PSY 340 Chapter 2 Quiz

According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?

. Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts.

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

. generalizability

________ data derive from the researcher's direct observation of what the subject does.

B Data

The typical experimental psychologist in a testing situation collects ________ data.

B data

Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.

B data

The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) is a recording device worn in participants' pockets that records samples of audio the participant hears throughout the day. The EAR collects what type of data?

B-Data

Dr. Liao is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Liao is using a(n) ________ design.

Correlation

Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?

Experimental

What is a major advantage of conducting a case study above all other methods?

It describes the whole phenomenon and not just isolated variables.

Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data?

L Data

According to a study reported in the text, researchers were able to predict individuals' level of conscientiousness and openness to experience based solely on various aspects of their bedrooms. This study used ________ data to assess personality.

L-Data

Which of the following types of personality data is the MOST objective and verifiable?

L-Data

According to the principles on enhancing reliability described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of attitudes toward a. lumber tariffs. b. outgroup members. c. the self (like self-esteem). d. casual sexual encounters.

Lumber Tariffs

What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?

Read and consider the content of the items.

Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project. She would most likely obtain ________ data.

S Data

Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?

S-Data

In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early lives. He then obtains copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins's study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.

S-Data, L-Data

When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits ________ data. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________ data.

S; B

Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?

Spearman-Brown

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data? a. They are based on large amounts of information. b. They come from carefully controlled experimental situations .c. They include common sense. d. They have causal force.

They come from carefully controlled experimental situations

Validity is the degree to which a measurement

actually reflects or measures what you think it does

Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is following which principle of measurement?

aggregation

What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during normal daily activities?

ambulatory assessment

Random assignment allows researchers to

assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data? a. Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors. b. Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times. c. Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation. d. Direct observations are easily quantifiable.

c. Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.

What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others' perceptions have

causal force.

In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________.

consistency; accuracy

A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called

construct validation.

To obtain S data, a psychologist can

develop a questionnaire

The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on

direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable.

According to the text, accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________, whereas inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.

errors; biases

According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation?

expectancy effect

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.

fish-and-water

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should

gather as much data as possible.

Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit the

generalizability of their findings.

Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called

generalizability.

The technical meaning of reliability refers to

how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument

According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.

indicators; clues

I data are

judgments made by knowledgeable observers

Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers' chatting is an example of

measurement error.

Technicians-in-training focus on ________, whereas scientists-in-training focus on ________.

memorizing what is already known; questioning what is already known

Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?

observations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

performance-based personality tests

According to the text, a ________ would receive technical training, whereas a ________ would receive scientific education.

physician; biologist

At the heart of aggregation is the idea that

random errors cancel each other out

To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have to

randomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control condition.

On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence's scores on the Self-Monitoring Scale do not appear to be

reliable

If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is

reliable.

Based on what you know about the distinction between technicians and scientists, a therapist would require ________ training, whereas a research psychologist would require ________ training.

technical; scientific

A major disadvantage of L data is that

the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality

A major advantage of S data is that

you are the world's best expert about your own personality