kawp] the Rich, is regarded as one of the wealthiest individuals in recorded history. Name this German family of bankers that once dominated the European economy.

FUGGER

The United Kingdom is next scheduled to host a summit of this intergovernmental group, which was to have met at Camp David in the United States in 2020, before being canceled due to coronavirus concerns. The group is comprised of some of the largest advanced economies on earth. Give the name of this group which consists of the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Canada, France, and Germany.

G7 (Accept GROUP OF SEVEN)

Home to the cities of Zefat [zeh-FAHT] and Nazareth, this region is biblically described as the childhood home of Jesus. The nearby sea of the same name is described as the site of Jesus's walk on water. What is this region of northern Israel?

GALILEE

Battles in this series of conflicts included Gergovia and Alesia. The setting of these conflicts was modern day France, and one side in this conflict was led by Vercingetroix. Identify this series of military conflicts fought by Julius Cesar.

GALLIC (WARS)

This river's basin is home to hundreds of millions of people, and its distributaries include Hooghly. It helps from the earth's largest delta, and empties into the Bay of Bengal. Name this Indian river, known for its importance to the Hindu religion.

GANGES [GAN-geehs] (RIVER) (Accept: GANGA (RIVER))

Jenna Karvunidis [car-voo-NEE-dis] is often credited with inventing this type of celebratory social event in a 2008 post on her blog High Gloss and Sauce. She called for an end to such celebrations in 2020 after a pyrotechnic device used in one was responsible for the El Dorado Fire. What is this popular form of party, generally involving the colors blue and pink?

GENDER-REVEAL (PARTY) (Accept GENDER-REVEALS)

This state's indigenous artifacts include mounds constructed at Ocmulgee [ock-MULL-gee] and Etowah [ee-TOE-wah] that were built by the Muscogee [muss-KOH-gee] Creek Indians. In the northern part of this state, John Ross once led a prominent tribe until the American military forced them to vacate the state in 1838. Name this southern state whose discovery of gold precipitated the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears.

GEORGIA

This organization was established in April 1933, starting with members of the Prussian police. Three years later, it came under the control of Heinrich Himmler, who headed the SS. What secret police organization was tasked with finding and destroying the enemies of the Third Reich?

GESTAPO (Accept: GEHEIME STAATSPOLIZEI)

This 1824 Supreme Court case resulted in a 6-0 decision, under Chief Justice John Marshall. The court found that the federal government's power to regulate the interstate commerce superseded state legislation policy. Identify this case, which involved steamboat companies operating between New York and New Jersey?

GIBBONS V(ERSUS) OGDEN

This case overturned the ruling of Betts v. Brady in a 9-0 decision under Earl Warren. It involved a plaintiff accused of breaking into a Florida pool hall. Name this U.S. Supreme Court case, which found that the courts were required to provide appointed counsel for all trials.

GIDEON V(ERSUS) WAINWRIGHT

This desert is mostly bare rock, and one can drive a car long distances through it without much trouble. It stretches for some 1,000 miles east to west, is 300 to 600 miles wide, and is bordered on the north by the Altai [AL-tie] Mountains. What desert's name means "waterless place" in Mongolian?

GOBI (DESERT)

It was made worse by Thomas Bloodworth's indecisiveness and is thought to have originated in Thomas Farriner's bakery on Pudding Lane. It occurred during the reign of Charles II [the second] and was documented by Samuel Pepys. Identify this 1666 event, which led to mass destruction of buildings in land England's capital.

GREAT FIRE (OF LONDON) (OF 1666)

This catastrophe was made worse by Thomas Bloodworth's indecisiveness, and started at the home of the king's baker on Pudding Lane. It occurred during the reign of Charles the Second, and was documented by Samuel Pepys [PEEPS]. Identify this 1666 event, which destroyed many of the buildings in England's capital.

GREAT FIRE (OF LONDON) (OF 1666)

One cause of this war was one party's desire for access to the Baltic Sea. The war was ended by the Treaty of Nystad [NEE-stahd] and included the Battle of Poltava [pohl-TAH-vuh]. Name this war, fought between Sweden, under Charles the Twelfth, and Russia, ruled by Peter the Great.

GREAT NORTHERN WAR

Soon after its founding in Maine in early 1984, this political party adopted its "Ten Key Values." Among those are grassroots democracy, decentralization, and ecological wisdom. Name the American political party which nominated Ralph Nader for president in 2000 and, sixteen years later, Jill Stein.

GREEN (PARTY)

This party, established in 1991, has fielded tickets with candidates such as Winnona LaDuke and Ajamu Baraka. Members of this party are sometimes blamed for Al Gore's loss of the 2000 presidential election to George Bush. Identify this American third party, known for recent presidential candidates such as Ralph Nader and Jill Stein.

GREEN (PARTY)

Arms of this body of water include Little and Big Bay De Noc [day NOCK] in its northern extremity and Dead Horse Bay to the south. Chambers Island is located within this body of water, and rivers such as the Menominee [muh-NAH-muh-nee] and the Peshtigo [PESH-tuh-goh] flow directly into it from the west. The eastern border of what body of water, shared by both Michigan and Wisconsin, is separated by the Door Peninsula?

GREEN BAY

This nation is home to St. George's University, a medical school that played a key role in providing justification for a 1983 military operation. It was targeted by the United States as an attempt to stop Cuban socialist influence, as part of Operation Urgent Fury. Identify this island nation that was invaded by America, at the authorization of Ronald Reagan.

GRENADA

This North Pacific Island is the most populated of the Mariana Islands, and home to Andersen Airforce Base. Identify the United States Territory, whose capital is Hagatna [hah-got-NYAH].

GUAM

This word originally referred to the Spanish resistance against Napoleon's forces. It is the diminutive of the Spanish word for "war." Give this word for a soldier who operates amid a small, hit-and-run band to conduct surprise raids and sabotage enemy supplies

GUERRILLA

According to Freud, this construct is the oldest of the psychic realms in development, and is the source of inherited and instinctual knowledge. What is joined by the ego and superego to form the human personality?

ID

This case was overturned in the U.S. v. Darby Lumber Company case, which upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act. The earlier case dealt with the Keating-Owen Act, and its effect on a North Carolina man and his two sons. Identify the 1918 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government did not have the authority to regulate child labor.

HAMMER V(ERSUS) DAGENHEART

This dynasty was founded by the peasant-born Liu Bang, and established a capital at Chang'an. It lends its name to modern China's most prominent ethnic group. Which dynasty ruled during much of China's "Golden Age"?

HAN (DYNASTY)

This county contains the incorporated cities of Galena Park, Humble, Jacinto City, and Tomball in their entirety. Census records place this county as the third most populous in the United States and first in its state. Name this county where one can find Rice University, the George Bush International Airport, and the city of Huston, Texas.

HARRIS (COUNTY)

This group was formed in response to the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Its initial goal was to drive Israel from Lebanon and establish an Islamic state in Lebanon. What Shi'ite militia and political party has supported the al-Assad government in Syria and became involved in the Syrian Civil War?

HEZBOLLAH

Their "Pioneer Period" saw the construction of clusters of clay homes, built over shallow pits. What Native American culture is remembered for these "pit houses," and their use of irrigation canals, in present-day Arizona?

HOHOKAM

The complex irrigation networks built by this prehistoric Native American culture are still used today, helping to provide water to the Phoenix metropolitan area. Identify the culture that flourished from around the year 200 to 1400 along the Salt and Gila rivers of present-day Arizona.

HOHOKAM [huh-HOH-kum] (CULTURE)

Centered in present-day southern Ohio, this ancient culture developed intricate trade routes, throughout much of the Eastern United States. Who were these pre-historic, Native Americans known for their elaborately decorated artifacts, and for building large, earthen mounds?

HOPEWELL

A vessel named the Half Moon sailed some 150 miles of this river in 1609, some 85 years after it was encountered by the Florentine navigator Giovanni de Verrazzano. The Half Moon reached the vicinity of Albany, New York. Identify this river, named for the ship's captain, an English navigator sailing at that time for the Dutch.

HUDSON (RIVER)

This practice was part of the worship of Tonatiuh [toh-NAH-tee-ooh], the Aztec sun god, who needed sustenance to complete his daily journey. Most of those who underwent it were prisoners of war. What was this violent practice, which also involved the extraction of beating hearts?

HUMAN SACRAFICE (Accept: similar answers)

This practice was thought to result in the transfer of teyolia [TAY-oh-lee-uh] and tonalli [TOE-nahl-ee], and individuals who completed this ceremony were thought to go to "The Land of the Black and Red." This practice was often performed to appease Huitzilopochtli [HWIT-zee-loe-POACH-lee], and to prevent the sun from stopping its orbit. What is this violent practice involving the extraction of beating hearts, performed most notably by the Aztecs?

HUMAN SACRIFICE (Accept similar answers.)

This short historical period began during the Congress of Vienna in March of 1815 and ended with the Battle of Waterloo in July of that same year with the victory of the Seventh Coalition. The goals of Napoleon Bonaparte during this time included the overthrow of the restored Bourbon monarchy and the recapture of his empire. What phrase is used to describe the period following Napoleon's escape from Elba until his eventual exile on Saint Helena?

