PSY 317

Initiation rituals in groups such as the military, fraternities, and athletic teams increase acceptance by group members. Initiation rituals increase acceptance by capitalizing on what dissonance-arousing process?

effort justification

Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the learning that mattered was student-oriented learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term

facilitator

Specific, difficult, and challenging goals enhance performance, but an additional variable that is crucial to allow goals to translate into effective performance is

feedback

In the _____ mindset, personal qualities are static attributes

fixed

Discrepancy creation corresponds to?

goal-based motivation

With which of the following statements would Maslow most likely disagree?

growth needs are stronger in potency than are deficiency needs

Which theoretical traditions are consistent with a humanistic approach to motivation

holism, gestalt psychology, existentialism

The following statement describes ______: The individual perceives himself as having characteristics a, b, and c and feelings u, v, and w, but that same person publicly expresses characteristics d, e, and f and feelings x, y, and z

incongruence

According to the text, which strategy best represents taking action to move from the present state to an ideal state?

locomotion

Incremental theorists generally adopt _____ goals

mastery

If a classroom teacher defines success as showing improvement and places a high value on learning and effort, then her students are likely to adopt which type of achievement goal during learning activities?

mastery goal

A _____ is a cognitive framework to guide one's attention, information processing, decision making, and thinking about the meaning of effort success, failure, and one's own personal qualities

mindset

______ involves the energization and initial direction of behavior, and it involves all the pre-decisional processes that energize and direct activity

motivation

The _____ is an innate capacity to judge oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating

organismic valuation process

Entity theorists generally adopt _____ goals

performance

People high in the dispositional need for achievement tend to adopt

performance-approach

The following statement expresses a _____ goal orientation, "My goals in this is to get a better grade than most of the other students."

performance-approach

People high in the dispositional fear of failure tend to adopt

performance-avoidance

Discrepancy reduction corresponds to?

plan-based motivation

TOTE unit- test, operate, test, exit-- is a cognitive mechanism that explains how __________ energize and direct motivated action.

plans

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that once a difficult choice between equally attractive alternatives is make, people experience:

post-decision regret

According to research, what mindset does the following question induce: "Describe how your duties and obligations are different now from what they were when you were growing up?"

prevention

An individual that is sensitive to positive outcomes, approaches possibilities of gain, and adopts an enthusiastic behavioral strategy of locomotion that might be characterized as "just do it" is demonstrating a ______ mindset

promotion

Many people with long-term goals, such as becoming a doctor, eventually abandon their long-term goal pursuit. The essential motivational problem with long-term goals is that they:

provide insufficient opportunity for performance feedback and positive reinforcement

Which of the following happiness exercises is not a recommended approach to therapy within positive psychology therapy?

quest to avoid the daily mistake

People with specific goals outperform people with vague goals. This is because specific goals:

reduce ambiguity in thought and variability in performance

As one strives to attain a goal, taking the time necessary to plan how, when, where, and for how long one will carry out goal-directed behavior

represents the setting of implementation intentions

Which of the following would Maslow classify as a growth need?

self actualization

The more people strive for validation, the more likely they are to

suffer high anxiety during social interaction

Which of the following is not an important determinant of the goal-acceptance process?

the extent of experience the performer has doing that particular task

A goal is simply

whatever the individual is trying to accomplish

If four people were performing sit-ups, goal-setting theory predicts that the person who would perform the most sit-ups would be the person with _____ goal

difficult

Humanistic psychology is mostly about

discovering human potential and encouraging its development

The motivational spring to action that results when a person's present state falls short of their hoped-for ideal is referred to as a

discrepancy

Which of the following is not a way in which goal-setting improves performance? goal setting:

decreases stress

________ means critically evaluating whether the status quo (an "ought to" standard) has been maintained. It corresponds colloquially to the slogan, "Do the right thing."

Assessment

_______ create a type of close-mindedness that narrows one's focus of attention to include goal directed action but to exclude distractions and interruptions

Implementation intentions

People who adopt a mastery rather than a performance goal show a greater tendency toward the following except?

a preference to work on the task by themselves without asking for help from others

The experience of cognitive dissonance is psychologically aversive. To reduce dissonance, people often:

add a new consonant belief

Positive psychology investigates

affirmative subjective experiences, such as creativity

Validation-seeking reflects or grows out of

all of the above the intentional, deliberate pursuit of high-self esteem, parent-child interactions characterized by a history of conditional regard, even perfectionism, interpersonal situations to test or measure one's personal worth

Implementation intentions:

are part of an "if-then" plan that specifies in advance the goal-striving process

In the humanistic tradition, the two fundamental directions for healthy development are:

autonomy and openness

Which motivational phenomenon addresses the following concern? Some people adopt a general orientation that their behavior is cause primarily by inner guides and self-determined forces; others adopt a general orientation that their behavior is caused by social guides and environmental incentives

causality orientations

A ______ theory of motivation focus on mental processes as "spring to action" that energize and direct behavior in purposive ways

cognitive

To socialize children and adolescents, adults sometimes attempt to create in children and adolescents "internal compulsions" to do what the adult wants them to do and believe. This socialization strategy is called

conditional regard

As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns

conditions of worth

_________ revolves around a flexible decision-making process in which the individual considers many different ways to reduce incongruities between a present state and an ideal state

corrective motivation