psy 321 test 1
in a national poll conducted by ABC news, men reported an average of __ sexual partners and women reported an average of __ sexual partners.
20;6
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology.
intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
between-subjects design
A research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental conditions or to control conditions.
experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Aimee is moving to a new state and has looked at numerous houses. She is avoiding making a decision on which one to purchase because she knows once she chooses, she may find a better house she would have loved even more. What best explains Aimee's decision avoidance?
Anticipation of regret
In the 1950s and 1960s, psychology was divided between what two camps?
Behaviorist and psychoanalytical camps
Joe has a big Spanish exam coming up next week. Will it help him if he visualizes himself acing the exam? What about if he visualizes himself studying really hard for the exam?
Both of these things will help him—but visualizing himself studying really hard (which will likely lead to him actually studying harder) will help more than visualizing himself acing the exam.
which of the following researchers would be classified as a "basic researcher"?
Dr. brain studies memory processes
Who said that he spent his entire life studying social psychology because he had a "basic curiosity about people"?
Edward E. Jones
Most social psychological studies use participants from which continent?
North America
which of the following is not an explanation given for the fundamental attribution error?
People are high in need for cognition
The earliest social psychological experiments were conducted in the late 1800s by researchers such as Max Ringelmann and Norman Triplett. What was the topic of these early studies?
Presence of others on individual performance
self-handicapping
Strategy in which people create obstacles and excuses to avoid self-blame when they do poorly
which of the following correlations shows the strongest relationship between the variables?
The correlation between time spent partying and grades among college students is r= -.80
overjustification effect
The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
consent form
a form provided to the participants at the beginning of a research study to obtain their consent for the study and to explain the study's purpose and risks, and the participants' rights as participants
social cognition
a movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about social relationships
correlational approach
a nonexperimental method in which the researcher merely observes whether variables are associated or related
Confederate
a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated
meta-analysis
a quantitative literature review that combines the statistical results from all studies conducted on a topic
interdependent self-construal
a self-concept that emphasizes what connects the self to other people and groups
independent self-construal
a self-concept that emphasizes what makes the self different and sets it apart from others
self-knowledge (self-concept)
a set of beliefs about oneself
stroop test
a standard measure of effortful control over responses, requiring participants to identify the color of a word (which may name a different color)
operational definition
a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
Hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
cognitive misers
a term used to describe people's reluctance to do much extra thinking
quasi-experiment
a type of study in which the researcher can manipulate an independent variable but cannot randomly assign participants to conditions
what are the components of the ABC triad?
affect, behavior, cognition
Joni wants to see an R-rated movie with some friends. However, Joni is only 14, and her parents forbid her to go. Which of the following responses could be predicted from Brehm's psychological reactance theory?
all of the above
which of the following is a positive illusion that people hold?
all of the above
which sequence of six coin flips is least likely to occur?
all of the above
margin of error
an amount (usually small) that is allowed for in case of miscalculation or change of circumstances.
according to the current view, people think in order to find___
an answer that will be persuasive to others
field experiment
an experiment conducted in the participants' natural environment
within-subject designs
an experimental design in which the same participants respond to all types of stimuli or experience all experimental conditions
looking-glass self
an idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others
Reactance
an unpleasant emotional response that people often experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom
Masako asked two friends to estimate the number of people living in Tokyo. The correct answer, according to the 2000 census, was just over 12 million. She asked the first friend whether it was more or less than 8 million. She asked the second friend whether it was more or less than 16 million. The first friend guessed 9 million people, whereas the second friend guessed 15 million people. The difference in estimates can best be explained using the _____ heuristic.
anchoring and adjustment
which of the following fields is MOST concerned with understanding different human cultures?
anthropology
demand characteristics
any clues in a study that suggest to participants what the researcher's hypothesis is
dr.hon is a researcher who studies methods for increasing condom usage among sexually active teens, Dr.Hon would probably be BEST described as___
applied researcher
Simple desire to learn the truth about oneself is called the ____ motive
appraisal
Consider the self enhancement motive, the consistency - motive, and the appraisal motive. According to research, which motive appears to be the weakest when conflicts arise between motives?