HUNDRED DAYS

Some historians have linked these people to the Xiongnu {SHEE-ong-noo] of China, but that connection is unproven. Their leader was defeated at the Battle of the Catalaunian [kah-tuh-LAW-nee-un] Plains by an alliance of Romans and Visigoths in A.D. 451. What ancient peoples were most famously led by the "Scourge of God," Attila?

HUNS

While this role is no longer common in contemporary societies, it was the role on which nearly all Mesoamerican cultures were based prior to the introduction of animal domestication and agriculture. Give the hyphenated term that refers to a member of a nomadic people who are reliant on finding and collecting wild foods.

HUNTER-GATHERER(S)

During his rule, this man encouraged the death squads such as the State Research Bureau and the Public Safety Unit. He came to power when Prime Minister Milton Obote was traveling away from his country and he was forced to flee after an invasion by Tanzania in 1979. Identify this man who served as president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.

IDI AMIN

This occurred extremely quickly in 1920s Germany, leading to economic instability of the Weimar Republic. It is often measured using the Consumer Price Index, and expressed in a percentage per year. Identify this economic term that describes a continuous increase in prices and corresponds to a loss in currency value?

INFLATION

This two-word term refers to one of the 25 most populated metro regions in the U.S., although it is only the fourth largest in its state. Its largest cities include San Bernardino, Riverside, and Palm Springs. What is this two-word term for the land-locked portion of California?

INLAND EMPIRE

With headquarters in Lyon [lyawn], France, this international group was led by Meng Hongwei [minh hong-WAHY] until October 2018. Originally focused on crimes conducted in Europe, it currently employs police officers on every inhabited continent. Give the name of the intergovernmental organization once known as the International Criminal Police Commission.

INTERPOL (Accept: INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION)

One source of this concept was Richard Cantillon's "An Essay on Economic Theory," and it has been criticized by thinkers such as Joseph Stiglitz and Noam Chomsky. It explains how producers and consumers independently acting in their own self-interests will lead to an overall benefit to society. What is the economic metaphor, introduced in Smith's The Wealth of Nations?

INVISIBLE HAND

This measure was the subject of long-term studies by Stanford psychologist Lewis Terman. Although still in use in popular culture, few tests continue to compute the measure. What measure relates a person's mental age to his or her chronological age?

IQ (Accept: INTELLEGENCE (QUOTIENT))

This two-word phrase was first used by a British prime minister in his "Sinews of Peace" speech in Fulton, Missouri. He described it as an imaginary line that stretched "from Stettin [sh'tet-EEN] in the Baltic to Trieste [tree-EST] in the Adriatic." In that 1946 speech, what did Winston Churchill say had "descended across the continent"?

IRON CURTAIN

These people displaced the Mesopelea [MOE-soe-PALE-ee-uh], Quapaw, and Tutelo, early in American history. During the 17th century, they fought with France in the Beaver Wars. Identify this confederation of five, then six Native American nations, located near modern New York.

IROQUIOS [EE-ro-kwah] (LEAGUE or CONFEDERACY) (Accept: FIVE or SIX NATIONS)

These people displaced the Huron, Neutral, and Erie tribes in the mid-1600s. In the same century, they fought several Beaver Wars with other tribes to get more pelts for trading. Identify this confederation of five, later six, Native American nations, in what is now northern New York.

IROQUOIS (LEAGUE or CONFEDERACY) (Accept: FIVE or SIX NATIONS)

Include a first name in your answer. After co-ruling from 1469 to 1478 with his brother, Giuliano [joo-lee-AH-noh], he served for another fourteen years as the sole ruler of Florence. Give the name of this member of the Medici family noted for his great patronage of the arts during the Renaissance.

LORENZO ("THE MAGNIFICENT" DE MEDICI)

One of these events culminated in the Preston Fight and the Battle of Sheriffmuir [SHEHR-iff-MYOOR]. A 1719 installment of this series of revolts ended with the Battle of Glen Shiel, which effectively ended these rebellions whose instigation primarily came from Scotland. What were these series of Catholic uprisings against the House of Orange that sought to reinstall the Stuart monarchy in the British Isles?

JACOBITE (REBELLIONS or UPRISINGS) (Accept: LORD MAR'S REVOLT)

One king with this name was the father of Charles the First, and another was the father of Queen Anne. The first king by this name was targeted in the gun powder plot, while another was ousted by William the Third of Orange in the Glorious Revolution. Give the shared name of these British rulers, one of whom sponsored a translation of the Bible.

JAMES

In 2014, the International Court of Justice ruled this country's program, JARPA [JAR-puh] Two, was in direct violation of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. What country, known for its centuries-long involvement in whaling, is known to possess the world's only whaler factory ship, the Nisshin Maru [nih-SHIN mah-ROO]?

JAPAN

This city is the site of a wall whose epithets include Buraq [boo-RAHK], Western, and Wailing. Its Old City's Christian Quarter houses the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. What Israeli city's Temple Mount contains the Dome of the Rock?

JERUSALEM

While similar to a bill, only this type of legislative measure can propose a constitutional amendment. Give the two-word phrase for this type of legislative measure requiring passage by both the United States House of Representatives and the Senate.

JOINT RESOLUTION

In an early nineteenth century Supreme Court decision, this process was established by the United States' fourth chief justice, John Marshall. Give the name of this power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of actions taken by the legislative and executive branches, decided in 1803 through Marbury versus Madison.

JUDICIAL REVIEW

Name and number required. This member of the House of Bourbon ruled from 1610 to 1643, and made France one of the leading powers of Europe. Alexandre Dumas' [dyoo-MAHZ] The Three Musketeers is set during his rule. Identify this monarch of France, known for working with, and sometimes against, his minister, Cardinal Richelieu [RISH-uh-loo].

LOUIS THE THIRTEENTH

This desert is famous for its red sand, and includes parts of Botswana and Nambia. It is also known for its Bushmen and their click language. Identify this major desert in southern Africa.

KALAHARI (DESERT)

This private property began when a former steamboat captain purchased a 75,000-acre Spanish land grant. His heirs eventually owned more than a million acers in Kleberg, Nueces, Kenedy, and Willacy counties. What ranch in Texas is the largest ranch in the United States?

KING (RANCH)

Some international observers believe this form of government has been demonstrated by Indonesia, Nigeria, and the Putin-regime in Russia. It is characterized by a government's accumulation of wealth and natural resources at the expense of the governed. What is this corrupt form of government, defined as "rule by thieves?"

KLEPTOCRACY

This political party carried only the state of Maryland, when it nominated Millard Fillmore for President. Its platform called for stricter laws around voting, citizenship, and immigration. Name this party, born from strong anti-immigrant and anti-Roman Catholic sentiment, which flourished in the 1850s.

KNOW NOTHING (PARTY) (Accept: AMERICAN (PARTY))

Formally a province of Serbia, this Balkan State declared independence in 2008, a decade after an international crisis there. What is the name of this country, whose 1998 and 1999 conflict was resolved by NATO strikes in Yugoslavia?

KOSOVO [KOH-soh-voh]

This volcano on Rakata Island at one time had three cones, the highest rising to 2,667 feet above sea level. Although few people were killed in its great eruption itself, a 120-foot-tall tsunami claimed 36,000 lives. What volcano threw nearly 5 cubic miles of rock fragments into the air when it exploded on August 27, 1883?

KRAKATOA

This name refers to two organizations, the first of which was founded as a social club in Tennessee. It developed into an underground group fighting against radical Reconstruction. What name was also adopted, in 1915, by a white supremacist group known for burning crosses?

KU KLUX KLAN (Accept: KKK or (THE) KLAN)

This political party's first Member of Parliament was Keir Hardie, a believer in state socialism. Other British politicians from this party include Clement Attlee, Harold Wilson, and Gordon Brown. What is this political party, for which Tony Blair was prime minister from 1997 to 2007?

LABOUR (PARTY)

At 4,440 kilometers, this river is some five kilometers short of being one of the world's ten longest. Of Siberia's three great rivers, this is the easternmost. What is the longest river in Russia?

LENA (RIVER)

This party's first elected Prime Minister was Alexander Mackenzie. It has created an image of centrist policy, with a focus on bringing together English-speaking, and French-speaking Canadians. What political party is currently led by Justin Trudeau [troo-DOH]?

LIBERAL (PARTY) (OF CANADA)

It flourished during the Ptolemaic [tahl-uh-MAY-ick] dynasty and served as a base for many great scholars such as Eratosthenes [ayr-uh-TOSS-thuh-neez], Euclid, and Archimedes. Along with Pharos, it was perhaps the most notable site in its ancient Egyptian city. Identify this ancient center for knowledge and discovery, which was destroyed in 48 B.C. as a casualty of war.

LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA

An estimated 1.5 billion television viewers watched this event, held July 13, 1985, simultaneously at Philadelphia's JFK Stadium and London's Wembley Stadium. Billed as the "global jukebox," the event is remembered for Phil Collins performing in both countries, as well as a set by Queen, often cited by critics as the greatest live performance in the history of rock music. Give the name of this benefit concert, which raised millions of dollars to fight an ongoing famine in Ethiopia.

