PSY 317
Initiation rituals in groups such as the military, fraternities, and athletic teams increase acceptance by group members. Initiation rituals increase acceptance by capitalizing on what dissonance-arousing process?
effort justification
Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the learning that mattered was student-oriented learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term
facilitator
Specific, difficult, and challenging goals enhance performance, but an additional variable that is crucial to allow goals to translate into effective performance is
feedback
In the _____ mindset, personal qualities are static attributes
fixed
Discrepancy creation corresponds to?
goal-based motivation
With which of the following statements would Maslow most likely disagree?
growth needs are stronger in potency than are deficiency needs
Which theoretical traditions are consistent with a humanistic approach to motivation
holism, gestalt psychology, existentialism
The following statement describes ______: The individual perceives himself as having characteristics a, b, and c and feelings u, v, and w, but that same person publicly expresses characteristics d, e, and f and feelings x, y, and z
incongruence
According to the text, which strategy best represents taking action to move from the present state to an ideal state?
locomotion
Incremental theorists generally adopt _____ goals
mastery
If a classroom teacher defines success as showing improvement and places a high value on learning and effort, then her students are likely to adopt which type of achievement goal during learning activities?
mastery goal
A _____ is a cognitive framework to guide one's attention, information processing, decision making, and thinking about the meaning of effort success, failure, and one's own personal qualities
mindset
______ involves the energization and initial direction of behavior, and it involves all the pre-decisional processes that energize and direct activity
motivation
The _____ is an innate capacity to judge oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating
organismic valuation process
Entity theorists generally adopt _____ goals
performance
People high in the dispositional need for achievement tend to adopt
performance-approach
The following statement expresses a _____ goal orientation, "My goals in this is to get a better grade than most of the other students."
performance-approach
People high in the dispositional fear of failure tend to adopt
performance-avoidance
Discrepancy reduction corresponds to?
plan-based motivation
TOTE unit- test, operate, test, exit-- is a cognitive mechanism that explains how __________ energize and direct motivated action.
plans
Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that once a difficult choice between equally attractive alternatives is make, people experience:
post-decision regret
According to research, what mindset does the following question induce: "Describe how your duties and obligations are different now from what they were when you were growing up?"
prevention
An individual that is sensitive to positive outcomes, approaches possibilities of gain, and adopts an enthusiastic behavioral strategy of locomotion that might be characterized as "just do it" is demonstrating a ______ mindset
promotion
Many people with long-term goals, such as becoming a doctor, eventually abandon their long-term goal pursuit. The essential motivational problem with long-term goals is that they:
provide insufficient opportunity for performance feedback and positive reinforcement
Which of the following happiness exercises is not a recommended approach to therapy within positive psychology therapy?
quest to avoid the daily mistake
People with specific goals outperform people with vague goals. This is because specific goals:
reduce ambiguity in thought and variability in performance
As one strives to attain a goal, taking the time necessary to plan how, when, where, and for how long one will carry out goal-directed behavior
represents the setting of implementation intentions
Which of the following would Maslow classify as a growth need?
self actualization
The more people strive for validation, the more likely they are to
suffer high anxiety during social interaction
Which of the following is not an important determinant of the goal-acceptance process?
the extent of experience the performer has doing that particular task
A goal is simply
whatever the individual is trying to accomplish
If four people were performing sit-ups, goal-setting theory predicts that the person who would perform the most sit-ups would be the person with _____ goal
difficult
Humanistic psychology is mostly about
discovering human potential and encouraging its development
The motivational spring to action that results when a person's present state falls short of their hoped-for ideal is referred to as a
discrepancy
Which of the following is not a way in which goal-setting improves performance? goal setting:
decreases stress
________ means critically evaluating whether the status quo (an "ought to" standard) has been maintained. It corresponds colloquially to the slogan, "Do the right thing."
Assessment
_______ create a type of close-mindedness that narrows one's focus of attention to include goal directed action but to exclude distractions and interruptions
Implementation intentions
People who adopt a mastery rather than a performance goal show a greater tendency toward the following except?
a preference to work on the task by themselves without asking for help from others
The experience of cognitive dissonance is psychologically aversive. To reduce dissonance, people often:
add a new consonant belief
Positive psychology investigates
affirmative subjective experiences, such as creativity
Validation-seeking reflects or grows out of
all of the above the intentional, deliberate pursuit of high-self esteem, parent-child interactions characterized by a history of conditional regard, even perfectionism, interpersonal situations to test or measure one's personal worth
Implementation intentions:
are part of an "if-then" plan that specifies in advance the goal-striving process
In the humanistic tradition, the two fundamental directions for healthy development are:
autonomy and openness
Which motivational phenomenon addresses the following concern? Some people adopt a general orientation that their behavior is cause primarily by inner guides and self-determined forces; others adopt a general orientation that their behavior is caused by social guides and environmental incentives
causality orientations
A ______ theory of motivation focus on mental processes as "spring to action" that energize and direct behavior in purposive ways
cognitive
To socialize children and adolescents, adults sometimes attempt to create in children and adolescents "internal compulsions" to do what the adult wants them to do and believe. This socialization strategy is called
conditional regard
As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns
conditions of worth
_________ revolves around a flexible decision-making process in which the individual considers many different ways to reduce incongruities between a present state and an ideal state
corrective motivation