appraisal motive
compared to other people, narcissist___
are not as loyal to their relationship partners
self-awareness
attention directed at the self
According to Gordon Allport, what is the most important concept in psychology?
attitudes
habits are largely controlled by the __ system
automatic
People tend to furnish a very positive image of themselves, unless circumstances dictate otherwise. This tendency is called
automatic egotism
what system is mainly responsible for the cognitive errors that people make?
automatic system
People's greater fear of flying than of driving can probably best be explained by the ________ heuristic.
availability
you and i work on a joint project, and it succeeds. in describing our relative contributions to the project, you assume that your contribution is greater than mine, but i assume that my contribution is greater than yours. this illustrates the____
believe that sarina does, at least to some extent, favor capitol punishment
as discussed in the textbook, peoples explicit attitudes are not always complicit with their implicit attitudes. this can occur as a result of___
both self presentation and lack of awareness
unlike other animals, humans___
can recognize themselves in a mirror
"abnormal" behavior is to "normal" behavior as ___ psychology is to ___ psychology
clinical; social
social psychology has most heavily borrowed methodological tools from what other psychology branch?
cognitive
what type of participants do most social psychologist use in their studies?
college students
7th step of experiment
compare measures of the dependent variable between groups of subjects
"if only i had decided to take a different route home, i wouldn't have hit that stupid tree and ended up getting a huge ticket! argh!" this thought is an example of___
counterfactual thinking
3rd step of experiment
create an operational definition, if needed
Mark is comparing two jobs. One pays $70,000 per year, but will be very stressful. The other pays $60,000, but will be less stressful. According to research presented in your text on Money Matters, Mark will ____.
decide to take the 70,000 job but the $60,000 job would probably make him happier
Alcohol has been shown to __________ self-awareness.
decrease
the so called "certainty effect" in decision making refers to tendency for people to give greater weight to___ than to ____
definite outcomes; probabilities
Gustov gets in an accident in which his new car is totaled, but he received only minor injuries. Gustov thinks to himself, "At least I'm still alive. I could have died." This type of thinking illustrates which of the following concepts?
downward counterfactual
Sally lives in a middle class neighborhood. It really isn't anything special, but most of Sally's friends live in smaller homes in lower class neighborhoods, so Sally thinks of herself as well-off. When Sally compares her home to the homes of her friends, she is making a(n) ____.
downward social comparison
following the collapse of the soviet empire in 1989, social psychology's focus on conflict___
emphasized racial/ethnic conflict
When she visited San Francisco, Letitia bought several handcrafted necklaces for $10 each. When she got home, her sister offered to buy one for $10, but Letitia refused. She wanted $15 for it instead. This example illustrates the ___ effect
endowment
researchers have found that people tend to ___ as little as possible
engage in conscious processing
George loves to play football because of all the attention it gets him from his peers, parents, and teachers. He also likes that it might provide a way to pay for college. George is ____ motivated to play football.
entristically
suppose that sergej has just asked georgia whether she would like to study with him for an upcoming english exam. Georgia is struggling in the class and she knows that sergej is an excellent english student, so she enthusiastically agrees. meanwhile sergej interprets her enthusiasm as a sign that she has a crush on him, and therefore suggest they should get food before studying. Georgia is clueless and just thinks he's being nice. the fact that sergej and georgia interpret things so differently here is most consistent with___
error management theory
depressed people___ how favorably other people regard them, whereas normal people ____ how favorably other people regard them.
estimate accurately; overestimate
what research methodology do most social psychologist use?
experimental studies
dr.khanmohamed is conducting a research project with young children to examine the effect of the exposure to different cultural groups on the developmental of empathy. The independent variable in this research is___
exposure to different cultural groups
construct validity of the effect
extent to which the dependent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical response
construct validity of the cause
extent to which the independent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus
according to the textbook, human intuition is typically an excellent guide to understanding human behavior__
false
people would make better decisions if they would focus more on the quantitative aspects than the qualitative aspects of the decision___
false
the two main reasons for self defeating behavior are____
faulty knowledge; tradeoffs
which of the following standard views of heuristic thinking may be incorrect based on the current evidence?