LIVE AID

In political science, this term refers to a form of quid pro quo in which two or more legislators agree to trade votes in favor of separate bills to ensure the legislation important to them is passed. Provide this term that also refers to an athletic event in which competitors, sometimes lumberjacks, attempt to remain upright on free-floating wood.

LOGROLLING

Characteristics of this form of Native American dwelling commonly included separate entrances for male and females on opposite ends of the structure, as well as a domed roof formed by bound saplings. What dwellings, preferred by the Northeast Native Americans, were large communal homes, often exceeding 80 feet in length?

LONGHOUSES

He was a monarch for the House of Bourbon, ruling from 1610-1643, and propelled France to success, in large part from victories in the 30 Years' War. Alexandre Dumas' The Three Musketeers is set during his rule. Identify this monarch of France, known for working with, and sometimes, against his minister, Cardinal Richelieu.

LOUIS XIII [the thirteenth]

The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso and its ambiguity led to disputes over the boundaries of this region. In the agreement, François de Barbé-Marbois [frahn-SWAH du bar-BAY mar-BWAH] offered a large parcel of land to Robert Livingston. The sale of what territory thus doubled the area of the United States under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803?

LOUISIANA (TERRITORY)

This decision set aside the 1955 state decision in Naim versus Naim, which the Supreme Court declined to review. The appellants in the case had been convicted under a state law forbidding miscegenation [mih-sej-uh-NAY-shun]. Identify this 1967 Supreme Court case, which ruled that interracial marriages were legal.

LOVING V(ERSUS) VIRGINIA

Members of this 19th century English movement were primarily weavers and textile workers. Protesting the automation brought by the Industrial Revolution, workers destroyed machinery throughout England. What was this group, whose name now describes one who opposes technological change?

LUDDITE

This group fought against British military at mills in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire, in the early 1800s. Their name is said to have derived from a certain young, "Ned," who destroyed two stocking frames in 1779. What was this group of British individuals who were opposed to technology and the industrial revolution?

LUDDITE(S)

This group attacked mills in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire in the early 1800s. Their name may have derived from a mythical young man who destroyed a stocking frame in the late 1700s. What British group was opposed to technology and the Industrial Revolution?

LUDDITES

Multiple answers required. The reverse side of the 2009 Sacagawea U.S. dollar coin features the companion planting of these crops, known collectively as the three sisters. Name the three crops that formed the dietary basis of many indigenous cultures in North America.

MAIZE, SQUASH, BEANS (Any order) (Accept CORN instead of MAIZE)

Under the leadership of founder Sundiata [soon-JAH-tah], this empire expanded from the state of Kangaba [kan-GAH-bah] to as far north as the Sahara, and east to the Niger River. Give the name of this powerful and influential West African empire.

MALI (EMPIRE)

Their rule was divided into the Bahri [BAH-ree] period from 1250 to 1382, and the Cicassian [ser-CASH-un] period from 1382 to 1517. They were a group of foreign slave soldiers who ousted the Ayyubids [EYE-yoo-bids] from power in 1250. What Islamic dynasty drove the last Crusaders from Palestine?

MAMLUKS [MAM-lukes]

This project began with $6,000 appropriated for research led by L.J. Briggs, director of the National Bureau of Standards. On the day before Pearl Harbor, it was put under the direction of Vannevar Bush, an electrical engineer. What project undertaken during World War Two produced the first atomic bomb?

MANHATTAN (PROJECT)

This project was approved by Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 and was placed under the command of Brigadier General Leslie Groves. Work on the project took place at Chicago, UC Berkley, Columbia University, and Oak Ridge before it relocated to its final site in New Mexico. Name this U.S. project that created the atomic bomb.

MANHATTAN PROJECT

This political doctrine took its name from an 1845 magazine story by John L. O'Sullivan protesting against European interference in U.S. affairs. The doctrine figured prominently in conflicts with Mexico and with Britain over the Oregon territory. What 19th-century political doctrine associated with James K. Polk espoused the inevitability of American expansion to the Pacific.

MANIFEST DESTINY

At the center of this landmark Supreme Court case were the so-called "midnight appointments." Those appointments were made by President John Adams to fill circuit courts with Federalist judges. What case, decided on February 24, 1803, first established the Court's power of judicial review by declaring an act unconstitutional?

MARBURY V(ERSUS) MADISON

The plaintiff in this landmark case was a justice of the peace, appointed by President John Adams. The defendant was the sitting Secretary of State, in the Jefferson administration. In what 1803 ruling did the Supreme Court first establish judicial review, by declaring an act of Congress unconstitutional?

MARBURY V(ERSUS) MADISON

This case's ruling declared The Judiciary Act of 1789 in conflict with the Constitution, and thus, void. The foundation for this case came when John Adams appointed 42 "midnight judges" on his final day in office. Name this U.S. Supreme Court case, involving the fourth president of the United States, who was serving as secretary of state at the time.

MARBURY V(ERSUS) MADISON

The White Plains, New York-based nonprofit organization has expanded its focus to all birth defects, and the causes of infant mortality. Originally named the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, its current name was taken from a national campaign that began with the selling of a lapel pin for ten cents. Currently led by Stacey Stewart, what is this nonprofit organization that was founded by Franklin Roosevelt in 1938, with the primary purpose of fighting polio?

MARCH OF DIMES

The fourth largest county in the United States, it is home to such cities as Glendale, Mesa, and Tempe [TEM-pee]. Give the name of the large Arizona county that is also home to the state's largest city, Phoenix.

MARICOPA (COUNTY)

This political -ism includes philosophical anthropology, economics, politics, and historical theory. It was formulated in the mid-19th century, mostly by the man for whom it is named. What political theory is also based on the writings of Friedrich Engels?

MARXISM(-LENINISM) (Accept: word forms)

English surveyors originally set this boundary, at a northern latitude of 39 degrees and 43 minutes, separating the colonies of Pennsylvania and Maryland. What was used, along with the Ohio River, to divide the slave states below it, from the free-soil states, to its north?

MASON (AND) DIXON LINE

This type of social system, according to 19th century theories, was the second stage of cultural evolution. Modern sociologists generally believe that it does not exist, although some societies may prefer power to be exercised by one sex or the other. In what hypothetical social system is power over a community vested in the women?

MATRIARCHY (Accept: word forms)

This people wrote their codices [KOH-duh-seez] on paper made from the bark of fig trees. They were highly skilled in astronomy, used zero, and had a Long Count calendar that began with 3113 B.C. Identify this Mesoamerican people, whose cities included Tikal [tee-KAHL] and Uxmal [ooks-MAHL].

MAYA(NS)

The literature of this civilization included the Popul Vuh, which told of its "Hero Twins." Their best-known architectural accomplishment was the Temple of Kukulcan [kuh-KUL-kan] at Chichen Itza [chee-chen EET-suh]. Who are these early Meso-American peoples, who preceded the Aztecs and are known for their calendar system?

MAYANS or MAYAN (CIVILIZATION)

This program was enacted in 1965 as Title 18, an addition to the Social Security Act of 1935. Part A is paid for through payroll taxes, Part B augments Part A, and Parts C and D are privately run plans. What government program provides health insurance for the elderly?

MEDICARE

This word comes from the Arabic for "town," and can refer to a North African city's Arabic quarter. Give this word, which also names the Saudi Arabian city where Muhammad's tomb is located.

MEDINA

Members of this religious group immigrated to North America in 1683, and founded their first permanent settlement at Germantown, Pennsylvania alongside families of the Quaker religion. Give the name of this religious movement that was established by followers of a Dutch Anabaptist.

MENNONITE(S)

Italy's northern region of Lombardy has its capital at this city, the country's manufacturing and financial center. This city has three wall systems for its defense, the most recent built by the Spanish. Name the Italian city known for its semi-annual "Fashion Week."

MILAN

Four-word answer required. Best remembered for being used during the Vietnam conflict, this U.S. military designation refers to a group of advisors sent to a foreign country to provide aid and military training. Give the four-word name for this group, often referred to as an MAAG.

MILITARY ASSISTANCE ADVISORY GROUP

Two answers required. These two cities are home to such landmarks as Target Field, the Walker Art Institute, and the Stone Arch Bridge. While one is the largest city in their state, the other is the second largest and state capital. Identify these cities, the two largest in Minnesota.

MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL (Either order)

A landmark decision of the Warren court, this case created the modern code of conduct for interrogating criminal suspects while in custody. What 1966 Supreme Court ruling declared statements made by suspects could only be used in court if the suspect was made aware of their fifth amendment rights?

MIRANDA V(ERSUS) ARIZONA

Created after a Supreme Court decision delivered on June 13, 1966, these guidelines are followed to ensure court admissibility of statements made by an arrested individual. The original case began in Arizona. Give the name for these guidelines that inform suspects of their rights to have an attorney present and to remain silent during interrogation.

MIRANDA WARNINGS (Accept MIRANDA RIGHTS, equivalents)

This river area was home to the Cahokia, a site near St. Louis, and is home to around eighty of the earthen mounds that were common to the various tribes found along its banks. What is this long waterway in the Central United States that lends its name to a culture of Native Americans that existed from 800 to 1600 A.D.?

MISSISSIPPI (RIVER)

The Gallatin, Jefferson, and Madison join to form this river in Three Forks, Montana. It flows through three state capitals--Bismarck, Pierre [peer] and Jefferson City. What river, along with the Mississippi, makes up the longest system in North America?

MISSOURI (RIVER)

When this legislation was passed in the U.S. House of Representatives, then-Secretary of State John Quincy Adams called it "a title page to a great, tragic volume." The legislation allowed for the admission of the twenty-third and twenty-fourth states as a free state and slave state, respectively. Give the name for this important measure brokered by Henry Clay in 1820.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

This desert is bounded by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountain ranges and is known for its Joshua Tree. It meets the Great Basin Desert in Zin National Park, and contains America's hottest location, Death Valley. What is this most arid American desert, located in the Southwestern United States?

MOJAVE (DESERT)

This desert is bounded by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountain ranges, and is known for its Joshua trees. It meets the Great Basin Desert in Zion National Park, and contains America's hottest location, Death Valley. What is the most arid American desert, located in the Southwestern United States?

MOJAVE (DESERT)

Built by Native Americans of the Mississippian era, this earthen structure was the centerpiece of the capital, Cahokia [kah-oh-KEYA]. Identify this giant earthwork, the largest in North America.

MONK'S MOUND

This statement arose from a suggestion by British Foreign Minister George Canning, who proposed a joint declaration. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, however, convinced the president that the U.S. should make its own declaration. What 1823 U.S. policy statement declared that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further colonization?

MONROE DOCTERINE

Situated along the French Riviera on the Mediterranean Sea, this resort area was redesigned by Prince Charles the Third to serve as an extravagant playground for the world's richest individuals. Identify this area in Monaco known for its casino and gambling complex.

MONTE-CARLO

One of these structures, the largest one north of Mesoamerica, is near Collinsville, Illinois. Created from soil and clay, they were built 1,500 to 2,000 years ago. What Native American structures were used primarily for burial and ceremonial purposes?

MOUNDS

Founded in 1526, this dynasty was established by descendants of both Timur and Genghis Khan, including the dynasty's first emperor, Babur [BAH-ber]. Give the name of the Muslim empire that, from its founding until the mid-eighteenth century, ruled much of the Indian subcontinent.

MUGHAL (EMPIRE or DYNASTY)

Fighting in these wars was temporarily suspended with the signing of the Treaty of Amiens [am-ee-UH], in 1802. Name the decades-long conflict between France and European powers, that ended at the Battle of Waterloo.

NAPOLEONIC (WARS)

At the Battle of Ulm [oolm] in 1805, this military leader defeated the Austrian army with hardly any bloodshed. His continental aspirations targeted Great Britain, and he was exiled after his defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo. Who was this French emperor, who instigated a namesake series of wars throughout Europe?

NAPOLEON (Accept: (NAPOLEON) BONAPARTE)

This military organization is found in all 50 states. Troops from one based in Harrodsburg were on the Bataan [buh-TAN] Death March after being called to active duty. What military organization is often called to active duty for service, or to help in times of natural disasters.

NATIONAL GUARD

The Organic Act creating this agency was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on August 25, 1916. As of December 2020, this federal agency has not had a Senate-confirmed director since the 2017 retirement of Jon Jarvis. Identify this agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior that oversees many of the nation's monuments, as well as important historical and environmental sites.

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE (Accept NPS)

This organization headed the 2011 bombings in Libya. During the cold war, it was pitted against the Warsaw Pact. Identify this alliance, which includes many nation in Western Europe and North America.

NATO

This coastal culture developed in Peru during the Early Intermediate Period, which lasted from about 200 B.C. to A.D. 600. Besides distinctive pottery, members created large geoglyphs on the Pampa Colorada in southern Peru. Name this culture associated with large lines, which depict a monkey, hummingbird and other animals and plants.

NAZCA

A major character in the biblical book of Daniel, this monarch is recognized as the greatest king of the Chaldean [kal-DEE-un] dynasty. Give the name of this king most often associated with the destruction of the first Temple of Jerusalem and for the great opulence of his capital, Babylon.

NEBUCHADNEZZAR [neb-uh-kuhd-NEZ-er] (THE SECOND)

Among the agencies it created, were the Works Progress Administration, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Name this domestic program, implemented in the 1930s, by President Franklin Roosevelt.

NEW DEAL

In a unanimous decision in this 1964 case, the Supreme Court held that the presence of "actual malice" is necessary to successfully sue for libel. Name the Supreme Court case centered on an advertisement titled "Heed Their Rising Voices," published in 1960 in a major American newspaper.

NEW YORK TIMES V(ERSUS) SULLIVAN

Known for the diversity of its people and languages, this African country is the continent's most populous. In 1975, the country's former capital of Lagos was replaced by its current capital, Abuja [uh-BOO-juh]. Identify this west African nation.

NIGERIA

This violent campaign was a retaliation to the assassination of diplomat Ernst vom Rath. What event, called "spontaneous demonstrations" by Joseph Goebbels, occurred in November 1938, and saw thousands of Jewish synagogues and businesses destroyed throughout Germany?

NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS (Accept: KRISTALLNACHT [krees-TAHL-nahkt])

The Zifta Barrage was part of a water diversion project that began in 1843 across this river. It has tributaries known as the "blue" and "white," which merge in Khartoum, Sudan. What is this longest river in the world, known for its importance in ancient Egyptian culture?

NILE (RIVER)

Following the Gulf War, a United States-led coalition established two of these areas to protect the country's Kurdish and Shia population from attacks by the Iraqi Air Force. Give the name of these territories, often referred to as an AEZ or NFZ, in which certain aircraft may not travel.

NO-FLY ZONE (Accept NO-FLIGHT ZONE or AIR EXCLUSION ZONE)

An agreement signed on May 25, 1993, in the city of Iqaluit [ee-KAL-oo-it] granted control of this Canadian territory to indigenous Inuit [IH-noo-it]. Six years later, the territory officially separated from the Northwest Territories. Identify this Canadian territory, both the country's largest and newest.

NUNAVUT [noo-nuh-VOOT]

This territory was created in 1999, and has its capital at Iqaluit [ih-KAH-loo-it], formerly known as Frobisher Bay. Bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, it is separated from Greenland by Baffin Bay and Davis Strait. What Canadian territory was created from the Northwest Territories, and gived an Inuit [IN-oo-it] name meaning "our land?"

NUNAVUT [noo-nuh-VOOT]

Named for and founded by a close confidant of Alexander the Great, this Hellenistic dynasty was founded in 305 B.C. Its members ruled for nearly three centuries, until the death of Cleopatra. What was both the longest, and final, Egyptian dynasty?

PTOLEMAIC [tol-uh-MAY-ik] (Accept (THE) PTOLEMIES)

At the center of this 2015 Supreme Court decision were two questions: the recognition question and the marriage question. Give the name of the landmark legal case in which the Supreme Court held that state bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional.

OBERGEFELL V(ERSUS) HODGES

At the center of this Supreme Court case were two issues: the "recognition question," and the "marriage question." Identify the 2015 decision, that ruled state bans on same-sex marriages to be unconstitutional.

OBERGEFELL V(ERSUS) HODGES

It is formed in Pittsburgh, when the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet. It flows 981 miles and empties into the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois, after flowing past Wheeling, Evansville, and Cincinnati. Name this river, which creates much of Kentucky's northern border.

OHIO (RIVER)

This group emerged around 1200 BC in the region around the Mexican southern states of Veracruz and Tobasco. Believed to be the first group to develop writing in the Western Hemisphere, mathematicians believe they may have been the first to use the number zero as a placeholder. What was this first major civilization in Mexico, who were known for their use of jade and the large stone heads they constructed?

OLMECS

Formed in 1960, it originally included Kuwait, Iraq, Venezuela, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. With present headquarters in Vienna, it now includes 15 nations and controls a large percentage of the planet's petroleum reserves. Identify this organization that plays a significant role in influencing the global price of oil.

OPEC

Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Congo are two of the newest member nations of this multinational organization founded in 1960 at a conference held in Baghdad, Iraq. In addition to Iraq, original member nations included Venezuela, Kuwait, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. Name this international organization, formed to coordinate the global petroleum market.

OPEC (Accept ORGANIZATION OF (THE) PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES)

One of this state's most popular tourist attractions is Haystack Rock, a massive sea stack near the state's Cannon Beach. What U.S. state is also home to the Painted Hills and Crater Lake National Park?

OREGON

Archaeologists generally accept that Machu Picchu [MAH-choo PEEK-choo] was built as an estate for this emperor, who is said to have laid the plans for his empire's new capital. Identify this emperor known for leading a quick and vast expansion of the Inca empire.