flawed
1st step of experiment
form a hypothesis based on previous research
Fatima seems obsessed with achieving the goal she is working toward. She can't seem to focus on anything else, even other goals. This is called _____.
goal shielding
With random assignment, each participant___
has an equal chance of being exposed to each level of the independent variable
Since about the 1970s, it appears that self-esteem in the U.S. ____.
has been increasing (for everyone)
compared to the general population, college students____
have less crystallized self concepts
suicidal people are___
high in self-awareness
what creatures intentionally kill themselves?
humans
research on suicide among humans and non human animals has shown that___
humans are apparently the only animals that engage in suicide
a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur is called___
hypothesis
2nd step of experiment
identify the independent and dependent variables
Research on self-esteem indicates that ____.
if anything, self-esteem in the U.S. (for everyone) is unrealistically high
Gamblers who throw dice softly to get low numbers and who throw harder to get high numbers are demonstrating
illusion of control
the tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all is known as the___
illusory correlation
the presence of a mirror has been shown to___ self awareness
increase
a social psychologist is usually interested in studying the ___
individual
Probably the best account of the origins of selfhood is that the self comes into being at the interface between ____ and ____.
inner biological processes; a sociocultural network
The current view of attributions assumes that people try to explain the behavior of others start by focusing on ____________ actions
intended vs. unintended
According to Bertram Malle, what is the most important dimension people use when making attributions about the behavior of others?
intentional and accidental
research suggest that the basic distinction people make in attributions is between___
intentional and unintentional behaviors
according to research on the actor-observer effect, people have the tendency to make relatively more__ for their own behaviors but relatively more ___ for other behaviors
internal attributions; external attributions
according to self determination theory, people need to feel that activities are motivated by___
internal factors
in bargh, chen and burrows (1996), participants who were in the "rude" priming condition were more likely to___
interrupt the experimenter to get instructions
what type of motivation leads to the best goal outcomes?
intrinsic
freuds notion that most people have a "death wish" that impels them to persue their own downfall and death____
is apparently wrong
Schemas
knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts
who proposed the idea that behavior is a function of both the person and the situation in the first half of the 20th century?
kurt lewin
research on conformity and attribution reveals that people are ___
largely unaware that they conform
private self-awareness
looking inward on the private aspects of the self, including emotions, thoughts, desires, and traits
public self-awareness
looking outward on the public aspects of the self that others can see and evaluate
5th step of experiment
manipulate the independent variable
two essential features that differentiate an experiment from a correlational study are __
manipulation of the independent variables and random assignment
6th step of experiment
measure the dependent variable
a literature review that averages together the statistical results from different studies conducted on the same topic is called__
meta analysis
the analysis of cognition is called___
meta-cognition
the experience of learned helplessness is___
more likely to occur for an entity theorist than an incremental theorist
self presentation concerns often influence people to engage in ____ actions than they would otherwise engage in
more risky
what body part does willpower most resemble?
muscle
as a rule, social psychologist are MOST interested in__
normal adult human beings
Comfounding
occurs when the two effects of variables cannot be separated
theory preservance is the idea that___
once the mind draws a conclusion, it tends to stick with it, even if evidence points to the need for a change
Theories
organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena
A teacher promises one of his preschool students a candy bar for finger painting, a task the student loves to do. The reward is likely to produce
overjustification effect
believing that one can exert control over stressful events makes them more tolerable, even if one has no control. this is called the___
panic button effect
suppose that ted and ed are both very high in public self-awareness. this means that they both tend to
pay a lot of attention to how they are perceived by others, and what others may think of them
What topic do people spend the greatest amount of time thinking about?
people
According to Kurt Lewin's formula, behavior is a function of what two variables?
person and situation
What term when translated means "love of wisdom"?