PACHACUTI [pach-uh-KOO-tee] (INCA YUPANQUI) (Accept PACHACUTEC [pach-uh-KOO-tek])

King Archelaus [ar-kih-LAY-us] the First moved his capital to this ancient city from Aigai [EYE-guy], where it quickly became the largest city and commercial center of Macedonia. Give the name of the Macedonian city best remembered as the birthplace of Alexander the Great.

PELLA

This war broke out fourteen years after the two antagonists had signed a thirty-year truce. It pitted a mostly maritime empire with a strong navy against a land-based alliance of independent states. What war broke out in 431 B.C. between Sparta and Athens?

PELOPONNESIAN (WAR)

The goal of his foreign policy was gaining access to the sea for Russia. In 1703, he chose the Gulf of Finland as the location for a new Russian capital, which he named. Name the Tsar [zahr], who upon winning the Northern War, became Russia's first emperor.

PETER (THE GREAT or THE FIRST)

Led by then-Second Lady Floride [FLOE-reed] Calhoun, this political scandal was largely orchestrated by the wives of various presidential cabinet secretaries in the administration of President Andrew Jackson. Give the name for this incident that led to an overhaul of Jackson's cabinet, and stemmed from the controversial marriage of Jackson's secretary of war.

PETTICOAT AFFAIR (Accept EATON AFFAIR)

Sponsored by Cosimo de' Medici [KAW-zee-moh deh MED-i-chee], its members included Politian [poh-LISH-uhn], Cristoforo Landino [kree-STAWF-er-oh lan-DEE-noh] and Marsilio Ficino [mar-SEE-lee-oh feh-CHEE-noh]. What Florentine group, held scholarly discussions of classics and philosophy, in a recreation of an Athenian college?

PLATONIC ACADEMY

Originating in Louisiana as a challenge to the state's Separate Car Act, this court case was settled by the Supreme Court in 1896. The ruling was overturned more than half a century later in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Identify this controversial Supreme Court case that upheld the doctrine known as "separate but equal."

PLESSY V(ERSUS) FERGUSON

This was the first major case concerned with applying the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the states. It was a challenge to an 1890 Louisiana law requiring the segregation of railroad cars. What Supreme Court case contained the now-infamous phrase of "separate but equal?"

PLESSY V(ERSUS) FERGUSON

Expelled from its Jordanian bases by King Hussein in 1971, this group relocated to Lebanon. There it continued its trademark brand of guerrilla attacks under the direction of its longtime chairman, Yasser Arafat [YAH-sur AIR-uh-fat]. Give the name for this Middle Eastern political group known for its decades-long conflict with Israel.

PLO (Accept PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION)

A painting of her baptism, by John Gadsby Chapman, hangs in the Rotunda of the United States Capitol. Following her baptism, she was renamed Rebecca, and married English settler, John Rolfe. Name this daughter of the Algonquian [al-GONG-kwee-uhn] chief, Powhatan [POU-hat-un].

POCAHONTAS [poh-kuh-HON-tuhs]

Having organized a vast confederation of Indian tribes to fight the British, he called for all tribes to attack the fort closest to them, then led his own attack against Detroit in May 1763. Two months later, he led a Native American victory at the Battle of Bloody Run, but by 1766 he agreed to a peace treaty to end the war named for him. Identify this Ottawa chief.

PONTIAC

Robert Haslam and William Cody were two of the best-known employees of this enterprise, which operated from April 1860 to October 1861. The service operated between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California. Give the name of this mail service remembered for the daring deliveries of its horse-mounted riders.

PONY EXPRESS

This city was called the "richest and wickedest city in the New World" because it was a haven for pirates. But when the crown appointed pirate Henry Morgan governor, he zealously prosecuted his former comrades. What city in Jamaica was all but destroyed by an earthquake that sank most of its land beneath the sea in 1692?

PORT ROYAL

Followers of this sociological theory suggest that knowledge should be based not on theology or metaphysics, but on verifiable experiences. What is this theory formulated by Auguste Comte [ohGYOOST KOHNT]?

POSITIVISM (Accept word forms)

The holder of this government position is reportedly the second-highest-paid federal official. While its current holder, Megan Brennan, is no longer in the line of presidential succession, it was a Cabinet position until 1971. Identify this title, used in modern America for the head of the USPS, the first holder of which was Benjamin Franklin.

POSTMASTER GENERAL

Code named "Terminal," this meeting was held from July 17 to August 2, 1945, and was attended by the leaders of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Identify the last of the World War Two inter-Allied conferences, named for the German city in which it was held.

POTSDAM (CONFERENCE)

The current holder of this position is Orrin Hatch. Though individuals holding this position serve infrequently and are primarily a fill-in for the Vice President, it is fourth in the line of presidential succession. Identify this position in the US government, sometimes thought of as the Senate counterpart to the Speaker of the House.

PRESIDENT PROTEMPORE (OF THE SENATE) (Accept: PRESIDENT PRO TEM)

Answer must include an elected office and a name. The final of these three electoral bids was launched in 1844, with the candidate representing the Whig Party. That election came 20 years after the first candidacy, in which he ran as a Democratic-Republican. What three political campaigns, which also included a run in 1832 as a member of the National Republican Party, involved a senator from Kentucky who was seeking the country's highest office?

PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGNS OF HENRY CLAY (Accept reasonable equivalents)

One holder of this position, H. H. Asquith, introduced the "People's Budget" of 1909 and another purged his cabinet in the "Night of the Long Knives." Since 1902, they have all come from their legislature's lower house, and examples have included Harold Macmillan, Robert Walpole, and William Gladstone. Identify this position in the British government, the leader of the majority house of Parliament.

PRIME MINISTER (OF THE UNITED KINGDOM) (Accept: PM)

Sometimes called "Spud Island" because of the island's history with potato harvesting, it is known by locals as simply "the Island." What island is separated by the Northumberland Strait from fellow Maritime Provinces New Brunswick and Nova Scotia?

PRINCE EDWARD (ISLAND)

This price index often provides an early warning of inflation. Unlike the consumer price index, it is not based on a basket of goods bought by an urban consumer. What price index measures how much it costs to produce a basket of goods?

PRODUCER (PRICE INDEX) (Accept: PPI)

This method is sometimes called "depth psychology," because it deals with unconscious mental processes. The man who coined the term used the free association of ideas, in which patients would say anything that came to mind. Identify this method of treating mental disorders, a method pioneered by Sigmund Freud.

PSYCHOANALYSIS (Accept: word forms)

This nonprofit is headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, and is comprised of noncommercial member television stations from all fifty states. It was founded in 1969, as the successor to National Educational Television. What corporation has distributed such programming as The French Chef, Masterpiece Theater, and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood?

PUBLIC BROADCASTING SERVICE (Accept: PBS or PUBLIC BROADCASTING SYSTEM)

It adopted the slogan "Happy 700," and , in order to avoid confusion with the similarly named Southeast Asian capital, this location's name was rebranded with alternative capitalization. This city had lost previous bids for its most notable event to Vancouver in 2010 and Sochi in 2014. Name this county in South Korea, the site of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games.

PYEONGCHANG (WINTER OLYMPICS or OLYMPIC GAMES)

They assumed rule after the Time of Troubles, led by the Patriarch Filaret [fyih-luh-RYET] and his son Michael. Their rule ended with the Russian Revolution and the execution of Nicholas the Second. To what Russian house did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great belong?

ROMANOVS

Now in London's British Museum, this artifact was rediscovered in 1799 in the port city of Rashid [rah-SHEED], a short distance from Alexandria. An irregularly shaped black stone, it contains inscriptions in two languages and three writing systems. Name this artifact that, when translated, provided a clearer understanding of hieroglyphic writing.

ROSETTA STONE

Their major losses in the Opium Wars and Boxer Rebellion led to the abdication of child emperor Puyi [poo-yee]. What dynasty followed the Ming, and ruled until the early twentieth century, marking the end of imperial rule in China?

QUIN [ching] (DYNASTY)

The banner system was an important institution during this dynasty, which say the Opium Wars against Britain and the Hundred Days' Reform. It was established by invading Manchus, in 1655, who brought an end to the Ming Dynasty. What was this final imperial dynasty of China?

QUING [CHEENG] (DYNASTY)

In economics, this measure is calculated by multiplying the price of a good by the quantity of the good produced and sold. What term refers to the total income received from the sale of a good or service, before deducting costs?

REVENUE

Tributaries of this river include the Main, Moselle, and Ruhr. It begins in the Swiss Alps and passes by cities such as Strasbourg, Rotterdam, and Cologne. Identify this European river, the second longest in Central and Western Europe, after the Danube.

RHINE (RIVER)

At its founding in 1587, this settlement consisted of some 100 English settlers led by their governor, John White. In 1590, White returned to the colony from England, finding only a carving of the word "Croatoan" and all the settlers vanished. Name this mysterious, lost colony.

ROANOKE (COLONY)

Settled by Governor John White, this colony was the birthplace of Virginia Dare, the first English child born in The New World. In 1590, White returned from England to find the colony deserted. Give the name of this early, English settlement, known as the "Lost Colony."

ROANOKE (COLONY)

This Saldanha Bay island can be seen from Table Mountain, which overlooks Cape Town. Located approximately seven miles off the Western coast of the city, it served as a political prison from the 17th century through the era of apartheid. What is this island where Nelson Mandela spent the majority of his twenty-seven-year prison term?

ROBBEN (ISLAND)

First and last name required. He resigned as advisor to the Senate Subcommittee on Investigation after objecting the tactics used by Senator Joseph McCarthy. He was appointed U.S. attorney general in 1961, then was elected to the Senate in 1964, representing New York. What winner of the 1968 California Democratic primary was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan?

ROBERT (FRANCIS) KENNEDY

Parts of this range lie in Banff National Park, Canada's oldest national park. The tallest peak in this range is Mount Elbert, in Colorado. Identify this mountain range in the western United States.

ROCKY MOUNTAINS (Accept: (THE) ROCKIES)

They assumed rule after the Time of Troubles, led by the Patriarch Filaret and his son. Their rule ended with the Russian Revolution and Nicholas II [the second]'s execution. What was this Russian house, which included such leaders as Peter the Great and Catherine the Great?

ROMANOV(S)

The result of this conflict, the third of the Arab-Israeli Wars, was Israel's capture of the Sinai [SAHY-nahy] Peninsula, Gaze Strip, and West Bank. Give the name of the brief war, fought June 5th to June 10th, 1967.

SIX-DAY (WAR)

This session began after troops under Colonel Thomas Pride arrested 45 MP's, and turned 186 others away. That left 75 members, whom the army forced to establish a High Court of Justice, charge the king with treason, and try him. What name was given to this Parliament, which met in January 1649?

RUMP (PARLIAMENT)

It was founded in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. After the Seven Years War, and during the American Revolution, many British loyalists fled to this city. Name this oldest continuously populated settlement in the United States.

SAINT AUGUSTINE

This city, which was in British hands from 1763 to 1783, saw an influx of loyalist refugees after the fall of Yorktown in 1781. It was founded in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilé [muh-NEN-des day ah-vuh-LAYS]. Name the oldest continuously populated settlement in the United States.

SAINT AUGUSTINE

This dynasty took its name from an ancestor of its founder, Ardashir [ahr-dah-SHEER] the First. The dynasty overthrew the Parthians, and was often at war with Rome and Byzantium. What Persian dynasty ended in the 7th century A.D. when Yazdegerd [YAZ-deh-gurd] the Third was defeated by the Arabs?

SASSANIANS [suh-SAY-nee-unz] (Accept: SASSANIDS]

It dealt with violation of The Espionage Act of 1917 by a social activist. In a majority opinion, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. used an example of shouting "fire" in a theatre. What is this U.S. Supreme Court case, in which the concept of "clear and present danger? was established?

SCHENCK V(ERSUS) UNITED STATES

This case dealt with violation of the Espionage Act of 1917 by a socialist activist. In a majority opinion, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. used the example of shouting "fire" in a theatre. In which Supreme Court case was the concept of "clear and present danger" established?

SCHENCK V(ERSUS) UNITED STATES

Kevin Haugrud was an acting holder of this position for approximately two months in 2017, following Sally Jewell. One recent holder of this position was Ken Salazar, and its current holder is Ryan Zinke. Name this position in the presidential cabinet that oversees organizations such as the US National Park Service.

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR

The final holder of this position was Kenneth C. Royall, and the position was ended with the passage of the National Security Act of 1947. Early holders of this position, under the Articles of Confederation, included Benjamin Lincoln and Henry Knox. Name this former cabinet position, that was responsible for leadership over the US military.

SECRETARY OF WAR

This convention was organized by two women who had been excluded from the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention. While organizers prepared the agenda, James Mott chaired the meeting the first day and part of the second. Name the 1848 convention in New York that addressed the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women.

SENECA FALLS (CONVENTION)

After this skirmish, Bahadur Shah II was exiled and the British Raj was formed. It began, prompted by rumors that the cartridges of Enfield rifles were lubricated with cow fat. Name this 1857 rebellion against British imperialists, by a group of namesake Indian soldiers.

SEPOY (REBELLION or MUTINY or REVOLT)

Variations on this legislation had been proposed as World War Two drew to a close, to prevent the same problems that occurred 26 years earlier with veterans returning from Europe. It provided for educational opportunities, mortgage opportunities, and other benefits to veterans. What was this legislation, which was extended to veterans during peacetime in 1966?

SERVICEMEN'S READJUSTMENT ACT (Accept: G. I. BILL)

The Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca [ahl-VAHR NOO-nyes kah-VEH-sah deh VAH-kah] first reported seeing these sites in 1536. They were also reportedly seen by Fray [fry] Marcos de Niza [NEE-zah] in 1539. A year later, Coronado was sent to the New World in search of the sites. Give the name for these legendary sites, destinations said to be filled with splendor and riches.

SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA [SEE-buh-luh] (Accept SEVEN CITIES OF GOLD)

This war can be considered the European phase of a worldwide war involving the great powers. It lasted two years less than the North American phase, and grew out of the War of the Austrian Succession. What war, fought from 1756 to 1763, was the European counterpart of the French and Indian War?

SEVEN YEARS' (WAR)

When this amendment was ratified on April 8, 1913, it officially superseded Article 1, Section 3 of the Constitution and the electoral mechanisms it established. What constitutional amendment allows for the direct election of United States senators?

SEVENTEENTH (AMENDMENT) (Accept (AMENDMENT) 17)

Miguel de Cerrvantes [mee-GELL dey ser-VAHN-tes] was jailed in this European city when he conceived Don Quixote. With the establishment of Casa de Contratacion [KAHN-truh-TAS-ee-awn] in 1503, the city flourished, becoming the center of American exploration for all of Spain. Name this Spanish city, a popular setting for operas of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

SEVILLE (SPAIN) (Accept: SEVILLA)

This monarch was originally estranged from his family due to the illegitimacy of his birth, but with the assistance of Dingiswayo [din-jiss-WAY-oh], he was made the leader of a growing empire on his father's death in 1816. Although he was a successful military leader who defeated Ndwandwe [un-DWAHN-dwee] people, he generally preferred diplomatic means to resolve conflict. Assassinated by his half-brothers in 1828, who was this south African monarch of the Zulu Kingdom?

SHAKA (ZULU)

His erratic rule, following the death of his mother in 1827, led to his death a year later at the hands of assassins that included two half-brothers, Dingane [din-GAH-nay] and Mhlangana [um-hlahn-GAH-nah]. Give the name of this African chief known for the fierce army built during his twelve-year reign.

SHAKA (ZULU) (Accept CHAKA (ZULU) or TSHAKA (ZULU)

Sociologists have used this term to collectively refer to individuals born between the late 1920s and mid-1940s. Give the name for the demographic cohort that followed the Greatest Generation and directly preceded the baby boomers.

SILENT (GENERATION) (Accept SILENTS)

Victor Gillam's political cartoon "Unlucky 13" was released following this event, and depicts King Alphonso the Thirteenth playing with toy ships, while a missile labeled "retribution" travels his way. Coverage of this event by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst was an early example of Yellow Journalism. What was this 1898 event, in which a United States ship exploded in Havana Harbor, a major catalyst of the Spanish-American War?

SINKING OF THE (USS) MAINE (Accept answers that include MAINE and its sinking)

This city was founded as New Archangel in 1804 by Alexander Baranof, on what the natives call Shee Island. Since 1867, it has been known by its current name, which means "on the outside of Shee" in Tlingit [TLING-git]. What is this European settlement in Alaska?

SITKA (ALASKA)

This piece of legislation, signed on June 17th, 1930 by Herbert Hoover, was intended to protect jobs and wages in America at the beginning of the Great Depression. It resulted in retaliatory measures being taken by other countries, stifling trade. What was this tariff that was sponsored in the Senate by a Republican from Utah and a Republican from Oregon?

SMOOT-HAWLEY (TARIFF) (Accept: HAWLEY-SMOOT (TARIFF))

The first formal American department for the study of this field was established by Albion Small at the University of Chicago. Individuals who laid the groundwork for this field included Marx, Weber [VAY-ber], and Durkheim. What is this discipline, which deals with the development, structure, and functioning of human society.

SOCIOLOGY

As many as 100,000 immigrants from this African country reside in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the largest such population in the Western Hemisphere. Located in the Horn of Africa region, it is the continent's easternmost nation. Name this country whose capital is Mogadishu.

SOMALIA

The name of this organization was coined by Isaac Barre in a 1765 speech in the British Parliament. The organization developed from an earlier, secret one called the Loyal Nine, and are known to have met beneath a similarly named elm tree in Boston. Give the name of this group formed by Samuel Adams to oppose the Stamp Act.

SONS OF LIBERTY

On November 9, 1860, this state passed the Resolution to Call the Election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President a Hostile Act. Just over a month later, on December 20, the state announced its ordinance of secession. Name the Southern state that was first to secede from the union.