philosophy
the paradoxal effects of thought suppression have been linked to psychological disorders, especially___
phobias, panic disorders and post traumatic stress disorder
people are often overly optimistic about what they can accomplish. this is called the___
planning fallacy
during their first year of medical school, many medical students begin to think that they and other people they know are suffering from serious illness. this phenomenon, known as the medical student syndrome, is probably due to ____
priming
social psychologist use the term___ to refer to a process by which a given stimulus activated mental pathways, thereby enhancing their accessibility
priming
random assignment
procedure whereby each study participant has an equal chance of being in each treatment group
people who believe in free will are more___ than people who do not believe in free will
prosocial
Unconscious forces are to reinforcement histories as _____ is to _______.
psychoanalysis and behaviorism
Which type of graduate training that teaches statistical reasoning is most effective in reducing cognitive errors?
psychology
social psychologist generally refer to two types of self awareness. they are ___
public self awareness and private self awareness
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
4th step of experiment
randomly assign subjects to one of the groups
when people want to suppress a thought, the deliberate mind works to___
redirect attention away from the unpleasant thought
If you scored 99 out of 100 on your first social psychology exam, you are likely to score lower on the second exam, even if you are equally knowledgeable about the material on both exams. This is an example of ___________.
regression to the mean
which of the following is not one of the elements that distinguishes automatic from deliberate processes?
relevance
What concept allows science to be self-correcting over time?
replication
the strategy of judging the likelihood of things by how well they match particular prototypes constitutes the ___ heuristic
representativeness
deception studies
research studies that withhold information from participants or intentionally mislead them about the purpose of the study
the main weakness with correlational research (as opposed to experimental research) is that_
researchers cannot draw conclusions about cause and effect
Organized beliefs we have about stimuli in our social world are known as
schemas
what is the primary approach that social psychologists use to uncover the truth about human social behavior?
scientific method
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
self regulation is most similar to which of the following concepts?
self control
research indicates that ___ and ___ are two main motivations underlying the self serving bias
self enhancement; self presentation
"do i like parades? well, each year there have been several parades in town, and i haven't gone to one yet. i must not like parades" which theory explains this internal dialogue?
self perception theory
the comedian billy crystal used to say "it is more important to look good than to feel good!" this concern with looking good to others is called___
self presentation
self knowledge is also known as___
self-concept
the term self-regulation essentially refers to__
self-control
A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth constitutes his or her___
self-esteem
the night before an important test, boozer drinks all night instead of studying. this is an example of___
self-handicapping
when jason starts college, he comes from a very conservative religious background. He strongly feels that homosexuality is "wrong" and "immoral", although he has never actually met anyone who is a homosexual. At college, he meets lots of new friends, a few of whom are homosexual. He really enjoys them and as he spends more time with them he decides "i must not really think homosexuality is wrong, after all several of my best friends are gay and i don't think they are immoral" Which theory can BEST explain jason's change in attitude about homosexuality?
self-perception theory
John is a young gang member who wants to look tough to his fellow gang members. This concern about looking tough is called___
self-presentation
The finding that we recall information better when it is relevant to the self is called the ____.
self-reference effect
When Frank does well on a test, he claims responsibility for the success, but when he does poorly on a test, he denies responsibility and blames his professor for writing a difficult test with ambiguous items. This is an example of ___.
self-serving bias
which of the following fields is the LEAST focused on what happens in the brain, nervous system, and other bodily processes?
social neuroscience
a researcher is interested in studying how the annual divorce rate changes as a function of the unemployment rate. this researcher is probably a ___
sociologist
which of the following fields is BEST defined as "the study of human societies and the groups that form those societies"?
sociology
entity theorists are to incremental theorists as ___ are to ____
stable traits; unstable traits
which of the following refers to a concept or ideas of how things could be?
standards
in everyday terms, self defeating behavior is defined as___ behavior
stupid
Mohammed is 4 years old. His mother, a social psychologist, asks whether he would rather have one cookie today or three cookies tomorrow. Mohammed chooses the one cookie today. This illustrates
temporal discounting
mundane realism
the degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world
social roles
the different roles a person plays, as in a play or a movie
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
internal validity
the extent to which changes in the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable
experimental realism
the extent to which study participants get so caught up in the procedures that they forget they are in an experiment
external validity
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people's
jacob is taking his economics final exam. He answers question #31 with "D" but isn't sure about it. After answering all the questions he goes back to 31 and starts to believe that perhaps "c" was the correct answer. He decides to stick with "d" most likely because___
the first instinct fallacy
interpersonal self (public self)
the image of the self that is conveyed to others
what is the main factor that separates philosophy and psychology?