SOUTH CAROLINA

This country gained autonomy under the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement. The country voted for succession and independence after the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement ended a 22-year second civil war. What African country, which achieved independence in 2011, has its capital at Juba?

SOUTH SUDAN

Built for the 1962 World's Fair, this landmark was once the tallest structure in the United States west of the Mississippi River. Visitors to the structure's observation deck may view Elliot Bay, Puget Sound, and Mount Rainier. What is this iconic landmark of Seattle, Washington?

SPACE NEEDLE

Two holders of this position, Joseph Cannon and Thomas Reed, were nicknamed "czar." Recent holders have included Sam Rayburn, Tip O'Neill, and Newt Gingrich. What U.S. political office is third in the line of presidential succession, and is the leader of the lower-house of Congress.

SPEAKER OF THE (UNITED STATES) HOUSE (OF REPRESENTATIVES)

The first politician to hold this office was Frederick Muhlenberg. More recent examples include Tip O'Neill, Dennis Hastert, and John Boehner [BAY-nehr]. What congressional leadership position is second in the presidential line of succession?

SPEAKER OF THE (UNITED STATES) HOUSE (OF REPRESENTATIVES) (Accept HOUSE SPEAKER, equivalents)

Include a name in your answer. One of these given at Vanderbilt University described the characteristics of an educated citizen, and another was known as the City Upon a Hill speech. One was given at Rice University and states, "We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard." What is the set of orations, given by the 35th president of the United States, in the years before his 1963 death?

SPEECHES OF (JOHN F) KENNEDY (Accept obvious equivalents)

In this event, members of Bugs Moran's North Side Gang were killed in a parking garage in the Lincoln Park area of Chicago. The murders were carried out by members of a rival gang led by Al Capone, and came to symbolize the conflict surrounding illegal liquor trafficking during Prohibition. What was this 1929 event, named for the holiday on which it took place?

ST. VALENTINE'S DAY MASSACRE

The promulgator of this statement headed the U.S. delegation to the London Naval Conference in 1930. The mild statement simply said that the U.S. would not recognize any territorial changes brought about by aggression. Identify this 1932 doctrine, announced after the Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931.

STIMSON (DOCTRINE)

This New York club was operated by the Genovese crime family in the 1960s. A police raid on the club in 1960 sparked six days of riots and demonstrations by patrons tired of police harassment and social discrimination. What Greenwich Village club was the scene of riots that would spark gay activism in the United States?

STONEWALL INN

Though attendance at the 2020 edition of this event was far lower than the record 740,000 that attended in 2015, thousands still showed up despite COVID-19 concerns. Give the name of the event, first held in 1938, that occurs annually for ten days in August and draws motorcycle enthusiasts from around the country to the Black Hills of South Dakota.

STURGIS (MOTORCYCLE) (RALLY)

Prior to completion of its construction in 1869, laborers dug be hand, through an isthmus between the Sinai [SAHY-nahy] Peninsula and Nile River delta. Name the north-south waterway, connecting the Mediterranean and Red seas in Egypt.

SUEZ CANAL

This project was successfully undertaken by Ferdinand Marie Vicomte [VEE-kohnt] in 1869. Seventy years earlier, Napoleon Bonaparte discovered an ancient waterway where this one is now located. What is this construction project that allows passage from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea and on to the Indian Ocean, and is located in Egypt?

SUEZ CANAL

Journalists use this two-word phrase to refer to a quadrennial event generally held in early March. During that event, about one-third of presidential nominating convention delegates may be won. In what important electoral event do many states hold their caucuses or primaries on the same day?

SUPER TUESDAY

Captained by Christopher Newport, this vessel was the largest of the three ships to bring Jamestown settlers to the New World. Give the name of this ship, which was joined on its journey to Virginia by Discovery and Godspeed.

SUSAN CONSTANT

Following the onset of the Arab Spring movement, the United States called for the resignation of this country's president, Bashar al-Assad [bah-SHAHR ahl-AH-sahd], in 2011 amid a civil war. Name this Middle Eastern nation whose civil war resulted in an international refugee crisis.

SYRIA

Formed in 1789 to oppose the Federalist Party, it gained power by appealing to the poor and immigrants, in New York City. Its control was reduced by Franklin Roosevelt, after failing to support his first presidential campaign. What political organization is often associated with its leader, Boss Tweed?

TAMMANY (HALL)

At the height of this Chinese dynasty's power during the early eighth century, the country experienced an artistic and cultural golden age. Identify this dynasty, the successor to the shortlived Sui [swee] dynasty.

TANG (DYNASTY)

The name of this term is thought to originate from the Spanish town in Andalusia, where this practice might have begun. They can be used by governments to create quotas for international trade. Name this term for taxes placed on imported goods.

TARIFF(S)

Individuals of this occupation went on strike in West Virginia in February of 2018, because of low wages and understaffing. Organizations serving as unions for these people include KEA and NEA. What is this group of workers, who have recently been protesting in Kentucky over retirement reform?

TEACHERS (Accept similar answers such as "EDUCATORS")

This scandal became synonymous with government corruption, but had little lasting impact on the Republican Party. The scandal involved the control of Naval oil reserves in Wyoming that were transferred to the Department of Interior, then leased to private companies in return for alleged bribes. What scandal under President Harding saw Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall convicted and imprisoned?

TEAPOT DOME

This political scandal began when Harry F. Sinclair was granted exclusive land contracts in Wyoming by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall. What political scandal of the early 1920s tarnished the reputation of President Warren G. Harding?

TEAPOT DOME (SCANDAL) (Accept OIL RESERVES (SCANDAL))

This U.S. government agency was established by Congress on May 18, 1933. Under the leadership of David E. Lilienthal [LIL-ee-un-thawl], it became the country's largest regional planning agency. Identify the agency responsible for providing economic development and electrical power to portions of seven Southeastern states.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY (Accept TVA)

Founded around the year 1325, this city had a population of more than 400,000 by the time it was destroyed in 1521 by Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés [er-NAHN kawr-TEZ]. What was the capital of the Aztec empire?

TENOCHTITLÁN [teh-nawch-tee-TLAHN]

The Claret Jug is a trophy awarded to the winner of this tournament first played in October 1860. The oldest golf tournament in the world, the tournament joins the Masters Tournament, the PGA Championship, and the U.S. Open as the four "majors" of golf. Give the name of this competition generally held on courses in Scotland or England

THE (BRITISH) OPEN (CHAMPIONSHIP) (Accept BRITISH OPEN, OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP, but not OPEN alone)

First and last name required. As New York police commissioner, he fought corruption, but lost favor for enforcing the ban on Sunday liquor sales. A gifted orator and politician, he received a Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the end of the Russo-Japanese War. What president famously led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill, and founded the national monument system?

THEODORE "TEDDY" ROOSEVELT

The Ansar Dine recently destroyed a temple in this ancient city, with doors that were not to be opened until the end of time. Leaders of the empire centered at this city included Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Identify this ancient center for trade and commerce, located in present day Mali.

TIMBUKTU

This ancient city saw many structures destroyed by the Ansar Dine [DEEN] when the militant group controlled it before being ousted in 2013. Leaders of the empire centered at the city included Sundiata [sun-dee-AH-tuh] and Mansa Musa [MOO-sah]. Identify this ancient center for trade and commerce, located in present-day Mali.

TIMBUKTU

This Sibert Honor Book was published during the centennial anniversary of the title craft's destruction. As its subtitle suggests, it consists of "voices from the disaster." What is this Deborah Hopkinson book about an ill-fated luxury liner?

TITANIC (VOICES FROM THE DISASTER)

Sometimes referred to as a "Robin Hood tax," it is intended to deter short-term currency speculation through spot market conversions. What proposed tax is named for the American economist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize for Economics?

TOBIN (TAX)

The tradition of this pre-Columbian culture began with their sacking of Teotihuacán [TEH-aw-tee-wah-KAHN] around the year 900. Less than a century later, the culture had established an empire based around their capital of Tollán [toe-YAHN]. Give the name of this empire, which ruled an area of central Mexico around the modern city of Tula.

TOLTEC (EMPIRE)

Construction on this fortress began in 1066 under William the Conqueror. It was the site at which Edmund Dudley, Sir Thomas More, and Anne Boleyn were executed, and served as a prison for Guy Fawkes, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Lady Jane Grey. Give the name of this historical landmark located on the River Thames [timz].

TOWER OF LONDON

Introduced by economist William Forster Lloyd, this four-word concept was popularized by ecologist Garrett Hardin. In modern usage, the concept is often applied to unregulated use of the Earth's oceans and atmosphere. What economic concept is used to describe any shared resource that is damaged or depleted by a user acting in their own self-interest, with no concern for the resource or other users?

TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

The Dahomey and Oyo Empires were essential for the propagation of this institution, which led to many conflicts between such groups. In this practice, weapons, rum, and other goods were sent to West Africa in exchange for humans. What was this institution, by which thousands of Africans were shipped to the Americas as forced laborers?

TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE (Accept: SLAVERY or TRIANGULAR TRADE (ROUTE))

Negotiated for some four years in the towns of Munster [muhn-stur] and Osnabruck [ahs-nuhBRUHK], this agreement consisted of two separate treaties signed on January 30 and October 24, 1648. Give the name for these agreements involving many European powers and states of the Holy Roman Empire, that officially concluded the Thirty Years' War.

TREATY OF WESTPHALIA (Accept PEACE OF WESTPHALIA)

One woman with this title stored muskets near her windows to shoot crows every morning. The first holder of this title was held by the final monarch of the Rurik Dynasty. What is this term, used to refer to individuals as Peter and Ivan, leaders of the Russian Empire?

TSAR or TSARINA((S) OF RUSSIA)

One man named Katari adopted this first name and led an indigenous rebellion in 1781. Another man who adopted this first name became inspired by the American revolution and also tried to expel the Spanish from his native Peru in the 1780s. What is this first name also once held by the last emperor of the Incan Empire?

TUPAC

After a failed coup d'état in this country, some 100,000 people thought to be supporting the Peace at Home Council were fired from their jobs. It was allegedly instigated by followers of the religious and political figure, Fethullah Gülen [fet-ul-LAH gyoo-LEN]. What country had this political turmoil in 2016?

TURKEY

The death of this region's countess, Matilda, led to centuries of fighting among its cities. That fighting continued until it was made a principality following the rise of the Medici family in Florence. Name the region of Italy of which Florence is the capital.

TUSCANY

As a student at the University of Texas at Austin in 1982, Gregory Watson earned a C on his paper that researched this constitutional amendment. Watson took up the cause, and the Michigan legislature's ratification in 1992 added it to the Constitution. What is this most recent amendment which deals with congressional pay?

TWENTY-SEVENTH (AMENDMENT)

Guatemala, Greece, and Latvia are three nations with law-making bodies of this type. The only U.S. state to have this type of legislature is Nebraska. Identify this term, used to describe a single-house legislature?

UNICAMERAL

Examples of this form of legislative body include Israel, Denmark, and Sweden as well as the state of Nebraska. What type of legislature consists of one chamber?

UNICAMERAL (Accept: UNICAMERALISM)

This organization, founded in 1945, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001. This body's leaders have included Dag Hammarskjöld [HAM-er-shuld] and Kofi Annan [uh-NAHN]. What is this international peace-keeping organization, with headquarters in New York City.

UNITED NATIONS or UN

The hero of this country's independence movement was José Artigas [ahr-TEE-gahs]. It gained its independence in 1828 under British mediation, but its first years were rent by strife between the Red and White parties. What country was established to create buffer between Brazil and Argentina?

URUGUAY

The Bayeux Tapestry depicts Harold Godwinson becoming one of these. These people swore loyalty in exchange for grants of land known as fiefdoms. Identify these individuals in the Medieval European social structure, who served lords and often took on serfs.

VASSAL(S)

There is some debate as to whether this office should be considered a part of the legislative or executive branch. Duties of the office include presiding over the Electoral College, as well as over the Senate. What position in the U.S. government was, as of 2017, held by Mike Pence?

VICE PRESIDENT (OF THE UNITED STATES)

This state's economy got a boost when petroleum and natural gas were discovered in the Gippsland Basin and Bass Strait. The Murray River separates it from its northern neighbor, New South Wales. Identify the Australian state that has its capital at Melbourne, and which is named for an English monarch.

VICTORIA

Since 2018, a popular attraction in this country has been the Golden Bridge, which features two giant, fiberglass hands which appear to be holding the bridge above ground. Identify this Southeast Asian nation, the Indochinese Peninsula's easternmost.

VIETNAM

The Supreme Court found key components of this legislation unconstitutional in its 2000 decision U.S. v. Morrison. The legislation was cosponsored by senators Orrin Hatch and Joe Biden, and initially signed into law in September 1994 by President Bill Clinton. Give the name of federal law most people call the VAWA [VAH-wah].

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ACT (OF 1994)

The Germanic people split from their eastern kindred in the 4th century A.D., when they practiced agriculture iin Dacia [DAY-shuh]. Driven out by the Huns, they sought refuge in the Roman Empire, but often revolted because of heavy taxation. What Germanic group killed Emperor Valens at Adrianople, and later founded a kingdom in Spain?

VISIGOTHS

A custom often followed by visitors to this ancient structure involves pushing pieces of paper containing wishes and prayers into its cracks. Give the name of this important holy site in Jerusalem, the remains of a limestone fortification which once surrounded the Temple Mount.

WAILING WALL (Accept WESTERN WALL)

St. George's Channel separates Ireland from this country in the western part of Great Britain. Name this nation of the United Kingdom whose capital is Cardiff.

WALES

These young congressmen emerged as a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party majority. Mostly from the South and West, they focused on territorial expansion, concerns over Native American attacks, and impressment. What name was given to the congressmen who advocated for war with Great Britain, and who included Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun?

WAR HAWKS

Acronym required. In psychology, this term refers to a perceived bias in reporting psychological conditions and factors that affect only a small percentage of the global population, largely those affecting Americans. Give the name of this bias, an acronym referring to societies that are Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

WEIRD (BIAS) (Accept spoken or spelled)

This political party was formed by Southern supporters of states' rights and by fiscal conservatives opposed to Andrew Jackson. It ran three presidential candidates in 1836 in an effort to throw the election into the House of Representatives. What party nominated William Henry Harrison for president in 1840?

WHIG (PARTY)

This proposal was attached to a bill in which President James K. Polk asked for funds to settle the boundary with Mexico. It was named for the Pennsylvania congressman who proposed the amendment on behalf of anti-slavery forces. What 1846 proposal would have prohibited slavery in the new territories taken in the Mexican War?

WILMOT PROVISO

The French city of Chamonix [sham-uh-NEE] was the first site of this major sporting event, hosting in 1924. Name this quadrennial event, next scheduled to be held in Beijing in early 2022.

WINTER OLYMPIC(S) (GAMES)

This north-central state encompasses some 65,500 square miles, and is divided into six physical regions. Its northeastern part is bordered by the Upper Peninsula, while Lake Winnebago is a tourist destination. What north-central state is home to the Bucks of the NBA and the Packers of the NFL?

WISCONSIN

Native American cultures of this period lived similarly to those of the period's direct predecessor, the Late Archaic period. It is distinguished, however, by the introduction of planting and cultivating crops for food, rather than strictly gathering in the wild. Give the name for this classification of Native American cultures, a period succeeded by the Mississippian.

WOODLAND (PERIOD or CULTURE)

This conflict began on September 1st, 1939. Poland was invaded, and a Pacific theater of fighting sprang up to halt the advance of the Japanese military. What war ended with Japan's surrender on September 2nd, 1945?

WORLD WAR TWO

This ruler's likeness was, according to legend, used for a massive statue at the Cave of Ten Thousand Buddhas, which she commissioned. She was born in A.D. 624 in Shanxi [shan-SHEE] province and was educated by her father, a chancellor of the Tang [tahng] dynasty. Name this only female emperor of China.

WU (ZETIAN) [dzuh-TYEN]

This historian, who defended his boyhood friend Socrates in Recollections, served with the Spartan army. Prior to that, he served with the Greek arm of Cyrus's army when he attempted to overthrow his brother, Persian King Artaxerxes [ahr-tuh-ZURK-zees] the Second. Who recollected the "upcountry march" of his military retreat in Anabasis [uh-NAB-uh-sis]?

XENOPHON [ZEN-uh-fawn]

Multiple answers required. These two rivers are the Earth's sixth-longest and third-longest, respectively. The rivers are also the two longest rivers on Earth to flow completely within one country. Name these two great rivers of China

YELLOW (RIVER), YANGTZE (RIVER) (Accept HUANG [hwahng] (RIVER, HE or HO) instead of YELLOW) (either order)

When this war broke out, the U.S. became actively involved only after the Soviet Union began supplying Egypt and Syria. The U.S. set up an emergency pipeline to supply Israel, and Arab states countered with an oil embargo. What war broke out in 1973 on a Jewish holy day, during a holy Muslim month?

YOM KIPPUR (WAR) (Accept: OCTOBER, RAMADAN, FOURTH ARAB-ISRAELI (WAR))

Six years after the Six-Day War, Egypt and Syria started this war against Israel. The war was fought for 20 days during the Islamic month of fasting, and was launched on the Jewish holy day for which it gets its most common name. Name this war fought in the fall of 1973.

YOM KIPPUR [yohm kih-POOR, YAHM] (WAR) (Accept OCTOBER (WAR) or RAMADAN (WAR) or FOURTH ARAB-ISRAELI (WAR))

Their early capital was located at Monte Alban, but later moved to Mitla. They are known to have been engaged in conflict with the Mixtecs over territory in modern day Mexico. Name this pre-Columbian civilization that flourished in the Valley of Oaxaca.

ZAPOTEC(S)

At the age of 30, this religious figure had a vision of a shining being named Vohu Manah who taught him about the Wise Lord. After that encounter, he began to teach about the opposing concepts of Asha and Druj [droog]. What leader's teachings were collected in the Gathas and the Avesta?

ZOROASTER (Accept ZARATHUSTRA)