the methods used to study problems
which of the following is an operational definition of racial prejudice?
the number of negative traits the person selects from a list of traits when doing the list for his or her own race versus another race
agent self (executive function)
the part of the self involved in control, including both control over other people and self-control
Debriefing
the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
during the korean war, the chinese found it easier to brain wash american; prisoners when___
the prisoners were kept separate
Introspection
the process by which a person examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states
self-regulation
the process people use to control and change their thoughts, feelings and behaviors
Correlation
the relationship or association between two varibales
Kendall was always the class clown. When he goes to university far from home, though, he really changes who he is. He becomes very studious and interested in research, and starts to run around with "smart" kids instead of kids who party all the time (like he did in high school). Kendall's experience at university BEST illustrates ____.
the role of the social world in revising self-knowlege
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
replication is an important part of___
the self-correcting nature of science
consider the self enhancement motive, the consistency motive and the appraisal motive. according to research which of these 3 motives appears to be the strongest when conflicts arise between motives?
the self-enhancement motive
appraisal motive
the simple desire to learn the truth about oneself, whatever it is
Much of the time, people are interested in keeping their options open rather than making restrictive, final decisions. Two biases that help them avoid making decisions are ____.
the status quo bias and the omission bias
this text introduces revolutionary research in social cognition by mercier and sperber (2011), who studied ___
the tendency for people to argue, in the sense of trying to influence others to their point of view
omission bias
the tendency to take whatever course of action does not require you to do anything (also called the default option)
Claudia is waiting in line to see a movie on the first day it is released. Just as she gets close to the ticket booth, the person in the booth announces that the movie is sold out. Rather than wait in line for the next show, Claudia leaves, but she spends the rest of the day thinking about the movie. This illustrates ____. A) entity theory B) incremental theory C) the planning fallacy D) the Zeigarnik effect
the zeigarnik effect
Freudian Psychoanalysis
theoretical approach that seeks to explain behavior by looking at the deep unconscious forces inside the person
Behaviorism
theoretical approach that seeks to explain behavior in terms of learning principles, without reference to inner states thoughts or feelings
Which common household device best illustrates a feedback loop?
thermostat
In one of the first social psychological experiments ever conducted, researcher Norman Triplett built a "competition machine," in which children wind up a fishing reel. He found that the children were able to wind more quickly when ____.
they worked as a group side by side than when they worked alone
suppose you show up for a paid experiment and receive $10. the researcher says you can double your earnings if the outcome of a coin toss is a head, or lose the earnings if the outcome of the coin toss is a tail. what does research show that most people would do?
they would not flip the coin and keep the $10
is intelligence or IQ related to self esteem? compared to people with low self-esteem, people with high self esteem___
think they are smarter, but score no more highly on IQ test
two key reasons that people engage in self-defeating behaviors are because of __ and because of___
trade offs (good and bad outcomes are often linked) ; faulty knowledge or strategies
when people work on a task jointly with someone else (ex. putting together a large bookcase), each person tends to put in less effort than he or she would if working alone____
true
according to the standard view, people think in order to find
truth
according to self awareness theory, a self aware state is___
unpleasant
8th step of experiment
use inferential statistics to determine the statistical significance of the difference between your groups
stimulus sampling
using more than one exemplar of a stimulus (e.g., more than one violent video game)
goals are the meaningful link between___
values and actions
People make fewer cognitive errors when they are making decisions about
very serious matters (e.g., survival and reproduction)
When a bad event happens to a person, if it is extremely unpleasant people remember it as being ___, and if it was mildly unpleasant people remember it as being ____.
worse than it was; better than it was
suppose that you want your brother to remember the word "conniving" would he remember the word better if you asked him if he was ever conniving?
yes, because of the self reference effect, regardless of how he answered, your brother would probably remember the word better after associating in with himself
one advantage of being an incremental theorist rather than a entity theorist is that___
you are more likely to persist in the face of challenges and setbacks
